ওলদাজ (জািত)

Ij±`vR (RvwZ) Dîgvkv A¯¦ixGci c^ AvweÓ•vi, BDGivc I ‰wkqvi gGaÅ mivmwi mvgyw`ËK evwYGRÅi c^ D¯Ãyî× KGi ‰es ˆlvok kZvõxGZ cZzÆwMRiv ‰wkqv ˆ^GK BDGivGc eÅvcK I mivmwi gkjv-evwYGRÅi bZzb avivi mƒPbv KGi| BDGivGci wekvj evRvi ‰es gkjvi evwYGRÅ cÉf„Z gybvdvq AvK‡Ó¡ nGq ‰wkqvq evwYGRÅi gyLÅ DGóGkÅ mµ¦`k kZvõxi cÉ^g w`GK BsGiR I Ij±`vR BÕ¡ Bw´£qv ˆKvÁ·vwbàwj (BsGiR ˆKvÁ·vwb 1600 ‰es Ij±`vR ˆKvÁ·vwb 1602 wLËÓ¡vGõ) MwVZ nq| mµ¦`k kZvõxi gaÅfvM bvMv` Ij±`vR I BsGiRiv evwYRÅ ˆÞGò cZzÆwMRG`i wbÕ·Éf KGi ˆ`q| üMwjGZ evwYRÅKzwV Õ©vcGbi ci ˆgvUvgywU mµ¦`k kZvõxi gvSvgvwS ˆ^GK Ij±`vR I BsGiRiv evsjvq ZvG`i evwYRÅ ÷i‚ KGi|

ˆKvÁ·vwbàwj ‘bZzb wek¼’ ˆ^GK msMÉn Kiv i‚cv w`Gq gkjv ˆKbvi RbÅ cƒeÆ «¼xccyGéi Z^vKw^Z gkjv «¼xcàwjGZ hvq| wK¯§ AevK weÕÃGq Zviv cÉZÅÞ KGi ˆh, ‰ me «¼xGc i‚cvi ˆPGq ˆgvUv I mÕ¦v fviZxq eGÕ¨i Pvwn`vB ˆewk| dGj Zviv BG±`vGbkxq «¼xccyGé gkjvi wewbgqGhvMÅ eGÕ¨i m®¬vGb fviGZi w`GK `†wÓ¡ ˆdivq| cÉ^Gg gkjv «¼xccyGé eüj Pvwn`v mÁ·®² wecyj cwigvY mÕ¦v I ˆgvUv eÕ¨ Drcv`bKvix Kig´£j DcK„Gji cÉwZ ZvG`i gGbvGhvM AvK‡Ó¡ nq| wK¯§ AwPGiB hy«¬, `ywfÆÞ I ivR‹bwZK AwÕ©wZkxjZv Kig´£Gji evwYRÅGK SuywKcƒYÆ, AwbwøZ I eÅqeüj KGi ˆZvGj| dGj ˆKvÁ·vwbàwj ˆkl chÆ¯¦ evsjvi w`GK gGbvGhvM ˆ`q|

evsjv ˆKvÁ·vwbàwjGK wKQy AbbÅ myweav `vb KGi| evsjv wQj mÕ¦v I ˆgvUv mywZ eGÕ¨i meÆe†nr Drcv`bKvix| ‰àwj wQj evRvGi jfÅ mywZ eGÕ¨i ˆPGq AGbK mÕ¦v I fvj gvbmÁ·®²| w«¼ZxqZ, ZzjbvgƒjK Kg `vg I D®²Z gvGbi RbÅ BDGivGc BZvjxq I cvimÅG`kxq ˆikGgi cwieGZÆ evsjvi ˆikGgi ò×geaÆgvb Pvwn`vi KviGY evsjvi ˆikg wQj ˆKvÁ·vwbàwji RbÅ AZÅ¯¦ ˆjvfbxq I jvfRbK cYÅ| ZvQvov, ˆKvÁ·vwbàwji evwYGRÅi Z‡Zxq jvfRbK cYÅ wQj ˆmviv| BDGivGc ‰i cÉPzi Pvwn`v wQj ‰es Zv BDGivcMvgx RvnvRàwjGZ fvimvgÅ iÞvi KvGR eÅenvi Kiv ˆhZ|

Ij±`vRiv 1630 wLËÓ¡vGõ evsjvq AvGm ‰es wccwjGZ emwZ Õ©vcb KGi| iµ¦vwb cGYÅi Ici 3% nvGi evwYRÅ ÷Í• cÉ`vGbi kGZÆ Zviv gyMj miKvGii KvQ ˆ^GK evwYwRÅK AwaKvi jvf KGi| 1632 wLËÓ¡vGõ cZzÆwMRiv üMwj ˆQGo PGj ˆMGj Ij±`vRiv 1634 wLËÓ¡vGõ myevn`vi AvRg Lvb ‰i KvQ ˆ^GK üMwjGZ evwYRÅKzwV Õ©vcGbi RbÅ ‰KwU bZzb ciIqvbv jvf KGi| AekÅ, ˆKvÁ·vwb üMwjGZ evwYRÅ KzwVwU Õ©vcb KGiwQj 1645 ˆ^GK 1647 ‰i gaÅeZÆx ˆKvb ‰K mgGq| IGqÕ¡RvGbb bvgxq Ij±`vR RvnvRwUB cÉ^g ˆmLvGb ˆcuŒGQ| ciIqvbvq ÷Í• nvGii h^v^Æ DGÍÏL bv ^vKvq cÉvqk weevG`i m†wÓ¡ nGZv| 1642 wLËÓ¡vGõi bGfÁ¼Gii ‰KwU digvb evsjvi gaÅ w`Gq wccwj-AvMÉv cG^ PjvPjKvix cYÅvw`i Ici UÇvbwRU ÷Í• ˆ^GK Ij±`vRG`i AeÅvnwZ ˆ`q| 1651 wLËÓ¡vGõ üMwjGZ BsGiR evwYRÅKzwV Õ©vwcZ nq|

AvIiãGRe Zuvi ivRGZ½i cÉ^g eQiàwjGZ mgMÉ evsjv, wenvi I DwolÅvq PjvPjKvix cYÅvw`i Ici UÇvbwRU ÷Í• ˆ^GK Ij±`vRG`i AeÅvnwZ ˆ`b| üMwjGZ 4% ‰es wccwj I evjvGmvGi 3% nvGi evwYRÅ ÷Í• wbaÆviY Kiv nq| ÷Í• nvGi ‰ aiGbi cv^ÆKÅ miKvGii mGã cÉvqB weevG`i KviY nGq `uvovq| Ij±`vRiv me mgqB ÷Í• duvwK ˆ`Iqvi ˆPÓ¡v KiZ| ‰UvI wQj weevG`i AvGiKwU KviY| 1671 wLËÓ¡vGõ üMwji KzwVqvjiv evUvwfqvÕ© Ij±`vR ˆKvÁ·vwbi cƒeÆvçjxq m`i `dZiGK RvwbGqwQj ˆh, MZ ˆlvj eQGi Zviv KgcGÞ 25% ÷Í• cÉ`vb ˆKŒkGj ‰woGq ˆMGQ| ˆkl chÆ¯¦ eÅvcviwU dvm nGq hvq ‰es Ij±`vRiv ˆ`o jÞ UvKv w`GZ evaÅ nq| evUvwfqv KZ‡ÆcÞ hLbB mÁ¿e ‰aiGbi ÷Í• duvwK w`GZ üMwji KzwVqvjG`i DrmvwnZ KGiwQj| 1678 wLËÓ¡vGõ Ij±`vRiv üMwjGZ 4% nvGi evwYRÅ ÷Í• cÉ`vGbi RbÅ kvnRv`v gynÁÃ` AvRg-‰i KvQ ˆ^GK ‰KwU wbkvb msMÉn KGi| 1679 wLËÓ¡vGõ ‰ nvi 3.5%-‰ nËvm Kiv nq ‰es 1709 wLËÓ¡vGõ kvn AvjGgi digvGbi gvaÅGg ‰UvGK AviI KwgGq 2.5% Kiv nq| 1712 wLËÓ¡vGõ mgËvU Rvnv±`i kvGni digvb «¼viv ‰wU AbyGgv`b Kiv nq| wZwb mgMÉ gyMj mvgËvGRÅ PjvPjKvix cGYÅi Dci UÇvbwRU ÷Í• ˆ^GKI Ij±`vRG`i AeÅvnwZ ˆ`b|

1633 ˆ^GK 1638 wLËÓ¡vGõi gaÅeZÆx mgGq Ij±`vRiv DwolÅv I cvUbvq evwYRÅKzwV Õ©vcb KGi| wK¯§ AwPGiB ˆmàwj e®¬ nGq hvq| evsjvi cÉ^g Ij±`vR wWGiÙi wQGjb wcUvi Õ¡viG^wg´Ö| wZwb üMwj KzwV PzuPzovq Õ©vbv¯¦wiZ KGib| ˆKvÁ·vwb PzuPzov, eivbMi I evRvi wgRÆvcyi MÉvgàwj evwlÆK 1574 UvKv ivRGÕ¼i wewbgGq BRviv ˆbq| ‰i gGaÅ eivbMGii ivRÕ¼B wQj meGPGq ˆewk (793 UvKv)| kxNËB PzuPzovi evwYRÅKzwV cÉvavbÅ jvf KGi ‰es evjvGmvi ZvG`i eo RvnvRàwji bãi euvavi Õ©vb wnGmGe ^vKGjI 1675 wLËÓ¡vGõ wccwj evwYRÅKzwV cwiZÅî× nq| cçvGki `kGKi cÉ^g w`GK Ij±`vRiv XvKvq ‰KwU evwYRÅKzwV Õ©vcb KGiwQj| eZÆgvb wgUGdvWÆ nvmcvZvj Õ©Gj ZvG`i XvKv evwYRÅKzwV AewÕ©Z wQj ‰es ˆZRMuvGq ZvG`i ‰KwU evMvbevwo wQj|

evsjv ˆ^GK KuvPv ˆikg iµ¦vwb eÅvcK e†w«¬ cvIqvi KviGY mîGii `kGKi w`K ˆ^GKB evsjvq ˆKvÁ·vwbàwji evwYRÅ ˆek Pvãv nGq IGV| ZGe evÕ¦Ge Avwki `kGKi cÉ^g w`K ˆ^GK evsjvi eÕ¨ iµ¦vwbi eÅvcK e†w«¬ ˆKvÁ·vwbàwji ‰kxq evwYGRÅi aiGb ŠeµÏweK cwieZÆb NUvq| eÕ§Z, BsjÅv´£ I BDGivGc ˆfvMÅcYÅ eÅenviKvixG`i i‚wPi ŠeµÏweK cwieZÆGbi dGjB ‰Uv NGUwQj| ˆmLvGb fviZxq eÕ¨, weGklZ evsjvi eGÕ¨i eÅenvi dÅvkGb cwiYZ nGqwQj ‰es dGj evsjvi eGÕ¨i Pvwn`v Af„ZcƒeÆfvGe e†w«¬ cvq| ‰i dGj ˆKvÁ·vwbàwji ‰kxq evwYGRÅ evsjv meÆvwaK cÉfvekvjx Askx`vi nGq IGV ‰es mµ¦`k kZGKi Avwki `kK ˆ^GK AÓ¡v`k kZvõxi gaÅfvM chÆ¯¦ Ij±`vR I BsGiR BÕ¡ Bw´£qv ˆKvÁ·vwb evsjvi mvgyw`ËK I Av¯¦RÆvwZK evwYGRÅ ZvrchÆcƒYÆ f„wgKv cvjb KGi| AekÅ 1757 mvGj cjvkxGZ BsGiRG`i RqjvGfi ci AeÕ©vi cwieZÆb NGU| BsGiR ˆKvÁ·vwb I ‰i KgÆPvixiv evsjvi cÉkvmb I A^ÆbxwZi Ici ZvG`i mÁ·ƒYÆ wbq¯¨GYi eGj evsjvi evwYRÅ ˆ^GK Acivci mKj BDGivcxq I ‰kxq cÉwZ«¼±«¼xG`i DrLvZ KGi wbGRG`i ‰KGPwUqv evwYRÅvwaKvi cÉwZÓ¤v KiGZ ÷i‚ KGi|

AÓ¡v`k kZvõxi cÉ^g w`GK Ij±`vR ˆKvÁ·vwb KZ‡ÆK njÅvG´£ iµ¦vwbK‡Z ‰kxq cGYÅi Mo evwlÆK gƒGjÅi cÉvq 40% wQj evsjvi cYÅ| ‰i ˆ^GK ˆKvÁ·vwbàwji ‰kxq evwYGRÅ evsjvi ài‚Z½ Abyaveb Kiv hvq| Avevi ‰wkqv ˆ^GK Ij±`vRG`i iµ¦vwbK‡Z eGÕ¨i ˆgvU gƒGjÅi 50%-‰iI ˆewk wQj evsjvi eÕ¨| ‰i…Gc evsjv ÷ay fviGZB bq, mgMÉ ‰wkqvGZB Ij±`vR ˆKvÁ·vwbi KgÆKvGíi cÉavb ài‚Z½cƒYÆ KgÆGÞGò cwiYZ nq| BsGiR BÕ¡ Bw´£qv ˆKvÁ·vwbi ˆÞGòI ˆZgb eÅwZò×g wQj bv| BsGiR KzwVqvjiv evsjvGK ‘ˆKvÁ·vwbi evMvGbi dzj’ ‰es ‘meGPGq cQG±`i ið’ i…Gc weGePbv KiZ|

‰wkqvi AbÅvbÅ Ask I BDGivGci RbÅ iµ¦vwbGhvMÅ cYÅ msMÉn Kiv wQj evsjvq Ij±`vR ˆKvÁ·vwbi KgÆKvGíi gƒj jÞÅ| ‰ AçGj BDGivc I ‰wkqvi AbÅvbÅ Açj ˆ^GK Avg`vwbK‡Z gƒjÅevb avZz I cGYÅi cÉavb f„wgKv wQj iµ¦vwbGhvMÅ cYÅ ò×Gqi RbÅ cÉGqvRbxq ò×q-ÞgZv ˆhvMvGbv| ‰me Avg`vwbK‡Z cGYÅi AwaKvskB wQj gƒjÅevb avZz, KviY ZzjbvgƒjK gƒjÅ-KvVvGgvq Avg`vwbK‡Z cGYÅi Õ©vbxq Pvwn`v AGcÞvK‡Z Kg wQj| Ij±`vRG`i evsjvq Avg`vwbK‡Z cGYÅi AwaKvskB wQj BDGivGci i‚cv, hw`I ZvG`i Avg`vwbK‡Z gƒjÅevb avZzi wKQy cwigvY ‰wkqv ˆ^GKB msMÉn Kiv nGZv| ‰àwji gGaÅ wQj Rvcvb ˆ^GK i‚cv I ˆmvbv ‰es ˆcà, AvivKvb I cvimÅ ˆ^GK i‚cv|

BDGivc ˆ^GK mxmv, ˆjvnv BZÅvw`i gGZv mvgvbÅ cwigvY avZz ‰es wKQy ckwg Kvco Qvov Ij±`vR ˆKvÁ·vwbi evsjvq Avg`vwbK‡Z cÉvq me cGYÅiB Drm wQj ‰wkqv| ‰kxq ˆ`kàwj ˆ^GK ˆm me cYÅ Avg`vwb Kiv nGZv ˆmàwji gGaÅ AbÅZg ài‚Z½cƒYÆ mvgMÉx wQj ˆMvjgwiP I AbÅvbÅ gkjv| cÉavbZ mygvòv ‰es gvjq Dc«¼xc ˆ^GK ˆMvjgwiP msMÉn Kiv nGZv| AbÅvbÅ gkjv, weGkl KGi jeã, Rvqdj ‰es ŠRwò msMÉn Kiv nGZv BG±`vGbkxq «¼xccyGéi cƒeÆvçj ˆ^GK| ‰ Açj ˆ^GK ˆKvÁ·vwbi iµ¦vwbK‡Z cGYÅi gGaÅ cÉavb wQj eÕ¨, KuvPv ˆikg I ˆkviv| cÉavbZ ‰kxq evRviàwjGZ iµ¦vwbi RbÅ ZzjbvgƒjKfvGe Kg ài‚Z½cƒYÆ cGYÅi gGaÅ wQj wPwb, Pvj, Mg, cwiGkvwaZ gvLb I mwilvi ˆZGji gGZv Lv`Å mvgMÉx ‰es Avwdg, ˆgvg, ˆmvnvMv, Kwo, PGUi ^Gj BZÅvw`| KuvPv ˆikg cÉ^Gg ˆKvÁ·vwbi ‰wkqvi AfÅ¯¦ixY evwYGRÅ I cieZÆxmgGq BDGivGci mGã evwYGRÅ AZÅ¯¦ ài‚Z½cƒYÆ f„wgKv cvjb KiGjI mµ¦`k kZvõxi ˆkl fvGM ‰es AÓ¡v`k kZvõxi cÉ^gvGaÆ BDGivcxq ˆKvÁ·vwbàwji evsjv ˆ^GK iµ¦vwbK‡Z cGYÅi gGaÅ eÕ¨B meÆcÉavb nGq IGV|

mµ¦`k kZvõxi w«¼ZxqvGaÆ Ij±`vRG`i evwYRÅ BsGiRG`i ˆPGq AGbK ‰wMGq wQj| AÓ¡v`k kZvõxi cÉ^g `y`kGKI AeÕ©v wQj ‰KB iKg hv wbGPi mviwYàwj ˆ^GK Õ·Ó¡Z cÉZxqgvb nq:

mviwY 1 evsjv ˆ^GK BsGiR I Ij±`vRG`i iµ¦vwbK‡Z cGYÅi gƒjÅ (1701-1720)

eQi BDGivGc BsGiRG`i BDGivGc Ij±`vRG`i BDGivc I

evwlÆK Mo iµ¦vwb evwlÆK Mo iµ¦vwb ‰wkqvq

(ˆdÑvwiGb) (ˆdÑvwiGb) Ij±`vRG`i

evwlÆK Mo iµ¦vwb

(ˆdÑvwiGb)

1701-1710 1,382,595 2,315,384 3,274,369

1710-1720 2,666,764 2,650,607 3,616,242

Drm I UxKv BsGiRG`i iµ¦vwbi wnmve Kiv nGqGQ ˆK.‰b ˆPŒayixi Trading World MÉ¯© ˆ^GK (c†. 509)| ‰GZ ‰K eQGii duvK iGqGQ| Ij±`vRG`i iµ¦vwbi wnmve Kiv nGqGQ Ig cÉKvGki, Dutch Company MÉ¯© ˆ^GK (c†. 70)| [cvDí=12 ˆdÑvwib, 1 UvKv=1.5 ˆdÑvwib]

AÓ¡v`k kZvõxi w«¼Zxq `kGKi w`GK evsjvq BsGiRG`i evwYRÅ MwZjvf KGi ‰es Ij±`vRG`i iµ¦vwbK‡Z cGYÅi gƒGjÅi cÉvq KvGQ ˆcuŒGQ hvq, hw`I AbÅvbÅ ‰kxq KzwVi evwYRÅmn Ij±`vRG`i evwYGRÅi cwigvY ZLbI BsGiRG`i ˆPGq ˆewk wQj| AÓ¡v`k kZvõxi wòGki `kGKi cÉ^g w`K ˆ^GK BDGivGc BsGiR ˆKvÁ·vwbi iµ¦vwb DGÍÏLGhvMÅfvGe e†w«¬ cvq ‰es ‰Uv PwÍÏGki `kGKi cÉ^g cuvP eQGi kxGlÆ ˆcuŒGQ| AekÅ cçvGki `kGKi cÉ^g cuvP eQGi ‰i cÉvw¯¦K nËvm NGU| ZGe 1730 ˆ^GK 1755 mvj chÆ¯¦ evsjv ˆ^GK BsGiRG`i iµ¦vwbK‡Z cGYÅi evwlÆK Mo gƒjÅ cÉvq 440,000 cvD´£ ev 3500000 UvKvi mvgvbÅ ˆewki Zzjbvq ‰ nËvm cÉvwµ¦ eÕ§Z Lye jÞYxq wQj bv| ‰LvGb DGÍÏL Kiv ˆhGZ cvGi ˆh, cçvGki `kGKi cÉ^g w`GK BsGiRG`i iµ¦vwb-nËvm ‰KB mgqKvGj Ij±`vRG`i BDGivGc iµ¦vwb e†w«¬i dGj evsjvi ˆgvU iµ¦vwb evwYGRÅ fvimvgÅ ‰GmwQj| ‰i dGj mvgwMÉKfvGe BDGivGci mGã evsjvi evwYRÅ-eÅeÕ©vq cƒeÆZb mgGqi Zzjbvq cçvGki `kGK ˆZgb jÞYxq ˆKvb cwieZÆb NGU wb|

AÓ¡v`k kZvõxi weGki `kGK BDGivGc Ij±`vRG`i iµ¦vwbi cwigvY nËvm ˆcGZ ÷i‚ KiGjI wòGki `kGKi cÉ^g ˆ^GK Zv e†w«¬ ˆcGZ ^vGK| cyivGbv myweavw` AbyGgv`b KGi 1730 mvGj bIqve myRvDóxb Ij±`vRG`i ‰KwU ciIqvbv `vb KGib| 1748 mvGj Avjxe`Æx Lvb Ij±`vR ˆemiKvwi ewYKG`i KvQ ˆ^GK ‰Zw`b chÆ¯¦ Av`vqK‡Z 3.5% ÷Í•-nvGii cwieGZÆ ˆKvÁ·vwb ˆ^GK Av`vqK‡Z (2.5%) ‰KB nvGi ÷Í• Av`vGqi myweav `vb KGib| BsGiRG`i wei‚G«¬ Zvi cGÞ ˆhvM`vGbi RbÅ bIqve wmivRDGóŒjv Ij±`vR, divwm I w`GbgviG`i KvGQ ciIqvbv cvwVGqwQGjb| Ij±`vRiv wbiGcÞ ^vGK| bIqve ZvG`i wZiÕ•vi KGi ZvG`i evwYRÅKzwV AeGiva KGib ‰es wòk jÞ UvKv `vwe KGib| LvRv IqvwR` I ivRv `yjÆfivGgi gaÅÕ©Zvq ‰ Aâ Pvi jGÞ KwgGq Avbv nq| ˆkl chÆ¯¦ Ij±`vRiv ˆKvÁ·vwbi RbÅ webv÷GÍ• evwYGRÅi wewbgGq Pvi jÞ UvKv w`GZ mÁÃZ nq| BsGiRG`i P±`bbMi AwaKvGii ci KÑvBf ‰i cÉwZev` mGî½I Ij±`vRiv divwm AwaevmxG`i AvkÉq `vb KGiwQj|

AÓ¡v`k kZvõxi wòGki `kGKi cÉ^gfvM ˆ^GK cçvGki `kGKi gaÅfvM chÆ¯¦ mgqKvGj Ij±`vRG`i BDGivGc iµ¦vwbi Mo evwlÆK gƒjÅ e†w«¬ ˆcGqwQj| cçvGki `kGKi cÉ^g w`GK BsGiRG`i evwYGRÅ wKQyUv g±`vfve ˆ`Lv w`Gj Ij±`vRG`i BDGivGc iµ¦vwb AviI DGÍÏLGhvMÅfvGe e†w«¬ cvq| ‰Uv weGklfvGe jÞYxq ˆh, Ij±`vRG`i evwYRÅ wòGki `kGKi cÉ^gfvGM BsGiRG`i Zzjbvq AGbK wcwQGq ^vKGjI cçvGki `kGKi cÉ^g w`GK Zv BsGiRG`i evwYGRÅi cÉvq mgvb nGq `uvovq| AekÅ ‰ wnGmGe Ij±`vRG`i ‰kxq emwZàwjGZ ZvG`i iµ¦vwbi gƒjÅ A¯¦fzÆî× wQj hv wòGki `kK ˆ^GK wbqwgZ nËvm ˆcGq AvmwQj| Ij±`vRG`i BDGivGc iµ¦vwbi Mo evwlÆK gƒjÅ wQj cÉvq 2,84,775 cvD´£ ev 23 jÞ UvKv ‰es cçvGki `kGKi cÉ^g cuvP eQGi ‰kxq evRviàwjmn iµ¦vwbi Mo evwlÆK gƒjÅ `uvwoGqwQj cÉvq 3,73,342 cvD´£ ev 30 jÞ UvKvq| 1730 ˆ^GK 1755 mvj chÆ¯¦ cÉ^g cuvP eQGi evsjv ˆ^GK BsGiR I Ij±`vRG`i iµ¦vwbi Mo evwlÆK gƒGjÅi ZzjbvgƒjK AeÕ©vi BwãZ cvIqv hvGe wbGPi mviwY ˆ^GK|

mviwY 2 cÉ^g cuvP eQGi BsGiR I Ij±`vRG`i iµ¦vwbi ˆgvU I Mo evwlÆK gƒjÅ (1730-1755) [ˆdÑvwiGb]

eQi BsGiR Ij±`vR

BDGivGc iµ¦vwbi BDGivGc iµ¦vwbi ‰wkqvqI

Mo evwlÆK gƒjÅ Mo evwlÆK gƒjÅ BDGivGc ˆgvU

iµ¦vwbi Mo

evwlÆK gƒjÅ

1730/31-1734/35 5,082,453 2,020,460 3,489,567

1740/41-1744/45 4,764,284 2,390,558 3,475,770

1750/51-1754/55 4,879,785 3,417,306 4,480,104

Drm I UxKv Ij±`vR iµ¦vwbi Z^Åvw` I wnmve msMÉn Kiv nGqGQ ˆnGM iwÞZ Algemeen Rijksarchief-‰ wea†Z Ij±`vR ˆKvÁ·vwbi ˆiKGWÆ iµ¦vwbi Pvjvb ˆ^GK| ‰K eQi wcwQGq ^vKv BsGiRG`i iµ¦vwbi gƒjÅ wnmve Kiv nGqGQ K.M. Chaudhuri: Trading World MÉ¯© ˆ^GK (c†. 509-10)| [cwieZÆGbi nvi: 1cvDí= 12 ˆdÑvwib]

‰Uv ZvrchÆcƒYÆ ˆh, mµ¦`k kZvõxi ˆklfvGM I AÓ¡v`k kZvõxi cÉ^g `kKàwjGZ evsjv ˆ^GK ˆh iµ¦vwb Ij±`vRG`i evwYGRÅi AZÅ¯¦ ài‚Z½cƒYÆ Ask wQj, 1730-1755 mvGj ZvGZ g±`vfve ˆ`Lv ˆ`q| cÞv¯¦Gi 1730 ˆ^GK 1745 mvGji gaÅeZÆx mgGq BDGivGc iµ¦vwbi gƒjÅ wbqwgZfvGe e†w«¬ cvwœQj ‰es cçvGki `kGKi cÉ^gfvGM ‰GZ jÞYxq cÉe†w«¬ NGU| AekÅ 1730 ˆ^GK 1755 mvGji cÉ^g cuvP eQGi evUvwfqvq Ij±`vRG`i iµ¦vwbi gƒGjÅ wbqwgZ e†w«¬ jÞ Kiv hvq hw`I ZvG`i ‰kxq AfÅ¯¦ixY evwYGRÅ mvgwMÉK AeÞq NGU| wòGki `kGKi cÉ^g w`GK evsjv ˆ^GK evUvwfqvq Ij±`vRG`i iµ¦vwbi Mo evwlÆK gƒjÅ wQj Ij±`vRG`i ‰ cÉG`k ˆ^GK ‰wkqvi wewf®² AsGk iµ¦vwbi ˆgvU gƒGjÅi 6.83% hv PwÍÏGki `kGKi cÉ^gvGaÆ 77.02% ‰es cçvGki `kGK 89.92%-‰ e†w«¬ ˆcGqwQj| wK¯§ evsjvi cGYÅi AbÅ `ywU ài‚Z½cƒYÆ Ij±`vR evRvi, Rvcvb I cviGmÅ iµ¦vwbGZ ò×gv¯¼wqK nËvm ˆ`LGZ cvIqv hvq| 1730-1755 mvGj ‰wkqvi AbÅvbÅ ˆKG±`Ê Ij±`vRG`i iµ¦vwb wQj cÉvq bMYÅ|

DcwiDî× weGkÏlY ˆ^GK BsGiR I Ij±`vR ˆKvÁ·vwbàwji iµ¦vwb evwYGRÅi KGqKwU ˆKŒZ„nGjvóxcK ŠewkÓ¡Å cÉKvk cvq| AÓ¡v`k kZvõxi cÉ^g `kGK BsGiRG`i ˆPGq Ij±`vRiv wbwøZfvGeB ‰wMGqwQj, ZGe w«¼Zxq `kGK Zviv cÉvq mgchÆvGq PGj AvGm| weGki `kGKi cÉ^g w`GK Ij±`vRiv BsGiRG`i ˆPGq wcwQGq cGowQj, ZGe wòGki `kK ˆ^GK Zviv Avevi ‰wMGq hvq| PwÍÏGki `kGKi cÉ^g cuvP eQGi BsGiRG`i iµ¦vwbi Mo evwlÆK gƒjÅ mGeÆvœP chÆvGq ˆcuŒGQ, wK¯§ cçvGki `kGKi cÉ^g cuvP eQGi ‰i mvgvbÅ nËvm NGU| AbÅw`GK, ‰wkqvq iµ¦vwbmn Ij±`vRG`i iµ¦vwbi gƒjÅ cçvGki `kGKi cÉ^g fvGM BsGiRG`i iµ¦vwbi gƒGjÅi cÉvq mgvb nGqwQj| ˆKvÁ·vwb `ywUi iµ¦vwbi ˆgvU gƒjÅ weGePbv KiGj 1730 ˆ^GK 1755 mvj chÆ¯¦ ˆZgb ˆKvb nËvmB NGU wb| cçvGki `kGKi cÉ^g fvGM evsjvi iµ¦vwb evwYGRÅi ˆÞGò BsGiRG`i iµ¦vwb-gƒGjÅi ˆh NvUwZ ˆ`Lv hvq, H eQiàwjGZ Ij±`vRG`i iµ¦vwb e†w«¬i dGj ˆm NvUwZ cƒiY nGq hvq| ‰ ˆMvUv mgqKvGj Ij±`vRG`i ‰kxq AfÅ¯¦ixY evwYGRÅ ò×g AeÞq NGU hw`I ˆgvU iµ¦vwb gƒGjÅi gGaÅ evUvwfqvi AsGk wbqwgZ cÉe†w«¬ ˆ`Lv hvq|

‰LvGb DGÍÏLÅ ˆh, BDGivcxqiv evsjvi iµ¦vwb evwYGRÅi cÉavb Askx`vi wQj eüw`b aGi ‰ gZ ˆcvlY Kiv nGjI mvÁ·ÉwZK KvGj cÉgvwYZ nGqGQ ˆh, AÓ¡v`k kZvõxi gaÅfvGMI evsjv ˆ^GK ‰kxq ewYKG`i iµ¦vwb BDGivcxqG`i ˆPGq AGbK ˆewk wQj| ‰kxq ewYKG`i iµ¦vwbK‡Z eGÕ¨i gƒjÅ wQj evwlÆK cÉvq 90 jÞ ˆ^GK 1 ˆKvwU UvKv ˆhLvGb BDGivcxqG`i ˆgvU iµ¦vwbK‡Z eGÕ¨i gƒjÅ Lye ˆewk nGjI KLbI 50 ˆ^GK 60 jÞ UvKv QvwoGq hvq wb| ˆikg iµ¦vwbGZ ‰kxqG`i AMÉMvgx AeÕ©vb wQj AviI ˆewk jÞYxq| AvbygvwbK wnmvGe 1749 ˆ^GK 1753 mvj chÆ¯¦ mgqKvGj ‰kxq ewYKG`i evwlÆK iµ¦vwbK‡Z ˆikGgi ˆgvU gƒjÅ wQj MGo cÉvq 55 jÞ UvKv ‰es cieZÆx cuvP eQGi 41 jÞ UvKv| ‰KB mgGq BDGivcxqG`i evwlÆK iµ¦vwbK‡Z ˆikGgi gƒjÅ wQj gvò 98 nvRvi UvKvi gGZv| AbÅfvGe ejv hvq ˆh, cjvkxi hy«¬ ‰i cƒeÆeZÆx mgGq evsjv ˆ^GK ‰kxqG`i ˆikg iµ¦vwbi cwigvY wQj BDGivcxqG`i iµ¦vwbK‡Z ˆikGgi 4 ˆ^GK 5 àY ˆewk| BsGiRiv BDGivcxq I ‰kxq cÉwZ«¼±«¼xG`i a»sm Kivi bxwZ AbymiY Kivq cjvkxi ci BDGivcxq AbÅvbÅ ˆKvÁ·vwbàwji AwaKvsGkiB evwYRÅ mâzwPZ nGq cGo| ZvG`i evwYGRÅi ˆhUzKz AewkÓ¡ wQj ˆmUvI ˆemiKvwi BsGiR eÅwî×G`i AG^Æ cwiPvwjZ nGZv hvi wewbgGq Zviv BDGivGc üw´£ MÉnY KiZ|

‰Uv weÓÃqKi ˆh, BsGiRiv hLb evsjv RGqi loh¯¨ KGi ZLb Ij±`vRiv AGbKUv `kÆGKi f„wgKv cvjb KiwQj| cjvkxi cGi AekÅ Zviv nvivGbv AeÕ©vb cybi‚«¬vGii eÅ^Æ ˆPÓ¡v KGi| ‰ ˆÞGò Zviv bIqve gxiRvdiGK wgò wnGmGe ˆcGqwQj| 1759 mvGji 20 bGfÁ¼i BsGiRiv eivbMGii Ij±`vR evwYRÅKzwV `Lj KGi ‰es 22 bGfÁ¼i Ij±`vRiv mâivGqj ixGP ŠmbÅ AeZiY Kivq| 24 ZvwiGL BsGiRiv ˆbŒhyG«¬ Rqjvf KGi ‰es P±`bbMGi BsGiRG`i AeÕ©vGbi Ici Ij±`vRG`i Avò×gY cÉwZnZ Kiv nq| 25 ZvwiGL BsGiRiv P±`bbMi I PuyPzovi gaÅeZÆx Õ©vGb AewÕ©Z eG`ivGZ Ij±`vRG`i civwRZ KGi| gxiGbi gaÅÕ©Zvq 1759 mvGji 5 wWGmÁ¼Gi Õ¼vÞwiZ ‰K mgGSvZv Pzwî×i gvaÅGg Ij±`vRG`i ZvG`i myweavw` wdwiGq ˆ`Iqv nq| eG`ivi hy«¬ eÕ§Z fviGZ Ij±`vR cÉvavGbÅi cwimgvwµ¦ NUvq|

w«¼Zxq kvn Avjg evsjv Avò×gY KiGj Ij±`vRiv BsGiRG`i weZvwoZ Kivi ‰K cwiKÍ¸bv KGi| wK¯§ gxiRvdGii DîivwaKvix gxiKvwmg Ij±`vRG`i ZvG`i PuyPzovq ‘ˆdvUÆ MvÕ¡vfvm’ ‰i ewntcÉvPxi ˆfGã ˆdjGZ ‰es 50,000 ˆdÑvwib cÉ`vGb evaÅ KGib| ‰i ci bIqve ÞwZcƒiY eve` Ij±`vRG`i KvGQ 50 jÞ UvKv `vwe KGib ‰es ZvG`i KvwmgevRvi evwYRÅKzwV `Lj KGi ˆbb| Ij±`vRiv AGaÆK A^Æ cÉ`vb KGi ‰es BsGiRG`i mnvqZvq 1750 mvGji 23 AvMÕ¡ ‰KwU mgGSvZv Õ¼vÞi KiGZ mg^Æ nq hvi kZÆvewj Ij±`vRG`i RbÅ wQj AZÅ¯¦ KGVvi|

BsGiRiv `yevi Ij±`vRG`i mvnvhÅ Kiv mGî½I j´£bÕ© KZ‡ÆcÞ Ij±`vRG`i cÉwZ KGVvi eÅenvi KiGZ BsGiRG`i wbGla Kivi cƒeÆ chÆ¯¦ ZvG`i gGaÅ weGiva AeÅvnZ wQj| 1764 mvGj eÝvGii hyG«¬ BsGiRG`i Rqjvf ‰es 1765 mvGj ZvG`i `xDqvwb jvf Ij±`vRG`i ivR‹bwZK AeÕ©vbGK AviI `yeÆj KGi ˆdGj|

Ij±`vRG`i evwYwRÅK AeÕ©viI AebwZ NGU| ZvG`i mywZ ^vb eGÕ¨i iµ¦vwbi cwigvY 1758 mvGji 79,000 ^vb ˆ^GK 1764 mvGj 47,000 ^vGb nËvm cvIqv ˆ^GKB ‰ evwYwRÅK AebwZ Abyaveb Kiv hvq| 1757 mvGji cGi ˆkviv I Avwdg ‰i evwYGRÅ BsGiRG`i ‰KGPwUqv AwaKvGii dGj mywZ ^vb eGÕ¨i eÅemvi Ici Ij±`vRG`i wbfÆi KiGZ nGqwQj|

Ij±`vRG`i cÉwZ BsGiRG`i mnvbyf„wZkxj gGbvfvGei ‰KwU KviY ‰B wQj ˆh, BsGiR KgÆKZÆviv Ij±`vRG`i üw´£ wKGb ˆ`Gk UvKv cvVvZ| ‰ eÅeÕ©v evsjvq KuvPv ˆikg I mywZ ^vb eGÕ¨ cuywR wewbGqvM e†w«¬GZ Ij±`vRG`i mvnvhÅ KGiwQj| AÓ¡v`k kZvõxi mîGii `kGK ZvG`i wewbGqvGMi cwigvY wQj cÉvq 40 jÞ UvKv ‰es ‰ A^Æ ˆhvMvGbi RbÅ ZvG`i wniYÅ Avg`vwbi cÉGqvRb nGZv bv| ‰i ˆ^GK BsGiRG`i eÅwî×MZ evwYGRÅi D®²wZ Abyaveb Kiv hvq| AekÅ MfYÆi ˆRbvGij wnmvGe jWÆ KYÆIqvwjm ‰i `vwqZ½ MÉnGYi ci BsGiRG`i eÅwî×MZ evwYGRÅi AebwZ NGU ‰es ‰i mGã mGã AÓ¡v`k kZvõxi be»BGqi `kGK eÕ§Z Ij±`vRG`i evwYGRÅi mgvwµ¦ NGU|

‰K^v mZÅ ˆh, Ij±`vRiv AvgÕ¡viWvGgi ‘nxGib ˆmGfbwUb’ (cwiPvjbv clÆ`)-‰i KvQ ˆ^GK cÉGqvRbxq Drmvn ev mnvqZv jvf KGi wb| ZGe ‰KB mGã ‰UvI mZÅ ˆh, evsjvq KgÆiZ Ij±`vR KgÆKZÆviv ivRÅRGq ˆZgb DrmvnxI wQGjb bv| cjvkxi hyG«¬i ci bIqve gxiRvdi I LvRv IqvwR` BsGiRG`i DrLvGZi ˆPÓ¡v KGib| Zviv Ij±`vRG`i mGã wgwjZ nGq ZvG`iGK evsjv Avò×gGY D«¼y«¬ KGib ‰es BsGiRG`i wei‚G«¬ fvimvgÅ wnGmGe KvR Kivi AbyGiva Rvbvb| wK¯§ ZvG`i ‰ Ryqvi Pvj ˆkvPbxqfvGe eÅ^Æ nq ‰es evsjvi evwYRÅ RMr ˆ^GK Ij±`vRiv ò×gv¯¼Gq weZvwoZ nq|
[mykxj ˆPŒayix ‰es Awbi‚«¬ ivq]

MÉ¯©cwé Om Prakash, European Commercial Enterprise in Pre-Colonial India, Cambridge, 1998; S Chaudhury, The Prelude to Empire –Plassey Revolution of 1757, New Delhi, 2000; S Chaudhury, From Prosperity to Decline – Eighteenth Century Bengal, New Delhi, 1995; Om Prakash, The Dutch East India Company and the Economy of Bengal, Princeton, 1985; K N Chaudhuri, The Trading World of Asia and the English East India Company, Cambridge, 1978.