KjKvZv wek¼we`Åvjq fviGZi AvaywbK wek¼we`Åvjqàwji gGaÅ cÉvPxbZg| fviGZi MfbÆi ˆRbvGij jWÆ KÅvwbs ‰i (1856-1862) kvmbvgGj 1857 mvGj wek¼we`ÅvjqwU cÉwZwÓ¤Z nq| ˆh wek¼we`Åvjq AvBb (1857 mvGji 2 bs AvBb) eGj ‰wU cÉwZwÓ¤Z Zvi gyLeG®¬ ejv nGqGQ ˆh, gnvivbxi mKj ˆkÉYxi I agÆmÁ·`vGqi cÉRvG`i wbqwgZ I D`vi wkÞvò×g MÉnGY D«¼y«¬ Kiv ‰es ‰KB msGM mvwnZÅ weævb I wk͸Kjvi wewf®² kvLvq cixÞvi gvaÅGg mKj eÅwî×i `ÞZv wbi…cY KivB nGe ‰ wek¼we`ÅvjGqi gƒj DGókÅ| ‰ mKj ˆjvKGK ZvG`i mvdGjÅi cÉgvYÕ¼i…c wek¼we`ÅvjGqi wWwMÉ cÉ`vb Kiv nGe|

wkÞv cÉwZÓ¤vGbi Awafzwî× ‰es QvòQvòxG`i cixÞv MÉnGYi `vwqZ½cÉvµ¦ cÉwZÓ¤vb wnGmGe ‰KRb fvBm PÅvG´Öjimn wek¼we`ÅvjGqi KvhÆò×g ÷i‚ nq| fvBm PÅvG´ÖjGii c`wU wQj A‹eZwbK| wZwb wmGbU I wmw´£GKGUi mÁÃwZ I mycvwikò×Gg gGbvbxZ nGZb ‰es ‰G`i mÁÃwZ I civgkÆ wbGq wek¼we`ÅvjGqi KvhÆò×g cwiPvjbv KiGZb| mÅvi ˆRgm DBwjqg ˆKvjwfj (24 Rvbyqvwi 1857 ˆ^GK 24 Rvbyqvwi 1859) ˆ^GK ÷i‚ KGi cÉ^g w`GKi mKj DcvPvhÆB wQGjb BDGivcxq| ‰ cG` gGbvbxZ cÉ^g fviZxq wQGjb mÅvi ài‚`vm eÅvbvRÆx| wZwb 1890 mvGji 1 Rvbyqvwi ‰ cG` gGbvbxZ nb ‰es 1892 mvGji 31 wWGmÁ¼i chƯ¦ `vwqZ½ cvjb KGib|

KjKvZv wek¼we`Åvjq

1882 mvGj KjKvZv wek¼we`ÅvjGqi cuwPk eQi cƒwZÆKvGjB wek¼we`ÅvjqwUi ‰LwZqvi KjKvZv I wbÁ² cÉG`kàwji mxgvbv QvwoGq hvq ‰es cwøGg cvUbv, evivbmx, ‰jvnvev`, jGߌ, Kvbcyi, ˆeGijx, Rqcyi, BG±`vi, AvRgxi, AvMÉv, w`wÍÏ, cvwZqvjv, jvGnvi, wmgjv I Ag†Zmi, cƒGeÆ XvKv, ˆMŒnvwU I ˆiãyb, `wÞGY KUK, mIMi I bvMcyi ‰es ‰i evBGi wmsnGji Kvw´£ I KjGÁ¼v chƯ¦ mÁ·ÉmvwiZ nq| ˆevÁ¼vB I gv`ËvGRi wek¼we`Åvjqàwj hLb `vwÞYvGZÅi e†nr AsGk I `ƒi-`wÞGYi `vwqGZ½ wbGqvwRZ, ZLb evgÆv I wmsnj KjKvZv wek¼we`ÅvjGqi Rvqgvb mÁ¿vebvi mvG^ wbGRG`i fvMÅGK RovGZ Drmvnx wQj|

Bwíqvb BDwbfvwmÆwUR AÅvÙ, 1904 cÉYqGbi ci wek¼we`ÅvjqwUi BwZnvGm ‰K bZzb hyGMi mƒPbv nq| 1901 mvGj wmgjvq jWÆ KvRÆb AvnƒZ wkÞv mGÁÃjGbi cÉÕ¦vebv ‰es 1902 mvGj jWÆ KvRÆb KZ‡ÆK MwVZ wek¼we`Åvjq KwgkGbi mycvwiGki dGj cÉYxZ ‰ AvBGbi «¼viv wek¼we`ÅvjqGK wkÞv^ÆxG`i wkÞv`vb ‰es AaÅqb I MGelYvi D®²qGb KvR Kivi ÞgZv cÉ`vb Kiv nq| wek¼we`Åvjqàwji Ici miKvGii wbq¯¨Y my`†p Kiv ‰es wek¼we`Åvjqàwji weGklZ ZrKvGj evgÆv I wmsnGji bÅvq `ƒivçGj weÕ¦‡Z KjKvZv wek¼we`ÅvjGqi ‰LwZqvGii AvçwjK mxgv mywbw`ÆÓ¡ Kivi ˆÞGò jWÆ KvRÆb LyeB mGPZb wQGjb| ‰ AvBGbi «¼viv wmGbU m`mÅG`i msLÅv mxwgZKiY ‰es bZzb KGjGRi wbe®¬b `vGbi ˆÞGò KGVvi kZÆ AvGivwcZ nq| wmGbU m`mÅG`i AwaKvsk ZLb miKvi KZ‡ÆK gGbvbxZ nGZb| ‰ AvBGb wek¼we`ÅvjGqi Awafzî× KGjRàwjGZ wbqgvbyM cwi`kÆGbi eÅeÕ©v Kiv, cÉfvlK I AaÅvcKG`i wbGqvM `vb ‰es weævbvMvi I Rv`yNGi cÉGqvRbxq DcKiY msMÉn KGi QvòQvòxG`i wkÞv`vGbi eÅeÕ©v MÉnGYi ‰LwZqvi wek¼we`ÅvjqàwjGK ˆ`Iqv nq|

Av÷GZvl gyLvRÆx Pvi ˆgqv`Kvj KjKvZv wek¼we`ÅvjGqi DcvPvhÆ wQGjb| Zuvi mgGq KGjRàwji D®²qb, Õ•zjmgƒGni msÕ•vi, ˆMvUv wkÞv eÅeÕ©vi cybMÆVb ‰es weGklfvGe wek¼we`ÅvjqGK eyw«¬e†wîK KgÆKvGíi ˆKG±`Ê cwiYZ Kivi c`GÞc ˆbIqv nq| ‰mgq Õ²vZGKvîi chÆvGqi wewf®² welGq Pvjy wefvMàwji ˆh jÞÅYxq mÁ·ÉmviY NGU Zv 1919 mvGj gvBGKj mÅvWjvGii mfvcwZGZ½ KjKvZv wek¼we`Åvjq Kwgkb ‰i wiGcvUÆ ˆ^GK Õ·Ó¡ ˆevSv hvq| Av÷GZvl gyLvRÆxi cÉGPÓ¡vi mvdjÅ ÷ay gvbweK wefvGMi wewf®² kvLvi Õ²vZGKvîi wkÞvi mÁ·ÉmviGYB mxgve«¬ wQj bv, eis cƒeÆeZÆx eQiàwjGZ ‰Kv¯¦fvGe Kvw›ÞZ eÅenvwiK I cÉhywî× weævGbi mÁ·ÉmviGYI mvdjÅ ‰GmwQj| «¼vifvãvi gnvivRv mÅvi ZviKbv^ cvwjZ I mÅvi ivmwenvix ˆNvl ‰i ˆgvUv AsGKi Aby`vb Av÷GZvl gyLvRÆxGK wek¼we`Åvjq Mɯ©vMvi I weævb KGjGRi wekvj feb wbgÆvY ‰es ˆmLvGb cÉGqvRbxq h¯¨cvwZ I miévGgi eÅeÕ©v I MGelYvMvi cÉwZÓ¤vq mvnvhÅ KGi| Av÷GZvl gyLvRÆx D®²qGbi ˆh avivi mƒPbv KGib cuqwòk Rb DcvPvGhÆi myGhvMÅ ˆbZ‡GZ½ 1919 ˆ^GK 1947 mvj chƯ¦ ˆm aviv AeÅvnZ ^vGK| ‰uG`i gGaÅ mycwiwPZ wQGjb W. bxjiZb miKvi, mÅvi DBwjqg BDqvUÆ wMÉfm, mÅvi h`ybv^ miKvi, W. nvmvb ˆmvnivIqv`Æx, W. kÅvgvcÉmv` gyLvRÆx, gynÁÃ` AvwRRyj nK, W. weavbP±`Ê ivq, W. ivavweGbv` cvj I W. cÉg^bv^ eÅvbvRÆx|

DœPwkÞv I ævbweÕ¦vGii myLÅvZ ˆK±`Ê wnGmGe KjKvZv wek¼we`Åvjq ˆekmsLÅK c†Ó¤GcvlKG`i KvQ ˆ^GK Avw^ÆK mnvqZv jvf KGi| cÉm®² Kzgvi VvKzi, ˆcÉgPuv` ivqPuv`, «¼vifvãvi gnvivRv ivGgk¼i wms, ZviKbv^ cvwjZ, ivmwenvix ˆNvl, RqwKlvb gyLvRÆx, ævGb±`ÊP±`Ê ˆNvl, gnvivRv gwb±`ÊP±`Ê b±`x I bxjiZb miKvGii bÅvq wewkÓ¡ eÅwî×eMÆ wek¼we`ÅvjGqi AvnevGb mvov w`Gq mvnvGhÅi nvZ mÁ·ÉmvwiZ KGib| D®²qbkxj mgvGRi ò×geaÆgvb Pvwn`v cƒiGYi wbwgGî wek¼we`ÅvjqwU Õ²vZKcƒeÆ I Õ²vZGKvîi chÆvGq wewf®² cQG±`i ŠbeÆvPwbK welq A¯¦fzÆî× KiGZ mg^Æ nq| wewf®² chÆvGqi cixÞvi ò×geaÆgvb msLÅv ˆ^GKB Abyl` I cvVò×Ggi weÕ¦‡wZ Abyaveb Kiv hvq| 1933 mvGj cixÞvi msLÅv wQj wòk; 1943 mvGj ‰i msLÅv e†w«¬ ˆcGq `uvovq mvBwòk ‰es ‰K `kK ci A^Ævr 1953 mvGj ‰ msLÅv ˆPŒlwëGZ ˆcuŒGQ| cvVò×GgiŠewPGòÅi mvG^ mvG^ ˆmLvGb cÉvwZÓ¤vwbK mvaviY ˆKvmÆ ˆ^GK ˆckvMZ wkÞvq ˆKvmÆ e`Gji myGhvMI cÉZÅÞ Kiv hvq| ˆgwWKÅvj I Bwéwbqvwis KGjRàwjGZ QvòmsLÅv ò×gv¯¼Gq e†w«¬ ˆcGZ ^vGK|

1936 mvGji gGaÅ mgiwe`Åv welGq cixÞv MÉnY I mb`cò cÉ`vb eÅeÕ©vi cÉPjb ‰es 1945 mvGj Mɯ©vMvi weævGb wWGµÏvgv ˆKvmÆ Pvjy Kiv nq| H eQiB dwjZ imvqb wefvGMi AaxGb mvevb-cÉhywî× welGq wWGµÏvgv ˆKvmÆ Pvjy nq|

wek¼we`ÅvjGq cÉvwZÓ¤vwbK I ˆckvMZ welGq Õ²vZGKvîi wkÞv`vGbi cwiwa mÁ·ÉmviY Kiv nq| 1933 mvGj Aviwe, dviwm, wnw±`, D`yÆ wQj ‰g.‰. cixÞvi RbÅ cÉavb welq| 1939 mvGj fviZxq gvZ‡fvlvi eÅvcK msÕ•vi KGi AvaywbK fviZxq fvlvq i…c ˆ`qv nq ‰es Zv ‰g.‰ cixÞvi welqi…Gc A¯¦fzÆî× Kiv nq| cGii eQi BmjvwgK wnwÕ¡Ë AÅví KvjPvi welqwU cvVmƒwPi A¯¦fzÆî× Kiv nq ‰es ‰i myevG` wek¼we`ÅvjGq Bmjvwg wkÞv welGq DœPZi wkÞv`vGbi RbÅ ‰KwU c†^K wefvM ˆLvjvi AbyK„j cwiGek m†wÓ¡ nq| H ‰KB eQi ‰g.‰ I ‰g.‰m-wm cixÞvq cwimsLÅvb I f„GMvj welq A¯¦fzÆî× Kiv nq| 1946 mvGj c†^K welq wnGmGe evwYRÅ A¯¦fzÆî× nq ‰es 1947 mvGj ivÓ¡Ëweævb Õ¼Z¯¨ ghÆv`v jvf KGi| Õ²vZGKvîi chÆvGq weævb I cÉhywî× wkÞvi cÉGqvRbxqZv 1936 mvGjB Abyf„Z nq| djZ 1953 mvGj gvÕ¡vi Ae Bwéwbqvwis ‰es 1947 mvGj cvewjK ˆnj^ welGq wWwMÉ ˆKvmÆ Pvjy Kiv nq| BGZvgGaÅ 1939 mvGj cÉwZwÓ¤Z eÅvivKcyGii K‡wl BbwÓ¡wUDU 1948 mvGj cybivq Pvjy Kiv nq ‰es H eQiB K‡wli Lqiv AaÅvcK c` m†wÓ¡ nq| Abyi…cfvGe 1946 mvGj BbwÓ¡wUDU Ae RyU ˆUKGbvjwRi cÉwZÓ¤v wek¼we`ÅvjGqi cvVò×Gg ‰K bZzb gvòv ˆhvM KGi|

1934 mvGj cÉvPxb fviZxq BwZnvm I msÕ•‡wZ welGq Õ²vZGKvîi wkÞvi mvG^ mswkÏÓ¡ ‰KwU AvUÆ MÅvjvwi I Rv`yNi cÉwZwÓ¤Z nq| 1937 mvGj wk͸Kjv I cÉðZvwZ½K wb`kÆGbi ‰K cÉ`kÆbxi gvaÅGg Av÷GZvl wgDwRqvg Ae Bwíqvb AvUÆ-‰i DG«¼vaGbi ci ‰ Rv`yNi cƒYÆZv jvf KGi| cÉ`wkÆZ kZ kZ wb`kÆGbi gGaÅ wQj wPòKjv, fvÕ•hÆ, ˆeËvégƒwZÆ, ˆcvovgvwUi djK, gy`Ëv, mwPò cv´£zwjwc, eÅvbvi, ˆMvUvGbv AvKvGi KvMGR wjwLZ cuyw^ BZÅvw`| ‰àwj msMÉn Kiv nGqwQj ˆbcvj, wZe»Z, evsjvG`k (ZrKvjxb cƒeÆ cvwKÕ¦vb) ‰es cwøgeã, Avmvg, wenvi, DwolÅv I fviGZi AbÅvbÅ Ask ˆ^GK| 1945 I 1950 mvGj h^vò×Gg BbwÓ¡wUDU Ae wbDwKÑqvi wdwRÝ ‰es ˆiwWI wdwRÝ AÅví BGjKGUÇvwbÝ wefvM Pvjy Kiv nq| ‰àwj wQj weævb wkÞvi ˆÞGò `ywU ài‚Z½cƒYÆ gvBjdjK|

1947 mvGj fviZ wefvGMi cÉvØvGj KjKvZv wek¼we`ÅvjGqi elÆcwéGZ 216wU Awafzî× KGjGRi ZvwjKv cÉKvwkZ nq| ‰G`i gGaÅ mvZvkwU KGjR wQj ZrKvjxb cƒeÆ cvwKÕ¦vGb, eZÆgvb evsjvG`Gk| ‰àwj nGjv: Avb±`Ggvnb KGjR, gqgbwmsn (1914 mvGj wbew®¬Z), AvwRRyj nK KGjR, eàov (1941), eËRGgvnb KGjR, ewikvj (1898), eËRjvj wn±`y ‰KvGWgx, ˆ`ŒjZcyi, Lyjbv (1914), KvigvBGKj KGjR, iscyi (1917), ˆPŒgynbx KGjR, ˆbvqvLvjx (1945), PëMÉvg KGjR (1910), ˆ`Ge±`Ê KGjR, gvwbKMé (1942), ‰WIqvWÆ KGjR, cvebv (1940), dRjyj nK KGjR, PvLvi (1941), niMsMv KGjR, gyw´ÖMé (1940), Rvgvjcyi KGjR, Rvgvjcyi (1946), gvBGKj gaymƒ`b KGjR, hGkvi (1942), ài‚`qvj KGjR, wKGkviMé (1945), Kzgyw`bx KGjR, UvsMvBj (1944), gbGgvwnbx BbwÓ¡wUDU Ae mvB´Ö AÅv´£ ˆUKGbvjwR, ˆngvGqZcyi, cvebv (1946), cÉdzÍÏP±`Ê KGjR, evGMinvU (1923), ivGR±`Ê KGjR, dwi`cyi (1920), ivGR±`Ê Kzgvi MvjÆm KGjR, Lyjbv (1944), ivRkvnx KGjR, ivRkvnx (1878), mv`Z KGjR, KiwUqv, UvsMvBj (1939), mvZÞxiv KGjR, mvZÞxiv (1946), wmivRMé KGjR, wmivRMé (1940), ˆkV ˆZvjvivg MvjÆm KGjR, bvivqYMé (1945), mÅvi Av÷GZvl KGjR, PëMÉvg (1941), kÉxK‡ú KGjR, dwi`cyi (1942) I wfGÙvwiqv KGjR, bovBj (1890)|

mÅvi Av÷GZvl gyLvRÆxi D`Åg I AbyGcÉiYvq Õ²vZGKvîi wefvMmgƒn Pvjy nIqvi ci KjKvZv wek¼we`Åvjq Kjv I weævGbi mwò×q MGelYv ˆKG±`Ê cwiYZ nq ‰es mgMÉ weGk¼ Õ¼xK‡wZ jvf KGi| wek¼we`ÅvjGqi cÉvî×b QvòG`i gGaÅ wQGjb ˆbvGej weRqx wm.wf. igb I iex±`Êbv^ VvKzi, cÉLÅvZ weævbx RM`xkP±`Ê emy, cÉdzÍÏP±`Ê ivq, mGZű`Êbv^ ˆevm, ˆgNbv` mvnv, ævGb±`Êbv^ gyLvRÆx, ævbP±`Ê ˆNvl I we.wm. àn| meÆcÍÏx ivavK‡úb, myGi±`Êbv^ `vk൦, eËGR±`Êbv^ kxj I K‡úP±`Ê fëvPvGhÆi bÅvq Õ¼bvgabÅ `vkÆwbKMY ‰es wW.Avi. fv´£viKi, ˆngP±`Ê ivqGPŒayix, myGi±`Êbv^ ˆmb, B±`yf„lY eÅvbvwRÆ, bGi±`ÊK‡ú wmsn, iGgkP±`Ê gRyg`vi I gynÁÃ` hyevGqi wmwóKx cÉgyL BwZnvmGeîvG`i myLÅvwZ wek¼we`ÅvjGqi HwZnÅGK ˆMŒievw¯¼Z KGiwQj| Pvi‚Kjvq Aebx±`Êbv^ VvKzi, knx` ˆmvnivIqv`Æx, AGaƱ`Ê Kzgvi Mvãyjx I bxnviiéb ivq ‰i ˆMŒie e†w«¬ KGib| fvlvweævGbi ˆÞGò AbbÅmvaviY cvwíGZÅi RbÅ mybxwZ Kzgvi PGëvcvaÅvq LÅvwZjvf KGib|

1947 mvj chƯ¦ wkÞv c«¬wZ wbGq eüwea cixÞvwbixÞv PGj ‰es ‰me KvhÆò×Ggi A¯¦fzÆî× wQj Iqv`Æv wÕ•g, bÅvkbvj KvDw´Öj Ae ‰WzGKkb, wek¼fviZx, XvKv wek¼we`Åvjq I KjKvZv wek¼we`Åvjq| ‰GÞGò Acivci weK͸ mGî½I KjKvZv wek¼we`Åvjq Awefî× evsjvq wkÞvi ˆÞGò ài‚Z½cƒYÆ f„wgKv cvjb KGi AvmwQj|  [iPbv Pò×eZÆx]