কািনংহাম সার অােলকজাার

Kvwbsnvg, mÅvi AvGjKRv´£vi (1814-1893) fviZxq cÉðZî½ RwiGci ‘RbK I cÉwZÓ¤vZv’ i…Gc LÅvZ| wZwb Õ•UjÅvG´£i WvgwdÌkvqvGii Awaevmx ‰es Kwe I MÉ¯©Kvi AÅvjvb KvwbsnvGgi w«¼Zxq cyò| 1831 mvGji 9 Ryb ˆeãj BwéwbqvGmÆ ˆmGK´£ ˆjdGUbÅv´Ÿ wnGmGe Kwgkb jvf KGi Kvwbsnvg 1833 mvGji 9 Ryb KjKvZvq ˆcuŒGQb| PvKwiRxeb ˆkGl 1861 mvGji 30 Ryb wZwb ˆgRi ˆRbvGij c`ghÆv`vq ˆmbvevwnbx ˆ^GK Aemi MÉnY KGib| Zvi KjKvZv q ˆcuŒQvi AÍ¸Kvj ci ˆRgm wcÉG´Öc , whwb ZLb ‰GÞGò ài‚Z½cƒYÆ AvweÓ•vi KGi PjwQGjb, ZuvGK fviZxq cÉðZZ½ PPÆvq eËZx KGib| PvKwiRxeGb fviZxq cyivZî½ wb`kÆb mÁ·GKÆ wbqwgZ AaÅqb wQj KvwbsnvGgi kL|

ˆmbvevwnbx ˆ^GK Aemi MÉnGYi ci Kvwbsnvg 1861 mvGji bGfÁ¼Gi AvwKÆIjwRKvj mvGfÆ Ae Bw´£qv cÉwZÓ¤vi mycvwik KGi jWÆ KÅvwbs GK ‰KwU ÕÃviKwjwc cvwVGqwQGjb| KÅvwbs ‰ cÉÕ¦ve MÉnY KGib ‰es KvwbsnvgGK mvGfÆi gnvcwiPvjK wbGqvM Kiv nq| 1885 mvGj Kvwbsnvg cÉðZî½ wefvGMi PvKwi ˆ^GK Aemi MÉnY KGi BsjÅvG´£ cÉZÅveZÆb KGib|

1861 ˆ^GK 1885 mvGji gaÅeZÆx mgGq wZwb AmsLÅ gy`Ëv, DrKxYÆ wjwc, fvÕ•hÆ I Õ©vcZÅ wb`kÆb AvweÓ•vi KGib| ‰ KvGRi gvaÅGg wZwb cÉvPxb fviGZi cÉK‡Z BwZnvGmi wfwî ‰es fviZxq wjwcZî½, gy`ËvZî½, wkÍ¸Kjv I Õ©vcZÅwkÍ¸ PPÆvi wfwî Õ©vcb KGib| eÕ§Z, wZwb wQGjb ‰K h^v^Æ c^cÉ`kÆK| AekÅ eüKvj cƒGeÆ jyµ¦ fviZxq bMiàwji kbvî×KiY wQj Zvi meGPGq ài‚Z½cƒYÆ Ae`vb| ‰i gGaÅ AZÅ¯¦ ˆKŒZ„nGjvóxcK nGœQ evsjvq cyíËbMi ‰i kbvî×KiY|

fviGZi eümsLÅK cÉvPxb cÉðÕ©j kbvî×KiY wQj KvwbsnvGgi AmvgvbÅ mvdjÅ| mgMÉ Dîi fviZ RyGo AmsLÅ Õ©vGbi ZvwjKv cÉÕ§Z wQj mÁ¿eZ Zvi meGPGq ài‚Z½cƒYÆ Ae`vb| cÉvq AaÆkZvõx aGi Kvwbsnvg wQGjb fviZxq cÉðZGî½i AGbKUv gƒZÆ cÉZxK Õ¼i…c| ‰ weLÅvZ ˆjvKwUi AKÑv¯¦ cwikÉGgi RbÅ fviZxq BwZnvm I cÉðZGî½i Qvò gvòB Zuvi KvGQ wekvj FY mÁ·GKÆ mÁ·ƒYÆ mGPZb| fwelÅr cÉRG¯Ãi RbÅ Kvwbsnvg ‰Z mg†«¬ DîivwaKvi ˆiGL ˆMGQb ˆh, MGelYvi RbÅ cÉvPxb fviZxq BwZnvGmi ˆh ˆKvb kvLvB ˆm ˆeGQ wbK bv ˆKb KvwbsnvGgi Ae`vGbi mvnvhÅ Qvov Zvi KvGRi AMÉMwZ AwP¯¦Åbxq|

mvGfÆ Ae Bw´£qv cÉwZÓ¤vi dGj fviZxq wjwcwe`Åvi ‰K bZzb chÆvq D¯Ãyî× nq hv Zvi ‘BbwÕ˜ckb Ae AGkvK’ MÉ¯© (KjKvZv, 1877) cÉKvwkZ nIqvi gvaGg Pig cwiYwZ jvf KGi| ‰Uv wQj Zvi cwiKwÍ¸Z ‘KcÆvm BbwÕ˜ckbvg Bw´£GKivg’ wmwiGRi cÉ^g Lí| wdÑGUi ‘KcÆvm BbwÕ˜ckbvg Bw´£GKivGg’i cÉavb 27wUi gGZv wjwci gGaÅ KgcGÞ 17wU KvwbsnvGgi AvweÓ•‡Z| wZwb eü wjwc AvweÓ•vi KGiwQGjb| ‰àwji cvGVv«¬vi fviZxq BwZnvGmi eü AævZ Z^Å DªNvUGb mvnvhÅ KGiGQ| ‰ wjwci AGbKàwji cvGVv«¬vi wZwb wbGRB KGiwQGjb|

gy`Ëvi ˆÞGòI H ‰KB K^v| wZwb wQGjb meÆKvGji ˆkÉÓ¤ msMÉvnKG`i AbÅZg ‰es eü bZzb bgybvi ‰es ŠewPGòÅi gy`Ëv wZwbB cÉ^g AvweÓ•vi KGib| eÕ§Z, wcÉG´ÖGci PGj hvIqvi ci eü eQi aGi fviZxq gy`Ëv mÁ·GKÆ MÉ¯© iPbvq KvwbsnvGgi wQj cÉvq ‰KvwaKvi| cÉvPxb fviGZi mgMÉ gy`ËvGkÉYxi Kvjvbyò×wgK cÉ^g KvVvGgv ZviB Ae`vb| AvGjKRv´£vim mvGÝmmÆ Bb w` BÕ¡ MÉG¯© Zvi cÉe®¬gvjv wQj ZLb BG±`v-MÉxK wmwiGRi gy`Ëvi ‰Kgvò cƒYÆ weeiY| ‰àwj iPwqZvi ævb I D«¿vebKzkjZvi w`K ˆ^GK AmvaviY| KvwbsnvGgi iPbvewj bv cGo ˆKvb ˆjLKB fviZxq gy`Ëv mÁ·GKÆ ˆKvb cvwíZÅcƒYÆ cÉe®¬ iPbv Kivi Avkv KiGZ cvGib bv|

wZwb wQGjb cÉvPxb fviGZi f„GMvjwe`ÅviI ‰K mywew`Z eÅvLÅvKvi| fviGZ ˆfŒGMvwjK AvweÓ•viv^Æ meGPGq `ytmvnwmK AwfhvGbi KGqKwU wZwb Zvi cÉ^g eQiàwjGZ mÁ·®² KGiwQGjb| cÉðZî½ msò×v¯¦ Z^Å AvniYgƒjK ögYmn AaÆkZvõx aGi Dîi fviGZi ‰K cÉv¯¦ ˆ^GK AbÅ cÉv¯¦ chÆ¯¦, ‰es ‰i evBGiI ˆcGkvqvi I gyjZvb ˆ^GK ˆiãyb I ˆcÉvg chÆ¯¦, ‰es KvkÄxi I jv`vL ˆ^GK wm®¬z bG`i ˆgvnbv I beÆ`vi Zxi chÆ¯¦ Zvi ögY wQj AZÅ¯¦ eÅvcK| bÅvhÅZB wZwb Dcjwº¬ KGiwQGjb ˆh, cƒeÆ-cÉÕ§wZ Qvov wZwb Zvi w` AÅvbwmGq´Ÿ wRIMÉvwd Ae Bw´£qv iPbvi DG`ÅvM MÉnY KGib wb|

AekÅ Kvwbsnvg evsjvi cÉðmÁ·G`i cÉwZ Kg gGbvGhvM w`GqGQb| evsjvq cÉvPxb cÉðÕ©j cwi`kÆGbi DGóGkÅ 1879-80 mvGj wZwb gvò ‰KeviB evsjvq ögY KGiwQGjb| 1871-72 mvGj AvGiKevi wZwb Z½wiZ mdGi evsjvq ‰GmwQGjb| wZwb ˆmvbviMuvGq wMGqwQGjb ‰es XvKvq cixi wewe gvhvi I weò×gcyGi eÍÏvj ˆmb ‰i ivRcÉvmv` eÍÏvjevwo ‰es evev Av`Ggi gvhvi cwi`kÆb KGiwQGjb ‰es ˆmvbviMuvGq msM†nxZ wjwcmn evGivwU gymwjg wjwc msMÉn KGiwQGjb| wZwb cv´£zqv, nhiZ cv´£zqv ‰es ˆMŒo mdi KGib| wekvj wbRÆb cÉv¯¦Gi wekvjvK‡wZi BgviZ wnGmGe nhiZ cv´£zqvi Avw`bv gmwR` Zvi gGb Mfxi ˆiLvcvZ KGiwQj| Zvi w«¼Zxq evi mdGi Avmvi (1879-80) gƒj DGókÅ wQj weGklfvGe ˆiGfbk’i MÉG¯©i msGhvRb i…Gc ˆMŒo I nhiZ cv´£zqvi BgviZàwji bKkv I weÕ¦vwiZ weeiY msMÉn Kiv| Zvi AbÅ jÞÅ wQj evsjvi cÉvPxb ivRavbx cyíËbMi AvweÓ•vGii ˆPÓ¡v| 1874 mvGj IGqÕ¡gÅvKU eaÆbGKvGU (w`bvRcyi) ‰i Õ©vb wbG`Æk KGiwQGjb| Zvi Abym®¬vb KvGR Kvwbsnvg ŠewkÓ¡ÅcƒYÆ mvdjÅ ARÆb KGiwQGjb ‰es H bMixi a»smveGkl gnvÕ©vGb (eàov) AvweÓ•vi KGiwQGjb| wZwb cvnvocyiI wMGqwQGjb, ZGe cÉðÕ©jwUi gvwjK ‰K Rwg`vGii weGivwaZvq cÉðZvwî½K DrLbGbi DG`ÅvM eÅvnZ nq| H mgq Zuvi ˆ`Lv evsjvi AbÅvbÅ cÉvPxb Õ©vbàwji gGaÅ meGPGq DGÍÏLGhvMÅ wQj ˆ`exGKvU, XvKv , gvj`n I ˆmvbviMuvI |

[Avey Bgvg]