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ewnivMZ RvVMY cÉavbZ RyGqjvwi, cvU I ˆikGgi eÅemvGq wbGqvwRZ wQj| eÅemvq-evwYRÅ ˆK±`Ê wnGmGe myivGUi AÕ¦vPGji ci cwøg fviGZi wewf®² mÁcÉ`vqfzî× ewYKMY (wn±`y: ˆewbqv I kÉveK; gymjgvb: wkqv I `vD`x ˆevn&iv; cviwmK) KjKvZvi DGóGk AwfMgb KGi| w`qvkjvB eÅemvqx ˆgGnievbRx bvbvfvB ˆgnZv, ev`vg I PvGji Kvievwi Avqye övZ‡MY, ‰es PvGqi weivU eÅemvqx ‰g.‰g. BÕ·vnvwb h^vò×Gg eGiv`v, Kvw^Iqvo I myivU ˆ^GK ‰LvGb AvMgb KGib| Abyi…cfvGe, cvéve ˆ^GK AvMZ mveiIqvjiv, wRrgyj ˆfvRivR I AbÅvGbÅiv wewf®² KGgÆvG`ÅvM MÉnY KGi mvdjÅ jvf KGib| wK¯§ ZvG`i mKGji mvdjÅGK AwZò×g KGi hvq gvGovqvixG`i wecyj Dóxcbv| Ebwesk kZvõxGZ ZvG`i cÉfve eoevRviGK djZ i…cv¯¦wiZ KGi ˆdGj|

‰KwU bMix KvwiMi I kÉwgKG`i RbÅI KgÆmsÕ©vGbi ˆhvMvb ˆ`q| cÉv¯¦xq RbMY ˆhgb ivÕ¦vi Svo~`vi (nvwo I avOi), wenvwi `yaIqvjv (Avwni), evOvwj `yaIqvjv (ˆMvqvjv), ˆjc-ˆZvkK ˆmjvBKvix (KÁ¼ywjqv), KmvB, ˆflR àYmÁ·®² jZvcvZv msMÉvnK I weGò×Zv (KvIov), Zvj-wgQwi Drcv`bKvix (àwo), KvVwgwÕ¨ (QyZvi), grmÅRxex (ˆRGj), gymwjg eqbKvix (ˆRvjv), Kqjvi mƒß P„YÆ w`Gq wUwKqv ŠZixi KvGR wjµ¦ gymjgvb, g†ZG`n `vnKvix (ˆWvg), ˆXvjev`K (Xzwj), cyÕ¦K euvavBKvix (`µ¦wi), ˆavcv, gvQ KvUvi mvG^ RwoZ gymjvgb (wbKvwi), wPòKi (cUzqv), Zwi-ZiKvwi I kvK-mewR weGò×Zv (dwoqv), Mi‚i Mvwo PvjK (ejw`qv), hvhvei (ˆew`qv), ˆfvRevwRKi (fvjyKIqvjv I WzMWzwMIqvjv), ˆbŒKv PvjK (gvÍÏv), gywP, kuvLvwi, wkKvwi mKGjB KjKvZvi wewf®² Õ©vGbi bvgKiGY Õ¼xK‡wZ ˆcGqGQ, wK¯§ AvRKvj ZvG`i mÁ·GKÆ weÕ¦vwiZ Avi wKQy Rvbv hvq bv| eviewbZvivI Õ·Ó¡Z cÉZxqgvb Avjv`v ‰KwU MÉ‚c MVb KGiwQj| BDGivcxq I Õ©vbxq abvXÅ eÅwî×G`i Dccðxiv ZvG`i mãxG`i eG±`veÕ¦K‡Z evmÕ©vGb mgÕ¦ bMixeÅvcx QwoGq-wQwUGq ^vKZ| AbÅw`GK mvaviY RbMGYi RbÅ D¯Ãyî× ˆhŒb-KgÆxMY cÉavbZ ˆmvbvMvwQ, eDevRvi, wLw`icyi, KvjxNvU BZÅvw` ˆekÅvjGq mgvweÓ¡ nGq AeÕ©vb KiZ|

KjKvZvi RvwZMZ ŠewPGòÅ meÆGkl cwieZÆGbi cÉKvk NGU BDGivcxq agÆ cÉPviKG`i agÆv¯¦wiZ Kivi KvGR AvZÄwbGqvGMi gaÅ w`Gq| wh÷ wLËGÓ¡i evYx cÉPvGii KvGR ZvG`i cÉGPÓ¡v ˆbqvi dGj ‰KwU ‰G`kxq wLËÓ¡vb mÁcÉ`vGqi mÁcÉmviY PjGZ ^vGK| KjKvZvq cÉ^g cÉavb agÆcÉPviK Rb hvLvwiqv wKqvibv´£vi (1711-1799) cÉvPxb ev wgkb PvPÆ cÉwZÓ¤v KGib ˆhLvGb cieZÆxKvGj (9B ˆdeË‚qvwi, 1843) gvBGKj gaymy`b `î wLËÓ¡aGgÆ `xwÞZ nb| cw^K‡r wnGmGe weGewPZ ‰i…c AviI KGqKRb wewkÓ¡ agÆcÉPviK nGjb bv^vwbGqj diwm^ (j´£b wgkbvwi ˆmvmvBwU), DBwjqg ˆKix (eÅvw¶ŸÕ¡ wgkbvwi ˆmvmvBwU; cieZÆxKvGj üMwji kÉxivgcyGi Õ©vbv¯¦wiZ), ˆRgm js (PvPÆ wgkbvwi ˆmvmvBwU), AvGjÝv´£vi Wvd (PvPÆ Ae Õ•UjÅv´£) ‰iv mKGjB ˆcÉvGUÕ¡Åv´Ÿ wek¼vmGK cÉwZwbwaZ½ KiGZb| cvøvZÅ wkÞv weÕ¦vGi ZvG`i mgwÓ¡MZ Ae`vb kÉ«¬vGhvMÅ| e†nr ‰KwU QvcvLvbv cÉwZÓ¤vq (1818) eÅvw¶ŸÕ¡G`i cÉGPÓ¡v ‰es bxj Pvl weGivax AvG±`vjGb js-‰i mn…`q AskMÉnY AwaKfvGe ÕÃiYGhvMÅ|

KÅv^wjK mÁcÉ`vqGK cÉwZwbwaZ½Kvix ˆRmyBUMY 1834 mvGj ‰G`Gk ‰Gm ˆcuŒGQb ‰es 1835 mvGj ˆm´Ÿ ˆRwfqvmÆ KGjR cÉwZÓ¤v KGib| hvG`iGK agÆv¯¦wiZ Kiv nZ ZvG`iGK cÉavbZ evsjvi mgvGRi mvgvwRKfvGe cøvrc` I A^Æ‹bwZKfvGe `y`ÆkvMÉÕ¦ ˆkÉYxmgƒn ˆ^GK ZzGj Avbv nZ| wK¯§ Wvd DœPZi ˆkÉYx I eYÆmgƒGni gaÅ ˆ^GK AGbKGK AvK‡Ó¡ KiGZ mÞg nb| ˆif: K‡úGgvnb eÅvbvRÆx, ˆif: KvwjPiY eÅvbvRÆx, ˆif: jvjwenvwi ˆ`, ævGb±`ÊGgvnb VvKzi (cÉ^g evOvwj eÅvwiÕ¡vi), gGbvni ˆNvl (kÉxnë cÉKvk-‰i mÁ·v`K) cÉgyGLi gZ wLËÓ¡vb aGgÆ `xwÞZ wn±`yMY cÉwmw«¬ ARÆb KGib| ivgevMvGbi `î cwievGii wLËÓ¡vb kvLvwU, ˆhwUi cÉwZwbwaZ½ KiGZb gwnjv Kwe Zi‚, Kwe niP±`Ê, wMixk P±`Ê I AbÅvGbÅiv, mvwnZÅ ˆÞGò ZuvG`i KxwZÆi RbÅ DœP cÉkswmZ nGqGQb| gymjgvbG`i gaÅ ˆ^GK wLËÓ¡vb agÆ MÉnY KGi hviv AwfwbGek mnKvGi mvwnZÅ cVb-cvVGbi mvG^ hyî× wQGjb ZuvG`i gGaÅ àjRvi kvn& ‰KwU kvÕ¨xq cvVÅcyÕ¦K Abyev` KGiGQb ‰es mÅvgyGqj cxi eÝ ‰KwU bvUK iPbv KGiGQb (weaev wein, 1860)|

KjKvZvi cywjkGK cÉGqvRbxq Rbkwî×i NvUwZi KviGY meÆ`v `yGfÆvM mnÅ KiGZ nGqGQ, ‰es 1778 mvGj 700 Rb cvBK, 31 Rb ^vbv`vi I 34 Rb bvGqe wbGqvGMi gvaÅGg ‰i cÉwZKvGii cÉGPÓ¡v ˆbIqv nq| 1785 mvGji 9 Ryb ZvwiGL cÉGZÅK ^vbv`vGii AaxGb ‰KwU KGi AsGki `vwqZ½ bÅÕ¦ KGi kniwUGK 31wU AsGk wefî× Kiv nq| Zey ‰ wefvMwU ò×gvMZfvGe mgvGjvwPZ nGZ ^vGK, ‰es KbÆIqvwjm (1793), IGqGjmjx (1800), wgG´Ÿv (1808), ˆew´Ÿâ (1829) ‰ `ybÆvg `ƒi KiGZ Z`¯¦ I cÉwZKvGii ˆPÓ¡v PvwjGqwQGjb| wK¯§ wdfvi nmwcUvj KwgwUi mvgGb cÉvq mKj Avgjv ‰ cyGiv eÅeÕ©vwUi wei‚G«¬ gZ cÉKvk KGib| cwiGkGl Pxd gÅvwRGÕ¡ËU ˆR.‰BP cÅvUb Avgƒj msÕ•vi mvab KGib| Zuvi cÉGPÓ¡v ˆh wPiÕ©vqx myweav eGq AvGb wb Zv Av±`vR Kiv hvq ‰ NUbv ˆ^GK ˆh KÅvwbsGK bZzb KGi eÅeÕ©v MÉnGY eËZx nGZ nq (1860-62)| BGZvgGaÅ ‘wcÉ´Ö Ae gvGPÆ´Ÿm’ bvGg LÅvZ Rb cvgvi 1835 mvGj wbtÕ¼ AeÕ©vq g†ZzÅeiY KGib ‰es KjKvZvi cywjGki RbÅ ‰KwU Õ©vqx m`i `dZi ˆhvMvGZ jvjevRvGi AewÕ©Z Zuvi cÉvmv`ZzjÅ `vjvb-ˆKvVv 2 jÞ wmØv UvKv w`Gq ò×q Kiv nq| 1793 mvGj ‰KwU gvò eÅwZò×g Qvov mKj `vGivMv wQj gymjgvb| 1850 mvGji ˆg gvGm ˆkL ˆgvjvGqgGK KjKvZvi cÉ^g fviZxq cywjk B´ÖGcÙi wbGqvM KGi ‰ avivwU eRvq ivLv nq| Ebwesk kZvõxi ˆkl w`GK I wesk kZvõxi cÉviGÁ¿ Õ¼vaxbZv msMÉvgxG`i wei‚G«¬ cwiPvwjZ cywjGki wbgÆg AZÅvPvi cwijwÞZ nq| ZvG`i Õ¼G`k gywî×i AvG±`vjb ˆ^GK weËwUk mvgËvGRÅi cÉvavbÅ iÞv Kivi RbÅ PvjÆm AMvÕ¡vm ˆUMvUÆ, cƒYÆP±`Ê jvwnox, em¯¦Kzgvi PÅvUvRÆx cÉgyL ˆh aiGbi mnvqZv KGi Zv’ weGklfvGe KzLÅvZ|

`Gj `Gj wfo RgvGZ ^vKv wecyj RbmsLÅvi RbÅ cƒYÆvã ˆcŒi cÉkvmb eÅeÕ©v Pvjy Kiv AZÅvekÅK nGq cGo| 1727 mvGji ivRKxq mbG`i AaxGb cÉwZwÓ¤Z ‰KRb ˆgqi I bqRb weGkl mÁÃvwbZ m`mÅ mgevGq MwVZ ˆgqGii Av`vjZ weËwUkevmxG`i RbÅ `xDqvwb, ˆdŒR`vwi I wMRÆv msò×v¯¦ wePviKvhÆ cwiPvjbv I Ki AvGivc KiZ| ‰ weivRgvb eÅeÕ©vi ò‚wUmgƒn msGkvwaGbi RbÅ 1794 mvGj wePviKG`i wbGqvM ˆ`Iqv nq hviv kvw¯¦ cÉwZÓ¤vq eÅvc†Z ^vKGeb| mÁ·G`i NvUwZ ZuvG`iGK Amnvq KGi ˆZvGj ‰es 1803 mvGj IGqGjmjx msÕ•vigƒjK c`GÞc MÉnGY evaÅ nb| cieZÆx mgGqi D®²wZweavb I jUvwi KwgwU«¼Gqi mdj cÉGPÓ¡v mGî½I bMixwUi ˆkvPbxq Õ¼vÕ©ÅMZ AeÕ©v jWÆ AKjÅv´£GK 1836 mvGj wdfvi nmwcUvj I ˆcŒi D®²wZweavb KwgwUwU wbGqvGM Dóxµ¦ KGi| AfxÓ¡ jvGf wekvj cÉGPÓ¡v PvjvGbvi ci KwgwU Avgƒj msÕ•vigƒjK c`GÞc MÉnGYi civgkÆ ˆ`q| ‰ cwieZÆbmgƒnGK evÕ¦evwqZ KiGZ wbeÆvwPZ I gGbvbxwZ Dfq c«¬wZGZ KwgkbviG`i wbGqvM `vGbi RbÅ bZzb AvBb cÉYxZ nq ‰es Avw^ÆK eÅeÕ©vcbv, ivÕ¦vNvU, gqjvw` wbÓ•vkb I cvwb mieivn wbq¯¨Y Kivi RbÅ 1877 mvGj ‰KwU kni cwil` MVb Kiv nq| msGkvaGbi RbÅ cÉGqvRbxq AvBGbi msLÅv evoGZ ^vGK ‰es 1923 mvGji AvBGbi gvaÅGg ˆcŒi KGcÆvGikbGK P„ov¯¦ AvKvi ˆ`Iqv nq|

KjKvZv Še`yÅwZK evwZ AvBb cÉYqb (1895) I KjKvZv Še`yÅwZK evwZ jvBGm´Ö cÉeZÆGbi (1896) cGi fviZxq we`yÅr ˆKvs wj. cÉ^g jvBGm´ÖcÉvµ¦ nq (wWGmÁ¼i, 1896)| ˆKvÁ·vwbwU kxNÉB Zvi bvg cwieZÆb KGi KjKvZv we`yÅr weZiY KGcÆvGikb wj. KGi (ˆdeË‚qvwi, 1897) ‰es ‘ˆò×vÁ·Ub’ WvqbvGgv, ‘DBjv´Ö’ Bwéb I ‘ˆeKK AÅv´£ DBjKÝ’ eqjvGii mvnvGhÅ BgvgevM ˆjGb we`yÅr Drcv`b ˆÕ¡kb wbgÆvY Kiv nq| 1899 mvGji 17 ‰wcÉj ˆ^GK we`yÅr mieivn Kiv AviÁ¿ nq|

ˆhGKvb bMGi RbmvaviGYi hvZvqvGZi c^ djZ agbxm`†k hvi Dci w`Gq hvbevnb PjvPj KGi| cÉ^g ˆh cÉkÕ¦ ivRc^wU BU weQvGbv nq ˆmwU wQj mvKÆyjvi ˆivW (1799; cv^i-P„YÆ w`Gq KjKvZvi ivÕ¦vmgƒn cvKv Kivi KvR Pvjy Kiv nq 1934-35 mvGj)| ˆhGnZz Ak¼-PvwjZ hvbevnb PjvPGji RbÅ kvb-euvavb ivÕ¦vi cÉGqvRb nq, ZvB Ebwesk kZvõxi ÷i‚GZ ˆkl chÆ¯¦ ‰ aiGYi ivÕ¦vi cÉPjb Kiv nq| ZLb chÆ¯¦ Mi‚i Mvwo I cvjwK wQj Õ©vbxq hvZvqvGZi ‰Kgvò c¯©v| ÷i‚GZ evOvwj Wzwjqv I evMw`MY ‰es cGi wn±`yÕ©vbxiv cvjwK enb KiZ| wK¯§ ò×gv¯¼Gq Dwoqv evnKMY ZvG`i mevBGK nwUGq w`Gq ˆm Õ©vb `Lj KGi| hw`I Ak¼-PvwjZ MvwomgƒGni msLÅv,ŠewPòÅ I PgrKvwiZ½ e†w«¬ ˆcGZ ^vGK, ‰KB mvG^ ˆgvUi Mvwo I UÇvg PjvPj cÉeZÆGbi cƒeÆ chÆ¯¦ cvjwKi cÉZvcI we`Ågvb ^vGK| wkqvj`v I nvIov ˆijIGq ˆÕ¡kGbi gGaÅ hvZvqvZ m†wÓ¡i DGóGkÅ miKvi KZÆ†K UÇvg eÅeÕ©v Pvjy Kiv nq (1873 mvGji 24 ˆdeË‚qvwi)| cÉ^g jvBbwU eDevRvi ivÕ¦v I WvjGnŒmx Õ•qvGii gaÅ w`Gq Õ¡ËÅv´£ ˆivGWi AvGgÆwbqvb NvU chÆ¯¦ PjvPj KiZ ˆhLvGb hvòxMY b`x cvi nGq nvIov ˆcuŒQvi RbÅ wÕ¡gvGii myGhvGMi m«¼Åenvi KiGZ cviZ| ‰GZ ˆjvKmvb nGZ ^vKvq ‰ mvwfÆmwU kxNÉ ˆfGã cGo (1873 mvGji 20 bGfÁ¼i) ‰es ˆijc^ I kKUvw` wewò× KGi ˆ`qv nq| 1878 mvGj ‰wU cybtcÉeZÆGbi cÉÕ¦ve Dïvcb Kiv nq ‰es cÉvî×b ò×qKvixMY KjKvZv UÇvgIGq ˆKvÁ·vwb MVb KGi| ˆcŒi KGcÆvGikGbi mvG^ ‰KwU Pzwî× Õ¼vÞGii ci UÇvg Avevi bZzb KGi Pvjy Kiv nq (1880 mvGji 1 bGfÁ¼i)| UÇvg ˆUGb wbGq hvevi KvGR wbGqvwRZ cwøgv ˆNvovmgƒn ò×v¯¦xq DœP Zvc mnÅ KiGZ bv ˆcGi cÉvqk gviv ˆhZ ‰es ‰àwji Nb g†ZzÅi nvi evÕ·PvwjZ Bwéb w`Gq cixÞv PvjvGbvGK DrmvwnZ KGi (1882-83)| ciewZÆKvGj wKjevbÆ AÅv´£ ˆKvÁ·vwbi wbKU ˆ^GK ‰KwU cÉÕ¦ve (1896), hvGZ UÇvGgi cbÅ Še`yÅwZK kwî× eÅenvGii civgkÆ ˆ`Iqv nGqGQ, evÕ¦e mgvavb eGj weGePbv Kiv nq, ‰es 1902 mvGj AGk¼i Õ©vb `Lj KGi ˆbq we`yÅr| UÇvGgi gGZv, KjKvZv I eÅvivKcyGii gGaÅ meÆcÉ^g ˆh evmàwj PjvPj KiZ (1830) ˆmàwjGKI Ak¼ KZÆ†K PvwjGq ˆbIqv nGZv| 1822 mvGj KjKvZvq ˆgvUi evm Pvjy Kiv nq| IqvjGdvWÆ AÅv´£ ˆKvÁ·vwb ZvG`i e†n`vKvi jvj evm cÉeZÆGbi gaÅ w`Gq AbÅvbÅ wewbGqvMKvixGK QvwoGq hvq| Zviv w«¼-Zj evmI wbGq AvGm (1926)| kniZwjGZ evm-mvwfÆm cÉeZÆb KGib Ave`ym ˆmvenvb| eÅwî×MZ chÆvGqi hvbevnbmgƒGni gGaÅ KjKvZvq evBmvBGKj AvGm 1899 mvGj ‰es ˆgvUi Mvwo 1896 mvGj| fvovq Pjv ˆUwÝi eÅemvq ÷i‚ nq 1906 mvGj| 1900 mvGji w`GK PxbvMY KZÆ†K wiKmv Avg`vwb Kiv nq, wK¯§ 1920 mvj bvMv` ‰ eÅemvqwU cyGivcywifvGe fviZxqG`i nvGZ PGj AvGm|

AvaywbK KjKvZv ˆij ˆhvMvGhvM cÉeZÆGbi gaÅ w`Gq AvaywbK KjKvZvi mƒòcvZ NGU| KjKvZv-ivYxMé Kqjv ˆÞò i‚GUi cÉÕ¦vGei mvG^ (1850) KjKvZvGK DcgnvG`Gki AbÅvbÅ AsGki mvG^ ˆijcG^i «¼viv mshyî× Kivi aviYv AviÁ¿ nq| wbgÆvY KvR ÷i‚ Kiv nq 1851 mvGj ‰es üMwj (ˆmG¶ŸÁ¼i, 1854), eaÆgvb (wWGmÁ¼i, 1854) ‰es ivYxMéGK (ˆdeË‚qvwi, 1855) ZrciZvi mvG^ mshyî× KGi ˆdjv nq| ivYxMé-AvmvbGmvj (1863) I WvbKzwj-wkqvj`v (1932) jvBb ˆLvjvi gaÅeZÆx mgGq nvIov I wkqvj`v ˆÕ¡kGbi gvaÅGg AvovAvwo I ˆKvbvKzwbfvGe cÉ`wÞY cG^i ‰KwU ˆbUIqvKÆ MGo IVvi dGj KjKvZvi ˆij eÅeÕ©vi D®²wZ mvwaZ nq|

1922 mvj ˆ^GK `g`Ggi Z‡Yf„wg DGovRvnvR AeZiY I DìqGbi RbÅ eÅen…Z nGq AvmwQj| wegvb NuvwU I ivbIGq ŠZwii KvR ÷i‚ nq h^vò×Gg 1928-29 I 1930 mvGji KvQvKvwQ mgGq| 1933 mvj ˆ^GK wbqwgZ wegvb PjvPj ÷i‚ nq|

ˆ`Gki AbÅvbÅ AsGki mvG^ KjKvZvi ˆhvMvGhvM iÞv Kivi eÅvcvGi ˆh eÅeÕ©vwU AbÅàwjGK QvwcGq IGV Zv nGjv RjcG^ Avmv-hvIqv| gvjvgvj I hvòx enb Kivi RbÅ ˆ`kxq ˆbŒKv ‰ Rjc^àwj eÅenvi KiZ| Dîi fviGZ PjvPGji RbÅ Bw´£qv ˆRbvGij wÕ¡g ˆbwfGMkb ˆKvs, wifvim wÕ¡g ˆbwfGMkb ˆKvs I AbÅvbÅ wÕ¡gvi mvwfÆm Pvjy KGi| KjKvZv I nvIovi cÉavb NvUàwjGK msGhvMKvix w` ˆcvUÆ Kwgkbvim ˆdwi mvwfÆm (1907-1927) Avw^ÆK eÅ^ÆZvi mÁÃyLxb nq ‰es ‰ KvRwUi fvi cieZÆx mgGq enb KGi KÅvjKvUv wÕ¡g ˆbwfGMkb ˆKvÁ·vbx wjwgGUW|

KjKvZv ˆgwWKÅvj KGjR nvmcvZvj
Qwe: ˆ`evkxl emy

myGqR LvjwUGK RvnvR PjvPGji RbÅ D¯Ãyî×KiY (1869), KjKvZv e±`iGK Zvi cøvrf„wgi mvG^ mshyî×KiGYi RbÅ ˆijc^ wbgÆvGYi KvR mÁ·v`b (1870) ‰es K‡wlwfwîK ˆ^GK wkGÍ¸v®²Z A^ÆbxwZi cÉwZ ò×gv¯¼Gq ˆSuvK ‰ e±`iwUi ài‚Z½ avGc avGc e†w«¬ KGi| fwelÅr DrKGlÆi AbyK„j cƒeÆjÞY mg†«¬ I e±`iwUi Dä¾j mÁ¿vebvGK wbivcG` iÞv Kivi ˆKŒkj wnGmGe 1863 mvGj ‰KwU wifvi UÇvÕ¡ cÉwZÓ¤vi K^v MfxifvGe wP¯¦v Kiv nq, 1866 mvGj ‰Uvi DG«¼vab Kiv nq, wK¯§ Õ¼Z¯¨ ZnweGji Afve ˆnZz ˆlvj gvGmi gGaÅ Zv ˆfGã cGo| ‰i a»smveGkl ˆ^GK `xNÆ wP¯¦v-fvebvi ci 1870 mvGji AGÙvei gvGm KÅvjKvUv ˆcvUÆ UÇvÕ¡ AwÕ¦Z½ jvf KGi| ‰i KwgkbviMGYi cÉej KGgÆv`ÅGgi dGj cƒGeÆKvi ˆRwUàwjGK mshyî× KGi ‰KwU AwewœQ®² KvÓ¤wbwgÆZ NvU MVb mÁ¿e nq hv gvj ˆevSvB ev LvjvGmi wbwgGî RvnvR ev ˆbŒKv wfovGbvi RbÅ eÅen…Z nq, evÓ·PvwjZ ˆò×bàwjGK nvBGWÈvwjK ˆò×b «¼viv cÉwZÕ©vcb Kiv nq, ivGZi-wkdGU KvR ÷i‚ KGi ‰es cuvP eQGii gGaÅ ZvG`i wbRÕ¼ ˆij jvBb mÁcÉmvwiZ KGi| 1874 I 1884 mvGji gaÅeZÆx mgGq gvjcò DVv-bvgvi cwigvY w«¼àY e†w«¬ ˆcGj AwZwiî× Õ©vb msKzjvGbi cÉGqvRbxqZv ˆ`Lv ˆ`q ‰es wLw`icyi WK wbwgÆZ nq (1885-1892)| 1913-14 mvGj KwÍ¸Z I cÉÕ¦vweZ MvGWÆb ixP-‰ AvGiKwU bZzb WK-eÅeÕ©v wbgÆvGYi KvR cÉ^g wek¼hyG«¬i cÉwZK„j evwYwRÅK cwiGeGki «¼viv eÅvnZ nq| hv ˆnvK, ‰Uv 1929 mvGji ˆdeË‚qvwi gvm ˆ^GK KvR ÷i‚ KGi ‰es ‰i bvg ivLv nq wKs RGRÆm WK| wK¯§ ‰ weÕ¦‡‡Z cÉGPÓ¡vmgƒn Ewbk kZ wòGki `kGKi A^Æ‹bwZK g±`v, ˆijIGqi mvG^ cÉwZGhvwMZv I ivR‹bwZK AvGjvob «¼viv wbi‚rmvwnZ nGq cGo| wKfvGe ò×Gg ò×Gg ‰i Õ¼vÕ©Å cybi‚«¬vi Kiv hvq ˆm eÅvcvGi wm«¬v¯¦ ˆbqvi cƒGeÆ w«¼Zxq wek¼hyG«¬i Awfkvc cÉej nGq IGV ‰es cÉK‡ZcGÞ wLw`icyi WGK ˆevgvelÆY Kiv nq|

mvsÕ•‡wZK Rxeb wewf®² wkÞv cÉwZÓ¤vb I ŠkwÍ¸K K‡wZGZ½i weGePbvq ‰K mgq KjKvZv ‘DcgnvG`Gki mvsÕ•‡wZK ivRavbx’ eGj weGewPZ nGZv| 1784 mvGj mÅvi DBwjqg ˆRv´Ö ‰wkqvwUK ˆmvmvBwU cÉwZÓ¤v KGib hv wQj `wÞY ‰wkqvi cÉ^g MGelYv cÉwZÓ¤vb| KjKvZv gv`Ëvmv, KwjKvZv Õ•zj-eyK ˆmvmvBwU, KwjKvZv Õ•zj ˆmvmvBwU, ˆdvUÆ DBwjqg KGjR, KjKvZv ˆgwWKÅvj KGjR, ˆek wKQy msev` I mvgwqK cGòi cÉwZÓ¤v, wn±`y KGjR ‰es bvbv aiGbi wkÞvkÉg, Õ•zj I KGjR cÉwZÓ¤v, ˆek wKQy ˆckvRxex mwgwZ, QvcvLvbvi m†wÓ¡ ‰es cwiGkGl ˆek wKQy Awafzî× KGjRmn KjKvZv wek¼we`Åvjq ‰i cÉwZÓ¤v mvsÕ•‡wZKfvGe KjKvZvGK Ebwesk kZvõxGZ `wÞY ‰wkqvq ‰KwU AbbÅ knGi cwiYZ KGi|

QvcvLvbv AvaywbK wkÞv weÕ¦vGi mnvqZv KGi| KjKvZvi cÉ^g gy`ËvKi wQGjb ˆeãj ˆMGRU A^ev KÅvjKvUv ˆRbvGij ‰WfvUvBRvi-‰i RbK ˆRgm AMvÕ¡vm wnwK (1739 ?-1802 wLË.)| cÉ^g fviZxq gy`ËvKi nGœQb Dîi fviZxq eËvþY eveyivg (wLw`icyi)| Bangal Gejeti-‰i RbK Mãv wKGkvi fëvPvhÆ (g†ZzÅ 1831 wLË. ?) nGjb cÉ^g evOvwj gy`ËvKi| wZwb wQGjb ‰KvavGi ‰KRb cÉKvkK, mvsevw`K I cyÕ¦K weGò×Zv| eZÆgvGbi IwiGq´Ÿvj ˆmwgbvwiGZ 1817 mvGj wn±`y KGjR cÉwZÓ¤vi ciciB ‰i KvQvKvwQ wek¼bv^ ˆ`e KZ‡ÆK eUZjvi cÉ^g QvcvLvbv Õ©vwcZ nq (1818 wLË.)| 1870-‰i `kGKi gvSvgvwS chÆ¯¦ eUZjv wQj evsjv fvlvq MÉ¯©vw` Qvcv I cÉKvGki ˆK±`Ê| wK¯§ wn±`y KGjGRi Õ©vbv¯¦i ‰es cUjWvãvq msÕ•‡Z KGjR, ˆgwWKÅvj KGjR, ˆnqvi Õ•zj ‰es KjKvZv wek¼we`ÅvjGqi weKvk NUGj axGi axGi KGjR Õ¡ËxU eB-cyÕ¦K Qvcv I cÉKvGki ˆK±`Êwe±`y nGq cGo| ˆgvUvgywUfvGe 1874 ‰es 1886 mvGj h^vò×Gg 2wU ‰es 7wU ‰es 1899 mvGj ‰ Õ¡ËxGU 36wU eBGqi ˆ`vKvb MGo IGV| eUZjv ‰es KGjR Õ¡ËxGU eÅvcKfvGe Ck¼iZî½, MÍ¸, DcbÅvm ev KwÍ¸Z Kvwnbx ‰es ˆhŒb welqK MÉ¯© cÉKvGk AvMÉn ˆ`Lv ˆ`q| ivgGgvnb ivq ‰i dviwm cwòKv wgivZ-Dj-AvL&evi (1822), ‰es wnw±` cwòKv D`¯¦ gZÆ±` (1826)-‰i cvkvcvwk Ebwesk kZvõxGZ KjKvZv ˆ^GK evsjvq mgvPvi Pw±`ÊKv, msev` ˆKŒgy`x, msev` wZwgibvkK BZÅvw` mvgwqKcò cÉKvwkZ nq|

Pvi‚Kjvq KjKvZv AGbK kniGKB QvwoGq hvq| 1831 mvGj KjKvZv UvDb nj ‰ ‘eËvþ KÑve’-‰i AvGqvRGb cÉ^g wkÍ¸Kjv cÉ`kÆbx nq| KGqKRb ‘wkwÞZ fviZxq’ KZ‡ÆK cÉwZwÓ¤Z ‘ˆmvmvBwU di BgcÉ‚fGg´Ÿ Ae IwiGq´Ÿvj ˆcBbwUs ‰Åví Õ•vÍ¸Pvi’ (1842)-‰i ALÅvZ I Õ¼Í¸ Õ©vwqGZ½i ci 1854 mvGj ‘ˆmvmvBwU di w` cÉGgvkb Ae BívwÕ¡Ëqvj AvUÆ’-‰i ˆMŒiegq AvwefÆve NGU| weGkl cwiwÕ©wZGZ ‰ ˆmvmvBwU 1854 mvGji 16 AvMÕ¡ ‘Õ•zj Ae BívwÕ¡Ëqvj AvUÆ’ ‰es cGi ‰wUB ‘MfbÆGg´Ÿ Õ•zj Ae AvUÆ’ (1864)-‰ i…cv¯¦wiZ nq| BDGivcxq KgÆKZÆvG`i cÉwZwÓ¤Z ‘KÅvjKvUv AvUÆ ˆmvmvBwU’ (1889) ‰es evOvwj wPòKiG`i cÉwZwÓ¤Z ‘Bwíqvb AÅvGmvwmGqkb di w` cÉGgvkb Ae dvBb AvUÆm ‰Åví bÅvkbvj MÅvjvwi’ (1892) wejxqgvb nGq cGo| iex±`Êbv^ VvKzi, Aebx±`Êbv^ ‰es AbÅvbÅ weLÅvZ eÅwî×MGYi mg^Æb I mvnvhÅcyÓ¡ eãxq Kjv msm` (1905) I wUGK ^vKGZ eÅ^Æ nq| wesk kZvõxi KjKvZvi myweLÅvZ wkÍ¸Kjv mwgwZ nGœQ ‘Bwíqvb ˆmvmvBwU Ae IwiGq´Ÿvj AvUÆ’ (1907)| cwøgv ixwZi AbymvixMY ‘Bwíqvb ‰KvGWwg Ae AvUÆ’ (1920) ‰es ‘ˆmvmvBwU Ae dvBb AvUÆm’ (1921) cÉwZÓ¤v KGib| AbÅw`GK ‰KwU weµÏex MÉ‚c ‘Bqvs AvUÆÕ¡ BDwbqb’ (1931) ‰es ‘AvUÆ ˆiGej ˆm´ŸÈvj’ (1933) MGo ˆZvGj| ÞYKvjxb cÉfve weÕ¦vGii ci ‰mKj AÅvGmvwmGqkGbiI g†ZzÅ NGU| ‘‰KvGWgx Ae dvBb AvUÆm’ (1933) eÅwZò×gfvGe msMVbwUi mvdjÅgq AwÕ¦Z½ AeÅvnZ ivGL|

ˆ`kxq ‰es BDGivcxq w^GqUvi nGœQ KjKvZvi `xNÆw`Gbi HwZnÅ| Ebwesk kZvõxi ˆkl w`GK KjKvZvq wPivqZ hvòv wQj LyeB RbwcÉq| Ebwesk kZvõxGZ ˆMvwe±` AwaKvix (Avby. 1800-1872) ‰es ˆbvGKv (jþY) ˆavcv wbGRG`i hvòv `Gj LÅvwZ ARÆb KGib| cwøgv w^GqUvGii AbycÉGek ‰es RbwcÉqZv e†w«¬ axGi axGi ˆ`kxq hvòvGK nwUGq w`GZ ^vGK| wmivGRi KjKvZv AeGivGai mgq BsGiRG`i cÉ^g bvUÅkvjv ‘ˆµÏ nvDm’ (wgkb ˆiv, 1755) a»sm Kiv nq| cjvkx-Dîi `ywU cÉqvm wQj KjKvZv w^GqUvi (wjqbm ˆié, 1775-1808) ‰es wgGmm weËGÕ¡Œ w^GqUvi (ˆPŒiãx, 1789)| KjKvZvÕ© ‘ˆeãwj w^GqUvi’-‰i cÉwZÓ¤vi ˆcQGb ˆKvb evOvwj wQGjb bv wQGjb Gerasim Lebedeff (‰Riv Õ¡ËxU, 1795-96) bvGg ivwkqvi ‰KRb bvMwiK| cGi BsGiR DG`Åvî×vMY üBjvi cÅvGjm (1797), ‰G^wbqvg (mvKzÆjvi ˆivW, 1812), ˆPŒiãx ‰es San Souci (cvKÆ Õ¡ËxU, 1839) w^GqUvi Õ©vcb KGib| cÉPwjZ avivq DrmvwnZ nGq cÉm®² Kzgvi VvKzi 1831 mvGj bviGKj Wvãvq cÉwZÓ¤v KGib ‘wn±`y w^GqUvi’| ˆewkifvM ˆÞGò KjKvZvi abx eÅwî×G`i c†Ó¤GcvlKZv cÉvµ¦ AGbKàwj w^GqUvi nvDm DcGivwÍÏwLZ|

AGckv`vi MÉ‚Gci D«¿e wQj AZÅ¯¦ Õ¼fvweK ‰es evMevRvGi ‰ aiGbi `Gji DG`ÅvM ˆ^GKB cvewjK w^GqUvi cÉwZÓ¤v Zivw¯¼Z nq (RvZxq w^GqUvi, Avcvi wPZcyi ˆivW 7 wWGmÁ¼i 1872- 8 gvPÆ 1873)| w«¼Zxq evGii DG`Åvî×vG`i (IwiGq´Ÿvj w^GqUvi, KbÆIqvwjm Õ¡ËxU, 1873) mv`vgvUv DG`ÅvGMi ci kirP±`Ê ˆNvl (ˆeãj w^GqUvi, weWb Õ¡ËxU, 16 AvMÕ¡ 1873 ˆ^GK 10 Rvbyqvwi 1890) DœPvKvÞx cÉGPÓ¡v MÉnY KGib| kirP±`Ê cÉ^g gwnjv PwiGò AwfbGqi RbÅ cwZZvG`i wbGqvwRZ KGib| ‰ w^GqUvGii bvg ‘iqÅvj ‰GcÉvGekb’ (11 Rvbyqvwi 1890 ˆ^GK 20 ‰wcÉj 1901) ‰i cwieGZÆ ‘iqÅvj ˆeãj w^GqUvi’ ivLv nq| AmgGq ‰wU e®¬ nGq hvevi ci wewf®² MÉ‚Gci gvaÅGg ‰i Aãb eÅen…Z nq| MÉ‚càwji gGaÅ wQj AGiviv (1901-2), BDwbK (1903-4), bÅvkbvj (1905-11), ˆMÉU bÅvkbvj (1911), MÉv´£ bÅvkbvj w^GqUvi (1911-14), ˆ^mwcqvb ˆUÁ·j (1915-16) ‰es ˆcÉwmGWw´Ö w^GqUvi (1917-18)|

agÆ`vm kƒi-‰i cÉhywî×MZ mnGhvwMZvq fzeb ˆgvnb wbGqvMx cÉwZwÓ¤Z ‘ˆMÉU bÅvkbvj w^GqUvi’ (weWb Õ¡ËxU) Zvi ŠewPògq AwÕ¦Z½ eRvq ivGL (31 wWGmÁ¼i 1873- AGÙvei 1877 chÆ¯¦)| bvbv aiGbi cÉwZK„j cwiwÕ©wZGZ ‰wU wMwikP±`Ê ˆNvl fvov ˆbb ‰es ‰i bZzb bvgKiY KGib ‘bÅvkbvj w^GqUvi’| wK¯§ wZwb ‰ w^GqUvGii Aa:cZb ˆiva KiGZ eÅ^Æ nb| wgbvfÆv w^GqUvi (1893) wnGmGe bZzb bvgKiGYi cƒGeÆ I cGi ‰wU evi KGqK gvwjKvbv cwieZÆb msò×v¯¦ `yGfÆvGMi wkKvi nq| weGbvw`bx `vmxi Õ¼vgx àigyL ivq gymwó wbwgÆZ Õ¡vi w^GqUvi (weWb Õ¡ËxU, 1883) imivR Ag†Zjvj ˆevm I AbÅvbÅiv 1887 mvGj wKGb ˆbb| mybvGgi mGãB cGi ZvG`i Õ©vbPzÅwZ NGU ‰es ˆm´ŸÈvj ‰wfwbD wbgÆvGYi RbÅ ˆfGã ˆdjvi cƒGeÆ ‰àwj cwiwPZ nq ‰gvGiÎ£ (1887-96), wmwU (1896-96), KÑvwmK (1897-1907), ˆKvwnbyi (1907-12), gGbvGgvnb w^GqUvmÆ (1915-24), wkwki Kzgvi fv`ywii bvUÅgw±`i, (1924-25), wgò (1926-27), ‰es AvUÆ w^GqUvmÆ (1928-31) wnGmGe| cƒGeÆi RvqMv ˆ^GK Õ©vbPzÅZ nevi ci Õ¡vi w^GqUvGii PviRb Askx`vi KbÆIqvwjm Õ¡ËxGU PGj AvGmb| 1911 mvGj ‰B ‘Õ¡vi w^GqUvi’ BRviveGj AwaK‡Z nq ‰es wewf®² chÆvGq AgGi±`Êbv^ `î, AcGikP±`Ê gyLvRÆx ‰es wkwkiKzgvi fv`yix KZÆ†K eÅen…Z nq| bvUÅKvi ivRK‡ú ivq Zuvi ‘exYv w^GqUvi’ (gPzqvevRvi Õ¡ËxU, 1887-88) aGi ivLGZ eÅ^Æ nb ‰es RvqMv-Rwg mn febwU cieZÆxKvGj ‘AvhÆ bvUÅmgvR’ ‰es DGc±`Êbv^ `vGmi ‘wbD bÅvkbvj w^GqUvi’ `LGj ˆbq| ‰wU cyb:cÉPjGbi e†^v cÉGPÓ¡vq ivRK‡ú ˆ`Dwjqv nGq hvb (1889)| cGi ‘Bw´£qvb AÅv´£ wmwU w^GqUvi’, ‘wfGÙvwiqv AGciv nvDm’ ‰es ‘ˆMBwU w^GqUvi’ ‰ nj eÅenvi KGi|

wmwU (1900), MÉv´£ (1905), ‰es wbD KÑvwmK (1906) w^GqUvi KvRÆb w^GqUvi nGji (nÅvwimb ˆivW) gvwjKvbv jvf KGi| (cieZÆxKvGj ‰wU ˆR.‰d g`bm AvjGdÌW w^GqUvGi i…cv¯¦wiZ nq)| ‰gbwK, cGi ‰wU eÅenvi KGi g`bm ˆeãj w^GqwëKvj ˆKvÁ·vwb (1923), wkwki Kzgvi fv`ywi (1924), wgbvfÆv (wbRÕ¼ nGj Aw™²Kv´£ NUvi KviGY, 1924), wgò w^GqUvi (1926) ‰es bvUÅ fviZx (1939-42)| cÉGevaP±`Ê àGni bvUÅwbGKZb (1931), hv cieZÆxKvGj wkwkiKzgvGii kÉxiiãGg (1924-56) cwiYZ nq, ‰es AbÅvbÅ ˆQvU LvU w^GqUvi ˆhgb KbÆIqvwjm w^GqUvi (1921), isgnj (1931), Pxc w^GqUvi (1933), iãgnj (1933), KvwjK w^GqUvi (19440 BZÅvw`I mywbwøZfvGeB cÉfve weÕ¦vi KGi|

wesk kZvõxi cÉ^g cvG` ‘evGqvGÕ•vc’-‰i mƒPbv KjKvZvi mvsÕ•‡wZK HwZGnÅ bZzb gvòv hyî× KGi| RvgGm`wR dÌvgwR g`b (1857-1923) Zvi ‰jwdbGÕ¡vb evGqvGÕ•vc ˆKvÁ·vwb ‰es bMGi 5wU wmGbgv nGji gvaÅGg evwYwRÅK mg†w«¬i kxlÆwe±`yGZ ˆcuŒGQb| g`Gbi DG`ÅvGM DrmvwnZ nGq Abv`x emy AGiviv wmGbgv ˆKvÁ·vwb (1911) ‰es AGiviv wdÍÂ KGcÆvGikb (1929) Pvjy KGib| g`Gbi Uxg ˆ^GK KGqKRb `jZÅvMxGK mGã wbGq `xGi±`Êbv^ Mvãyjx (mvaviYfvGe ‘wWwR’ wnGmGe cwiwPZ) ‘BG±`v-weËUk wdÍÂ ˆKvÁ·vwb’ cÉwZÓ¤v KGib hv ‰KUv wgkÉ dj eGq AvGb| cGi wZwb cÉgG^kP±`Ê eo~qvi mGã ˆhvM w`Gq ‘weËwUk ˆWvwgbqb wdÍÂm& wjwgGUW’ MGo ˆZvGjb| wK¯§ ‘wbD w^GqUvi wjwgGUW’-‰i gvaÅGg axGi±`Êbv^ miKvi KjKvZv wdÍÂ B´£vwÕ¡Ëi Dci `xNÆw`b (1931-54) Zuvi KZÆ†Z½ eRvq ivGLb| UvjxMGé ‰ àœQe«¬ Õ¡zwWI ‰es cvwicvwk¼ÆK AeÕ©v UwjDW wnGmGe cwiwPZ|

ivgGgvnGbi fwî×gƒjK Mvb Zuvi AbymvixG`i KgÆÕ·†nvq ‰K aiGbi MwZ ARÆb KGi| eËvþ cwievGi R¯ÃMÉnYKvix iex±`Êbv^ ‰B eËþMxZ «¼viv MfxifvGe cÉfvweZ nGqwQGjb| wMwik ˆNvl, Ag†Zjvj, wÞGiv` cÉmv` ‰es «¼xGR±`ÊjvGji cixÞv-wbixÞvi gvaÅGg cwicƒYÆZv jvfKvix gç msMxZ iex±`Êbv^ mgw¯¼Z ‰es i…cv¯¦wiZ KGib| KjKvZvq m†Ó¡ Õ¼G`kx msMxZ Zuvi AwfæZvq mg†«¬ nq|

bvbv aiGbi cwøgv ˆLjvayjvi gGaÅ AÓ¡v`k kZvõxGZ wò×GKGUi cÉPjb ‰es KÅvjKvUv wò×GKU KÑve cÉwZwÓ¤Z nq| fviGZi cÉ^g mymsMwVZ wò×GKU gÅvP ‰ knGiB AbywÓ¤Z nq (18-19 Rvbyqvwi 1804)| Ebwesk kZvõxi gvSvgvwSGZ mviv c†w^exi w«¼Zxq e†nîg ˆLjvi gvV BGWb MvGWÆGbi ˆMŒiegq Dïvb, ‰es 1864 mvGj evwjMé wò×GKU KÑvGei cÉwZÓ¤v nq| cÉ^g BsGiR `Gji mdGii AvGMB evOvwji gGaÅ wò×GKU RbwcÉq nq| gvQyqvi ki`iéb ivGqi (1858-1925) Drmvn Dóxcbvq wò×GKU RbwcÉqZv jvf KGi ‰es ˆÕ·vwUÆs BDwbqb, w` ‰wiqvbm cÉf‡wZ KÑve mvdjÅ jvf KGi|

nwK ˆLjvi cÉeZÆb (1885), cÉ^g weBUb Kvc UzbÆvGg´Ÿ (1895), ˆeãj nwK AÅvGmvwmGqkGbi cÉwZÓ¤v (1905) ‰es nwKGZ cÉ^g RvZxq PÅvwÁ·qbwkc (1928) aGi ivLv BZÅvw` ˆÞGò KjKvZvi ˆMŒiegq K‡wZZ½ iGqGQ|

KjKvZvevmxG`i memgqB bvbv aiGbi ˆLjvi cÉwZ Mfxi AvMÉn wQj, ˆhgb, ˆNvo ˆ`Œo (ˆeãj RwK KÑve, 1803; KÅvjKvUv UvdÆ KÑve, 1847, cGi bvg cwiewZÆZ nGq iGqj KÅvjKvUv UvdÆ KÑve, 1911), Mj&d (w` iqÅvj KÅvjKvUv Mjd KÑve, 1829), ˆimwjs (1857 mvGj AwÁ¼KPiY àn cÉeZÆb KGib), ˆcvGjv (KÅvjKvUv ˆcvGjv KÑve, 1863; Bw´£qvb ˆcvGjv AÅvGmvwmGqkb, 1892), ivMwe (1872-76; 1884 mvGj cyb:cÉeZÆb), ewÝs (1884 mvGji w`GK cÉewZÆZ), jb ˆUwbm (1887) mvj ˆ^GK PvwÁ·qbwkc Pvjy nq), wewjqvWÆm (wewjqvWÆm AÅvGmvwmGqkb, 1926), evGÕ•Uej (ˆeãj evGÕ•Uej AÅvGmvwmGqkb, 1927), fvGivîjb (ˆeãj ˆÕ¡U AÅvGmvwmGqkb di IGqUwjdwUs, 1933), eÅvWwg´Ÿb (Aj Bw´£qv eÅvWwg´Ÿb AÅvGmvwmGqkb, 1934), ˆUwej ˆUwbm (ˆeãj ˆUwej ˆUwbm AÅvGmvwmGqkb, 1934), muvZvi (wewf®² cyKzi I Þz`Ë Rjvavi cwiGewÓ¡Z bvbv aiGbi KÑvGei AwÕ¦Z½ wQj) BZÅvw`| wK¯§ dzUeGji cÉwZ ZvG`i AbyivM wQj AZzjbxq|

BsGiRMYB KjKvZvq dzUej ˆLjvi cÉeZÆb KGib| 1858 mvGji ‰wcÉj gvGm cÉ^g AvbyÓ¤vwbK dzUej ˆLjv AbywÓ¤Z nq| KÅvjKvUv dzUej KÑve cÉwZwÓ¤Z nq 1872 mvGj| ˆ`kxqG`i gGaÅ dzUej RbwcÉq Kivi K‡wZZ½ IGqwjsUb (1884), UvDb (1885) ‰es ˆkvfvevRvi (1985) KÑvGei cÉwZÓ¤vZv bGM±`ÊcÉmv` meÆvwaKvixi| ˆkvfvevRvi nGjv cÉ^g fviZxq KÑve hvG`i KvGQ ‘BÕ¡ mvGi ˆiwRGg´Ÿ’ bvGg ‰KwU BDGivcxq Uxg 1892 mvGj AbywÓ¤Z ˆUÇWm KvGc civwRZ nq| Bw´£qvb dzUej AÅvGmvwmGqkb (1893) cÉwZGhvwMZvgƒjK UzbÆvGgG´Ÿi cÉeZÆb KGi hv cieZÆxKvGj fviGZi mePvBGZ AvKlÆYxq UÇwd wnGmGe cwiMwYZ nq| hLb ˆgvnbevMvb AÅv^GjwUK KÑve (1889) BÕ¡ BqKÆ kvqviGK civwRZ KGi (29 RyjvB 1911) ‰ UÇwd Rq KGi ZLb ‰K AvGeMgq DÍÏvGmi ewntcÉKvk NGU| 1939 eÅZxZ 1934 ˆ^GK 1941 mvj chÆ¯¦ AvB.‰d.‰ jxGM ˆgvnvGgWvb ˆÕ·vwUÆ KÑve (1891) avivevwnKfvGe mvdjÅ ARÆb KGi Zvi ˆMŒiegq AwÕ¦Z½ eRvq ivGL| ˆgvnbevMvGbi 50 eQi cƒwZÆi eQGi Aci 3wU cÉavb KÑve (ˆgvnvGgWvb, BÕ¡ ˆeãj ‰es KvjxNvU) AvGcvGl wbGRG`iGK cÉZÅvnvi KGi wbGq ˆgvnbevMvbG`i weRq D`hvcb Kivi myGhvM KGi ˆ`q| BÕ¡ ˆeãj KÑve (1921) 1942 mvGj cÉ^gevGii gGZv jxM wkGivcv cvq ‰es 1945 mvGj Zviv jxM ‰es wkÎ£ DfqB jvf KGi|

KjKvZvi mvsÕ•‡wZK ài‚Z½ ˆKej AwfRvZ ˆkÉYxi cÉGPÓ¡vi KviGYB m†wÓ¡ nq wb| eis ‰GÞGò ˆjvKRŠewkÓ¡Åvewji ài‚Z½I ‰GKevGi Kg wQj bv| KzGgviUzwji g†rcvò, gƒwZÆ; ivgevMvGbi euvk I ˆeGZi mvgMÉx; KvjxNvU g†rcvò; wmgjvi mG±`k; Drme D`hvcGbi mGã mÁ·wKÆZ `yMÆv cƒRv, nvjLvZv A^ev eow`b I beelÆ; ŠRbG`i (cvk¼Æbv^) I gymjgvbG`i (gyniig) eYÆvXÅ iÅvjx; ‰es mGeÆvcwi Dîµ¦ Avìv ‰ bMiGK AbbÅŠewkGÓ¡Å cÉvYe¯¦ KGi ˆZvGj|

Õ©vcZÅ ‘cÉvmv` bMi’ KjKvZvi Õ©vcwZÅK mÁ·` NGivqv ‰es cvewjK Dfq iKgB wQj| weËwUk cÉkvmKG`i emZ evwo ˆhgb, ˆnwÕ¡sm-‰i (ˆejGfG`i, Avwjcyi) evwo cvøvZÅ ixwZi wQj| JcwbGewkK kvmGb DVwZ ˆkÉYxi gvbylG`i emZ evwoàwj wQj wekvj ˆcwWGg´Ÿ, cÉjwÁ¼Z Õ¦Á¿ ˆkÉbxi AjsK‡Z KÅvwcUvj, Ó¡vGKv-ˆUivGKvUv-QuvGP Xvjv ˆjŒn AjsKiY, ˆiwjs ‰es wdMvi mg†«¬|

‰ aiGbi Õ©vcZÅixwZi feGbi gvwjK nGjb ivRv beK‡ú (ˆkvfvevRvi), VvKzi cwievi (ˆRvovmuvGKv, cv^ywiqvNvU I ‰gvGiÎ£ evIqvi: 56, we.wU. ˆivW), ivRv ivGR±`Ê gwÍÏK (gvGeÆj cÉvmv`: ˆPvievMvb) ˆnwÕ¡sm-‰i `xDqvb ivgGjvPb ˆNvGli Dîimƒwi (cv^ywiqvNvU I ˆRvievMvb), ivRv w`MÁ¼i wgò (SvgvcyKzi), eaÆgvb ivR (weRq gwéj), ˆcvÕ¦ivR (eoevRvi, ˆRvovmuvGKv I wPwoqv ˆgvo), kxj-gwÍÏK (cv^ywiqvNvU I wkK`vicvov), ˆ`-gwÍÏK (eoevRvi, cv^ywiqvNvU I ˆRvovmuvGKv), ivbx ivkgwY (RvbevRvi), j’cwievi (^vb^vwbqv), gbg^bv^ wgò (kÅvgcyKzi ivRevox; cƒGeÆi gvwjK eÅvwiÕ¡vi Avi. wgò), Kvw±`/Kuvw` ivR (cvBKcvov I ˆejMvwQqv wfjv), gv^yi ˆmb cwievi (wbgZjv I ˆejMvwQqv), b±`jvj-c÷cwZbv^ emy (evMevRvi) ‰es e`b ivq (KjyZjv)| AjsKiY Dcv`vGbi mƒß wePvGi ‰wU cÉZxqgvb ˆh, ‰àwj wQj cÉvK weËwUk Dcv`vGbi wgGkj; ‰i gGaÅ fviZxq HwZwnÅK I gyMj ixwZi mswgkÉY ˆ`Lv hvq| ˆkGlvî× ixwZwU UvjxMé I ˆgwUqveyi‚R beve ‰jvKvi febàwjGZ cwijwÞZ nq|

cçið gw±`i, Kvkxcyi
Qwe: ˆ`evkxl emy

miKvwi febàwji gGaÅ wQj MfbÆi nvDm, MfbÆi ˆÕ¡U, ivBUvmÆ wewÎ£s, ˆRbvGij ˆcvÕ¡ Awdm, KvGjÙGiU, cyivGbv UvKkvj, UvDb nj, nvB ˆKvUÆ, eskvj ˆKvUÆ, wgwjUvwi ‰KvD´Ÿm Awdm|

ˆRbvGij ˆcvÕ¡ Awdm, KvGjÙGiU wewÎ£s

KjKvZvq eü ŠewPGòi agÆxq cÉwZÓ¤vb iGqGQ| ‰àwj nGjv wmbvMM, wkK ài‚ `yqviv, ˆeŒ«¬ gw±`i, cvwmÆK Aw™² gw±`i, eËvþ cÉv^Æbv nj, Pxbv gw±`i, wMRÆv,ŠRb gw±`i, wn±`y gw±`i ‰es gmwR` (‰i gGaÅ A¯¦Æfzî× wQj Bgvgeviv, `iMvn BZÅvw`)| ˆkGlvî× `ywU mgÕ¦ kni RyGo wQj| PÅvGcj eÅZxZ AvGgÆbxq, cZzÆwMR, Õ•wUk, BsGiR ‰es Õ©vbxq wLËÓ¡vbG`i wMRÆvàwj wQj eÅvcKfvGe QovGbv|

cÉv^Æbv njàwjGZ ˆkvfv cvq eü ŠewPGòi fvÕ•hÆ, wPòKjv, `vi‚wkÍ¸ ‰es DrKxYÆ wjwc\| ˆm´Ÿ cj KÅvG^GWÈj-‰i wekvj AjsK‡Z KuvGPi Rvbvjv weGkl DGÍÏGLi `vwe ivGL\| mÁ·`kvjx mÁcÉ`vGqi cÉv^Æbv ˆK±`Ê nIqvi KviGY wmbvMMàwjI mgcwigvY RgKvGjv nGZv\| ˆMŒoxGei I eoevRvGiiŠRb gw±`iàwjI wf®² ŠewPGò wejvmeüj wQj\|
	ˆMvjvg ˆgvnvÁÃ` gmwR`, UvwjMé Qwe: ˆ`evkxl em

AmvaviY cwigvc Škjxi KviGY bvGLv`v gmwR` (wm±`ywiqvcwZ) cÉwmw«¬ jvf KGiGQ| KjKvZvi gymwjg mgvwaàwji gGaÅ ewkwi kvn `iMvn (ˆkVcyKzi ˆivW, AvbygvwbK 18 kZvõxi cÉ^gvGaÆ) cÉvPxbZgŠewkÓ¡Å enb KiGQ| wZb MÁ¼yR wewkÓ¡ wKZveDóxb miKvi gmwRG`i (Dîi wkqvj`v ˆivW, 1830) w«¼Zj wekvj febwU Zvi cÉkÕ¦ cÉv^Æbv KGÞi RbÅ wPwn×Z| bq MÁ¼yGRi wekvj gynÁÃ` igRvb gmwRG` (wbgZjv, AvbygvwbK 1784) iGqGQ AÓ¡fzRvKvi KYÆvi UvIqvi ‰es ‰KwU AjsKvi mg†«¬ wgnive| AbÅw`GK àjy IÕ¦vMvi gmwRG` (`wRÆcvov, AvbygvwbK 19 kZGKi cÉ^gvGaÆ) iGqGQ gaÅwÕ©Z PviPvjv fÎŸmn cuvPwU MÁ¼yR| wUcy myjZvGbi cyò hyeivR ˆMvjvg gynÁÃ` 1835 mvGj UvjxMé I 1842 mvGj agÆZjvq `ywU AmvaviY gmwR` wbgÆvY KGib| ZGe ‰ cwievGii mGeÆvrK‡Ó¡ Ae`vb KvjxNvGU ZvG`i mgvwaÕ©Gj AewÕ©Z| ‰ gmwR`wU `ywU MÁ¼yR I ‰KGRvov wkivj wgbvimn Õ©vcZÅ ixwZGZ mÁ·ƒbÆ Avjv`v|

gvGeÆj cÉvmv`, ˆPvievMvb, KjKvZv

KvjxNvU, wPGZk¼ix (wPZcyi), ^vb^vwbqv, wdwiwã Kvjx (eDevRvi) gw±`i avwgÆK `†wÓ¡GKvY ˆ^GK ài‚Z½cƒYÆ nGjI Õ©vcwZÅK ài‚GZ½i wePvGi weGkl Ae`vb ivGL| f„‹Kjvm (wLw`icyi), UvjxMé (eo I ˆQvU ivkevwo), cwøg cywUqvwi (Ki‚Yvgqx), ewilv (meYÆ ˆPŒayix cwievi); ivGgk¼i (b±`ivg ˆmb Õ¡ËxU), `ƒGMÆk¼i (ˆgvt igRvb ˆjb), evGYk¼i (ebgvwj miKvi Õ¡ËxU), AvUPvjv gw±`i; wòGjvKivg cvKivwki cçið gw±`i (eDevRvi), P±`ÊKzgvi ivq (Kvkxcyi) I AGNvibv^ `î (KvjxNvU); g´£j gw±`i ˆjGbi beið gw±`i, ejivg ˆNvl Õ¡ËxGUi I ˆe^yb ivGqi gw±`iàwj b±`b‹kjxGZ AmvaviY|

HwZwnÅK feGbi gGaÅ ÕÃ†wZGmŒa A¯¦fÆyî×, hvi gGaÅ eÅwî× gvwjKvbvaxb mÁ·`àwj mgvwaGmŒa I g†Z`vn Õ©j, ‰ `yfvGM wefî× ‰es cvewjK ÕÃ†wZÕ¦Á¿àwj wQj eüav QovGbv| cÉ^Ggvî× MÉ‚Gci gGaÅ gwnkƒi mgvwaÕ©j (wUcy myjZvGbi cwievi, KvjxNvU), gnvivRv mÅvi PgivGR±`Ê Iqvw`qvGii gwnkƒi ÕÃ†wZGmŒa (ˆKIivZjv kÄkvb NvU), mÅvi DBwjqg ˆRv´Ö I ˆgRi ˆRbvGij PvjÆm Õ¡zqvGUÆi mvD^ cvKÆ Õ¡ËxU mgvwai ÕÃ†wZÕ¦Á¿ (wn±`y Õ¡zqvUÆ) A¯¦fÆyî×| ˆkGlvî× ˆkÉYxi gGaÅ cGi IÙviGjvbx gbyGg´Ÿ, cÅvwbGqvwU dvDG´Ÿb, jÕ•i ˆgGgvwiqvj, mgvwa djK BZÅvw`|

mgvR mGPZb bvMwiK wnGmGe AbÅvbÅ bMGii gGZv KjKvZvevmxI wewf®² welq, Akvw¯¦, weGiva I AvG±`vjb wbGq ZvG`i gZvgZ ævcY KGiGQ| mZxcÉ^vi wei‚G«¬ ivgGgvnGbi agÆhy«¬, eüweevGni mgvwµ¦ (ivpxq Kzwjb eËvþYG`i gvGS) I weaev weevGni (DœP eGYÆi wn±`yG`i gvGS) mƒòcvZ Kivi RbÅ we`ÅvmvMGii AKÑv¯¦ cwikÉg, mvgvwRK gƒjÅGeva I wewf®² aGgÆi gvGS HKÅ AvbqGb iÅvwWKÅvj eËvþG`i mgvR msÕ•vi ‰ me wKQyi ˆÞGòB bMiwU µÏvUdgÆ wnGmGe eÅen…Z nGqGQ| ZGe Õ¼vaxbZvi RbÅ msMÉvgB wQj KjKvZvi eyGK meGPGq ˆZRÕ¼x AvG±`vjb| gyivwicyKzi ˆevgv nvgjv (Aiwe±`-evix±`Ê ˆNvl I AbÅvbÅiv RwoZ), WvjGnŒmx Õ•qvi ˆevgv nvgjv (`xGbkP±`Ê gRyg`vi I AbyRvPiY ˆmb RwoZ), ‘eviv±`v hy«¬’ (webq-ev`j-`xGbk RwoZ) ‰i…c NUbv KjKvZvi weG`Ëvnx i…cGK cwiwPwZ w`GqGQ| 1947 mvGji gaÅ AvMGÕ¡ DcgnvG`Gki Õ¼vaxbZv AwRÆZ nGqwQj mwZÅ, ZGe evsjv nGqwQj wefî×| ‰i e†nîi cƒeÆ AskwU (gymwjg msLÅvMwiÓ¤ cƒeÆ Ask) m†wÓ¡ KGi cvwKÕ¦vGbi cƒeÆ fvM (eZÆgvGb Õ¼vaxb evsjvG`k), Avi cwøg Ask (KjKvZv mn) wbGq MGo IGV fviGZi cwøg-evsjv cÉG`k| [ˆ`evkxl emy]

MÉ¯©cwé ˆRvGMkP±`Ê evMj, KwjKvZvi msÕ•‡wZ-ˆK±`Ê, KjKvZv, 1959; pradip sinha, Calcutta in Urban History, Calcutta, 1978; ivavigY wgò, KwjKvZv-`cÆb, KjKvZv, 1980; sukanta chaudhuri (ed), Calcutta: the Living City (2 Vols), New Delhi, 1990; ˆ`evkxl emy, KjKvZvi cyivK^v, KjKvZv, 1990; cÉvbK‡ú `î, KwjKvZvi BwZe†î I AbÅvbÅ iPbv, KjKvZv, 1991|