KveÅ evsjv KvGeÅi HwZnÅ nvRvi eQGii| wLËÓ¡xq beg ˆ^GK «¼v`k kZGKi gGaÅ iwPZ PhÆvc` evsjv KveÅ Z^v evsjv mvwnGZÅi cÉ^g wb`kÆb| ‰GZ ˆeŒ«¬agÆxq mnwRqvc¯©xG`i Rxeb`kÆb ewYÆZ nGqGQ| ‰Qvov ˆm mgGqi evOvwj RxeGbi bvbv w`K, ˆhgb: euvPvi AvKv›Þv, Õ¼µ² I Õ¼µ²fGãi ˆe`bv, `vwi`ËÅh¯¨Yv BZÅvw`I eÅî× nGqGQ| MxwZKweZvi AvwãGK ‰i c`àwj iPbv KGiGQb ZrKvjxb ˆeŒ«¬ wm«¬vPvhÆMY, huvG`i gGaÅ DGÍÏLGhvMÅ nGœQb jyBcv, Kvn×cv , keicv, ˆX´£Ycv, fzmyKzcv cÉgyL| PhÆvcG`i cvkvcvwk Avi ˆhme KveÅavivi cwiPq cvIqv hvq ˆmàwji gGaÅ iGqGQ kƒbÅcyivY , gqbvgZxi Mvb, ˆMviÞweRq BZÅvw`|

gaÅhyGMi cÉviÁ¿Kvjxb ˆ`o-`yk eQi A^Ævr ˆZGiv I ˆPvó kZGK mvgvwRK, ivR‹bwZK wechÆq I AwÕ©wZkxjZv ‰es ˆjLÅ fvlv wnGmGe evsjv cyGivcywi MGo bv IVvi KviGY evOvwji KveÅPPÆvi ˆÞGò e®¬Åvmgq AwZevwnZ nq| ˆPvó kZGKi ˆklvGaÆ A^Ævr 1350-‰i cieZÆx mgGq kÉxK‡úKxZÆb KveÅ iPbvi gaÅ w`Gq gaÅhyGMi evsjv KveÅavivi mƒPbv nq| eo~ Píx`vm iwPZ ‰ KveÅ evsjv mvwnGZÅi cÉvPxbZg KvwnbxKveÅ wnGmGe Õ¼xK‡Z| ivavK‡Gúi ˆcÉgjxjv welqK ‰ KvGeÅi Drm kÉxg«¿vMeZ nGjI eo~ Píx`vm ‰GZ ivavK‡úwfwîK evsjvi ˆjvKKvwnbxGKB cÉvavbÅ w`GqGQb| dGj ‰ KvGeÅ ivavi weiGni gaÅ w`Gq gƒjZ evOvwj bvixi ˆcÉgKvZiZv I AvwZÆB gƒZÆ nGq DGVGQ| mGeÆvcwi PwiòwPòGY `ÞZv, bvUKxqZv I wein-AvwZÆmg†«¬ wk͸‹ewkGÓ¡Åi «¼viv ‰ KveÅ evsjv KveÅavivq wPivqZ mvwnGZÅi ghÆv`v jvf KGiGQ|

kÉxK‡úKxZÆGbi ci ˆ^GK evsjv KvGeÅ eügyLx i…c, im I Rxebfvebv mg†«¬ ‰K AbbÅ I eügvwòK KveÅaviv jÞÅGhvMÅ| ‰ avivi ˆkÉÓ¤ wb`kÆb gãjKveÅ | cGbGiv kZK ˆ^GK ÷i‚ KGi AÓ¡v`k kZGKi cÉv¯¦mxgv chƯ¦ A^Ævr cÉvq mgMÉ gaÅhyM eÅvcx wewf®² ˆjŒwKK ˆ`eG`exi cƒRv cÉPjGbi Kvwnbx AejÁ¼Gb ‰àwj iwPZ| gãjKveÅàwj DóxÓ¡ ˆ`eZvG`i bvgvbymvGi gbmvgãj , Píxgãj , agÆgãj, KvwjKvgãj BZÅvw` kvLvq wefî×| ‰me KvGeÅ mswkÏÓ¡ ˆ`eG`exG`i gvnvñÅ cÉPvi cÉmGã ZrKvjxb mgvR I RbRxeb i…cvwqZ nGqGQ| gãjKvGeÅi KweG`i gGaÅ gyKz±`ivg Pò×eZÆx ˆkÉÓ¤|

gãjKvGeÅi gGZvB gaÅhyGMi AvGiKwU ài‚Z½cƒYÆ aviv nGœQ Šeúec`vewj| ivavK‡Gúi ˆcÉgKvwnbxi i…cGK gƒjZ ‰B MxwZKweZvàwjGZ ŠeúeZGî½i cigvñv I Rxevñvi `kÆbGKB i…cvwqZ Kiv nGqGQ| ŠPZbÅ-cƒeÆeZÆx Z^v mgMÉ Šeúec`vewj avivi ˆkÉÓ¤ Kwe nGœQb we`ÅvcwZ I Píx`vm | Šgw^wj Kwe we`ÅvcwZ eËReywj bvgK ˆKvgj fvlvq c`vewj iPbvi gvaÅGg ivavi weiwnYx gƒwZÆ cÉwZÓ¤v KGi Õ¼vZG¯¨Åi cwiPq w`GqGQb| Avi wein-ˆe`bvi Kwe Píx`vm mij I mvejxj fvlvq evOvwj n…`Gqi MfxiZg fvGei AvGe`bGK cÉwZwÓ¤Z KGiGQb| ‰ `yRb eÅZxZ c`vewj mvwnGZÅ AbÅ ˆkÉÓ¤ Kweiv nGœQb w«¼R Píx`vm, `xb Píx`vm, ævb`vm, ˆMvwe±``vm cÉgyL| 

msÕ•‡Z ivgvqY I gnvfviZ gnvKveÅ«¼Gqi `yB ˆkÉÓ¤ Abyev`K Kwe nGœQb h^vò×Gg K‡wîevm ISv I Kvkxivg `vm | ‰uG`i Õ¼vZ¯¨Å ‰LvGbB ˆh, ‰uiv msÕ•‡Z ivgvqY I gnvfviZ Abyev` KiGjI Zvi gGaÅ evOvwji mgvR, msÕ•‡wZ I Rxebaviv i…cvqGY `ÞZvi cwiPq w`GqGQb| AbÅvbÅ Abyev`K nGœQb Kex±`Ê ciGgk¼i , kÉxKi b±`x, P±`ÊveZx , A«¿zZvPvhÆ, fevbx`vm cÉgyL|

evsjv mvwnGZÅ gaÅhyGM gymjgvb iwPZ ˆkÉÓ¤ KveÅaviv nGœQ ˆivgv´ÖgƒjK KveÅ| evsjvi cÉv¯¦eZÆx Açj AvivKvb ivRmfvq D«¿„Z I weKwkZ ‰ avivi Kweiv ˆgŒwjK Mɯ© iPbv bv KGi eis AvIwa, dviwm I Aviwe fvlvi ˆkÉÓ¤ KveÅmgƒGni Abyev` I fvevbyev` KGib ‰es ‰i gvaÅGg evsjv mvwnGZÅ cÉ^g gvbexq ˆcÉgfvebv, hy«¬Kvwnbx BZÅvw` welq msGhvRb KGib| kvn gynÁÃ` mMxi iwPZ BDmyd-RyGjLv ‰ avivi cÉ^g KveÅ ‰es AvjvIGji c«ÂveZx , gynvÁÃ` KexGii gaygvjZx, ˆ`ŒjZ KvRxi mZxgqbv-ˆjviP±`Êvbx, ˆ`ŒjZ DwRi evnivg LvGbi jvqjx-gRby cÉf‡wZ ‰ avivi cÉwZwbwaZ½gƒjK KveÅ|

DchÆyî× KweG`i gGaÅ AvjvIj ˆivgv´ÖgƒjK avivi ˆkÉÓ¤ Kwe| c«ÂveZx KvGeÅ Q±`-AjâvGii PgrKvi cÉGqvM ‰es evOvwji Rxebhvòv wPòGY wZwb cvi`wkÆZv ˆ`wLGqGQb| gaÅhyGM ‰i cvkvcvwk RxebxKveÅ, kvî×c`vewj, ˆ`vfvlx cyw^ BZÅvw` avivi D«¿e I weKvGki gvaÅGg evsjv KveÅ cwicywÓ¡ jvf KGi| ‰ mKj avivi DGÍÏLGhvMÅ Kweiv nGœQb e†±`veb `vm, K‡ú`vm KweivR , ivgcÉmv`, `v÷ ivq, Šmq` nvgRv , dwKi MixeyÍÏvn cÉgyL|

AvaywbK hyGM evsjv KvGeÅi welqfvebv I RxebGPZbvq ˆhgb ŠewPòÅ I i…cv¯¦i cwijwÞZ nq, ˆZgwb AvwãKMZ ˆKŒkGjiI cwieZÆb I eügywLZv ˆ`Lv hvq| ‰ mgq BsGiR kvmGbi KviGY evOvwj Rbgvbm fviZxq Z^v cÉvPÅmvwnGZÅi Mwí AwZò×g KGi BsGiwR fvlv I mvwnZÅ cvGVi myGhvM cvq ‰es Zvi gvaÅGg cvøvZÅ mvwnZÅGPZbv I AvwãK ˆKŒkj Avqî KGi| dGj cÉvPxb I gaÅhyGMi Kweiv ˆhLvGb ZuvG`i mvwnGZÅi welq wnGmGe gvbevZxZ Š`eRxeb I cviGjŒwKKZvGK MÉnY KGiGQb ‰es K`vwPr gvbexq ˆcÉgKvwnbx cÉhyî× KGiGQb, ˆmLvGb AvaywbK hyGMi Kweiv AvaywbK gvbyGli RxebRwUjZv, ZvG`i PvIqv-cvIqv BZÅvw`GK AvaywbK cvøvZÅ mvwnZÅ cÉfvweZ bvbv cvwifvwlK ŠewkGÓ¡Åi AvGjvGK I ZGî½i mg¯¼Gq DcÕ©vwcZ KGiGQb| AbÅw`GK gaÅhyGMi Kweiv ˆhLvGb KweZvi AvwãK ˆKŒkji…Gc w«¼gvwòK ev wògvwòK cqviGK AejÁ¼b KGiGQb, ˆmLvGb AvaywbK Kweiv fvGei gywî×i jGÞÅ gaÅhyMxq cqvi ˆfGã QG±`i ˆÞGò bvbv i…cv¯¦i ‰GbGQb| ZGe hyMmw®¬ÞGYi Kwe Ck¼iP±`Ê àµ¦ (1812-1859) Zuvi KweZvq gaÅhyMxq cqvigvòvi gGaÅB AvaywbKZvGK dzwUGq ZzGjGQb|

AvaywbK evsjv KvGeÅi BwZnvGm gvBGKj gaymƒ`b `î (1824-1873) AbbÅ cÉwZfvi AwaKvix wQGjb| wZwb ˆgNbv`ea KvGeÅi (1861) gaÅ w`Gq evsjv KvGeÅ cvøvGZÅi AbyKiGY gnvKveÅ iPbvi aviv cÉeZÆb KGib| ‰ KvGeÅi welqGPZbvq Õ¼vG`wkKZvGeva, ˆmŒ±`hÆGPZbv I eÅwî×Õ¼vZ¯¨Å cÉGqvGMi gvaÅGg gaymƒ`b evsjv KvGeÅ AvaywbKZv Z^v cvøvZÅ ŠewkÓ¡Å dzwUGq ˆZvGjb| fvGei hG^vchyî× cÉKvGki RbÅ wZwb gaÅhyMxq cqvGii cwieGZÆ bZzb AwgòvÞi QG±`i D«¿veb KGib| ‰ Qvov BDGivcxq mGbGUi AvGjvGK wZwb evsjv KvGeÅ PZz`Ækc`x KweZviI mv^ÆK RbwqZv|

wenvixjvj Pò×eZÆx (1835-1894) AvaywbK evsjv KvGeÅ BDGivcxq ˆivgÅvw´ŸK ŠewkGÓ¡Åi cÉ^g cÉwZÓ¤vZv| Rxeb I RMGZi cÉwZ exZivM, cÉK‡wZi cÉwZ ˆcÉg, msmviaGgÆ Abxnv K͸bvawgÆZv Zuvi KvGeÅi welq| Õ¼xq Rxebfvebvq AcwiGgq AvÕ©vmg†«¬ BDGivcxq ˆivgÅvw´ŸK RxebGPZbvGK evsjv KvGeÅ wZwbB cÉ^g cÉGqvM KGib| gƒjZ Zuvi «¼vivB cÉfvweZ nGqwQGjb iex±`Êbv^ (1861-1941)| iex±`Êbv^ Zuvi ˆivgÅvw´ŸK ŠewkGÓ¡Åi AvGjvGK Õ¼Kxq fvebvcÉmƒZ `kÆGbi mg¯¼Gq Mfxi RxebGPZbvGK ˆhgb cÉwZwÓ¤Z KGiGQb, ˆZgwb evsjv KweZvi welq, AvwãK I `kÆbGK mg†«¬ Kivi gvaÅGg wbgÆvY KGiGQb ‘iex±`Ê fveGjvK’, hv ‰KvavGi ‘RxebG`eZvi’ `yGæÆq inGmÅ AvœQ®², AbÅw`GK Š`bw±`b Rxeb I cwicvGk¼Æi AvGeM-Abyf„wZmg†«¬| ‰fvGe iex±`Êbv^ evsjv KvGeÅ ˆh mg†«¬ mGÁÃvnbGÞò ŠZwi KGib, Zvi dGj Zuvi mgKvGjB iex±`Êvbymvix ‰K`j Kwei D«¿e NGU, huvG`i gGaÅ DGÍÏLGhvMÅ nGœQb mGZű`Êbv^ `î , hZx±`ÊGgvnb evMPx cÉgyL| ‰ ˆcÉÞvcGU wek kZGKi ÷i‚GZ evsjv KvGeÅ welqfvebvq iex±`ÊweGivwaZvi bZzb myi wbGq Avwef„ÆZ nb ˆgvwnZjvj gRyg`vi , KvRx bRi‚j Bmjvg I hZx±`Êbv^ ˆmb൦ | ‰uG`i gGaÅ Dóvg AvGeM, ˆ`Ëvn I ˆcÉGgi mgw¯¼Z AvevnGb evsjv KveÅGK µÏvweZ KGi bRi‚j Bmjvg evsjv mvwnGZÅi AbÅZg RbwcÉq Kwe wnGmGe cÉwZÓ¤v jvf KGib|

evsjv KvGeÅ cwicƒYÆ iex±`ÊweGivwaZv I AvaywbK Rxeb webÅvGmi mwÁÃjb NUvb wek kZGKi cÉ^g w`GK weKvk jvfKvix evsjv KweZvi cçcyi‚l Rxebvb±` `vk , ey«¬G`e emy , myax±`Êbv^ `î , weúz ˆ` I Awgq Pò×eZÆx| mgKvjxb AvaywbK gvbyGli `ygÆi RxebGPZbv, mgGqi fvOPzi, bvwÕ¦fvebv, wbtmãZv I gvbem†Ó¡ wechÆGq wec®² gvbeZvi AwfNvGZ mviv weGk¼ ZLb ˆh AvaywbK mvwnZÅ AvG±`vjb I Zî½àwj weKvk jvf KiwQj, ZviB AvGjvGK evsjv KweZvGK Zuviv AwfeÅwéZ KGib, hv cieZÆxKvGji evsjv KweZvi w`K wbG`Ækbv w`GqGQ|

1947 mvGj ˆ`kwefvGMi dGj evsjv cÉG`k wefî× nGj evsjv KvGeÅiI wefwî×KiY nq ‰es KjKvZvi cvkvcvwk XvKvGK ˆK±`Ê KGi ÷i‚ nq evsjv KvGeÅi bZzb i…cwbgÆvY| XvKv ˆKw±`ÊK evsjv KvGeÅ PwÍÏGki `kGKi cÉwZwbwaZ½kxj Kweiv nGœQb Aveyj ˆnvGmb , Šmq` Avjx Avnmvb, dii‚L Avng` , Avnmvb nvexe cÉgyL, huviv KweZvq wbmMÆGPZbv, b±`bfvebv I Bmjvwg Rxeb`kÆbGK cÉwZÕ©vwcZ KiGZ ˆPGqGQb| cçvGki `kGK ‰Gm evsjv KweZvq bZzb RxebwebÅvm cÉhyî× nq| cvwKÕ¦vwb beÅ JcwbGewkK kvmKGMvÓ¤xi wbcxobRwbZ cÉfvGe evsjv KweZvq ‰ mgq ivRbxwZ, msMÉvg, AvG±`vjb ‰es cvkvcvwk evOvwj RvZxqZvev`, ˆjvKvqZ ˆKŒgRxeb, ˆkKoGPZbv, mvgÅev` BZÅvw` cÉejfvGe gƒZÆ nGq IGV| cçvGki ‰ avivi cÉavb Kweiv nGœQb nvmvb nvwdRyi ingvb , kvgmyi ivngvb I Avj gvngy`| ‰uG`i gGaÅ kvgmyi ivngvb I Avj gvngy` XvKv ˆKw±`ÊK evsjv KweZvi `yB cÉavb Kwe| bvMwiK ˆPZbv`xµ¦ Kwe kvgmyi ivngvGbi KweZvq ˆhgb evOvwji msMÉvg, AvG±`vjb, gywî×hy«¬ BZÅvw` cÉavbfvGe cÉwZfvZ nGq DGVGQ, ˆZgwb Avj gvngyG`i KweZvq cÉwZdwjZ nGqGQ ˆKŒgRxebGPZbv, mvgÅev` BZÅvw`| 1971-‰i gywî×hyG«¬i NUbvejx evOvwj KweG`i wjLGZ bZzb KGi D«¼y«¬ KGi| ZuvG`i KvGeÅ hyG«¬i wefxwlKv  I RbMGYi exiZ½ dzGU IGV|

XvKv ˆKw±`ÊK evsjv KvGeÅi cieZÆx `kGKi Kweiv gƒjZ cƒeÆeZÆx ‘cçKwe’ cÉfvweZ ‰es kvgmyi ivngvb I Avj gvngy` Dóxµ¦ AvaywbKZvGeva I Zvi ˆmŒ±`hÆGPZbvGKB wPwòZ KGiGQb| 
[nvwKg Avwid]

Mɯ©cwé  gynÁÃ` Ave`yj nvB I Šmq` Avjx Avnmvb, evsjv mvwnGZÅi BwZe†î, Õ¡zGW´Ÿ IGqR, XvKv, 1964; `xwµ¦ wòcvVx, AvaywbK evsjv KveÅcwiPq, ˆ`’R cvewjwks, KjKvZv, 1992; nvmvb nvwdRyi ingvb, AvaywbK Kwe I KweZv, evsjv ‰KvGWgx, XvKv, 1993; myKzgvi ˆmb, evãvjv mvwnGZÅi BwZnvm (4 Lí), Avb±` cvewjkvmÆ cÉvt wjt, KjKvZv, 1998; Avng` iwdK, KweZv AvaywbKZv I evsjvG`Gki KweZv, AbbÅ, XvKv, 2001|