IivIu ‰B bvGgi Avw`evmxiv b†Zvwî½K wePvGi Avw`-AGÕ¡Ëjxq (ˆcÉvGUv-AGÕ¡Ëjxq) RbGMvÓ¤xi Dîi cyi‚l| ‰G`i MvGqi is KvGjv, bvK PÅvcUv, Pzj KvGjv I KzwçZ, DœPZv gvSvwi| DcgnvG`Gk IivIuG`i cÉavb emwZ DwolÅv, ˆQvUbvMcyi, ivRgnj I wenvGii mw®²wnZ AçGj| b†Zî½we`MGYi gGZ ‰KB AçGji gyív, gvjcvnvwo I muvIZvjG`i mGã IivIuG`i NwbÓ¤ RbZvwî½K mÁ·KÆ iGqGQ| fvlvi w`K ˆ^GKI ‰iv mevB ‰KB AwÕ¡ËK cwievGii A¯¦fzÆî×| KvGiv KvGiv gGZ ‘Kzi‚L’ fvlvi wefvwRZ ‰KwU AsGki ‘ˆUvGUg’ i…Gc IivIu K^vUv ‰GmGQ|

IivIu Avw`evmxiv wVK KGe wK KviGY evsjvG`Gk ‰Gm emevm ÷i‚ KGi ˆm mÁ·GKÆ wbwøZ ˆKvb Z^Å ˆbB| eZÆgvGb iscyi, w`bvRcyi, eàov I ivRkvnx ˆRjv IivIuG`i cÉavb emwZÕ©j| ZGe 1881 mvGji ˆjvKMYbvq ˆ`Lv hvq ˆh, Dîieã QvovI ZLb gqgbwmsn, PëMÉvg I ˆbvqvLvjx ˆRjvq wKQymsLÅK IivIu Avw`evmxi emwZ wQj| wK¯§ cieZÆx KGqKwU Av`g÷gvwi IivIuG`i Õ¼Z¯¨ RvwZ wnGmGe wPwn×Z bv Kivi KviGY eüw`b ‰G`i mwVK RbmsLÅv wbaÆviY Kiv hvq wb| 1991 mvGji Av`g÷gvwi Abyhvqx evsjvG`Gk IivIu RbmsLÅv wQj cÉvq Qq nvRvi|

AGbK Avw`evmx RvwZi gGZv IivIu mgvRI meÆcÉvYev`x cÉK‡wZ DcvmK| ZGe ZvG`i agÆwek¼vGm m†wÓ¡KZÆv wnGmGe meÆkwî×gvb ‘aiGgk’ Õ¼xK‡Z| ‰B meÆkwî×gvGbi AeÕ©vb mƒGhÆ| ZvB agÆxq AbyÓ¤vb AwaKvskB mƒhÆGK wNGi D`hvwcZ nq| ‰Qvov IivIu mgvR bvbv ˆ`eZvq wek¼vmx| Hme ˆ`eZvi cÉZxKx AeÕ©vb MÉvg, K‡wlmÁ·`, AiYÅ, gnvgvix BZÅvw` welqGK ˆK±`Ê KGi| ‰G`i ZzwÓ¡i RbÅ iGqGQ agÆxq Drme-AbyÓ¤vGbi eÅeÕ©v| ˆKvb ˆKvb agÆxq AbyÓ¤vGbi mGã wn±`yG`i cƒRvi wgj cvIqv hvq, ˆhgb wn±`y mÁ·É`vGqi ‘fv`y’ DrmGei mGã IivIuG`i ‘Kig’ DrmGei wgj AZů¦ Õ·Ó¡| K`g kvLvGK wNGi AbywÓ¤Z ‰ DrmewU e†ÞcƒRvi bvgv¯¦i| IivIuG`i avb Avev` DcjGÞ AvGqvwRZ ‘nwiqvwi’ wKsev ‘miüj’ cƒRv-DrmGei mGã f„wgi DeÆiZv wbwøZ Kivi mÁ·KÆ iGqGQ| MvQ, dzj I dGji cƒRv Z^v Dw«¿` e±`bvi DGókÅ dmj djvGbv I ˆMvÓ¤x iÞv| ‰G`i DeÆiZv eËZ Avi ˆhŒbZv eËGZi gGaÅ cÉGf` ˆbB| ‰mGei mGã Rxebhvcb, AwÕ¦Z½iÞv ‰es Avb±`gqZvi wbKU mÁ·KÆ iGqGQ| agÆxq AbyÓ¤vb Avi FZz Drme ZvG`i Rxebhvòv I mvgvwRK cÉGqvRGbi mGã ‰KvKvi nGq iGqGQ| ‰G`i hv`ykwî×GZ wek¼vmI Rxebhvcb ˆ^GK wf®² wKQy bq| IivIuG`i wewPò me eËZ-cƒRvq ˆhgb ŠekvGL emy®¬iv eËZ, fvG`Ë fv`wi eËZ, wKsev ANËvGb ˆmuRywZ I dvÍšyGb BZz, ‰gbwK ŠPGò em¯¦ Drme miüj-‰ cÉwZdwjZ nq K‡wlwbfÆi Rxebhvòvi wewf®² i…c| ‰me eËZ AbyÓ¤vGb bvixG`i f„wgKv cÉavb|

AbÅvbÅ Avw`evmxG`i gGZv IivIu mgvRI b†ZÅMxZev`Å AbyivMx| b†ZÅMxZ ‰G`i mvgvwRK-mvsÕ•‡wZK RxeGbi AcwinvhÆ Aã| Szgyi MvGb IivIuG`i fwî×evw`Zvi cvkvcvwk RxebhvcGbi bvbv Abylã cwiÕ¹zU| IivIuG`i mvgvwRK RxeGbi ‰KUv ài‚Z½cƒYÆ w`K ‘aygKzwiqv’, wVK ˆhgb MvGivG`i ‘ˆ`KvPvO’ wKsev muvIZvjG`i ‘AvLov’ Avi gywiqvG`i ‘NUzj’| AGbKUv ‘WwgÆUwi’ aiGbi RvqMvq ‰KGò ˆek wKQyw`b emevGmi eÅeÕ©vmÁ¼wjZ ‰ AbyÓ¤vGb IivIu Zi‚Y-Zi‚YxG`i ciÕ·i ˆgjvGgkvi myGhvM, fwelÅr Rxebmãx I mwãbx wbeÆvPGbi AeKvk ŠZwi nq| IivIu mgvGR weevn-c«¬wZ AGbKUv muvIZvj I gyívG`i gGZvB| cvwievwiK eÅeÕ©vi gvaÅGg weGqi AbyÓ¤vb nGjI cvòcvòxi gZvgZ ˆmLvGb cÉvavbÅ cvq| AcÉvµ¦eqÕ• weevn mgvGR mg^Æb cvq bv| ‰G`i gGaÅ weaev weevn wKsev Nifvãv weGqI cÉPwjZ| weevn weGœQ`I mvgvwRKfvGe Õ¼xK‡Z| Õ¨x I cyi‚l ‰KvwaKevi weGq KiGZ cvGi, ZGe ˆKvb cyi‚l ‰KmGã ‰KvwaK Õ¨x ivLGZ cvGi bv|

IivIu bvixcyi‚l cwiœQG`i ˆÞGò AZů¦ mv`vwmav| ˆgGqiv ˆgvUv kvwo ‰es cyi‚liv aywZ, jywã cGi, MwieG`i ciGb ^vGK MvgQv| ˆgGqiv AjâviwcÉq| dzj ZvG`i mvR I ˆkvfveaÆGbi Aã| kixGi DwÍ•wPn× aviY Õ¨x cyi‚l DfGqi ˆÞGòB mvgvwRK ixwZ wnGmGe Õ¼xK‡Z| mœQj ev wkwÞZ IivIu cyi‚lG`i mvUÆ-cÅv´Ÿ ev cvRvgv-cvévwe ciGZ ˆ`Lv hvq, Avi ˆgGqiv kvwo-eÐvDR cGi ^vGK|

IivIu cwievGii cÉavb AvnvhÆ fvZ| ˆmB mGã ^vGK kvK-mewR, gvQ ev gvsm| NGi ŠZwi g` ‘cPvB’ ZvG`i cÉavb cvbxq| mvaviYZ fvZ cwPGq ‘cPvB’ ŠZwi nq| K‡wlKgÆ IivIuG`i RxweKvi cÉavb Dcvq| nvjPvl cyi‚l m`mÅiv KGi, ZGe AbÅvbÅ KvGR ˆgGqiv Ask wbGq ^vGK| ZvQvov gvQ, Zwi-ZiKvwi ev djgƒj weò×Gqi KvR ˆgGqiv KGi| cyi‚Gli Zzjbvq ˆgGqiv AGbK ˆewk KgÆV| f„wgnxb IivIu bvix-cyi‚lG`i ˆÞZgRyi ev Kzwj-Kvwgb wnGmGe KvR KiGZ ˆ`Lv hvq|

IivIuG`i g†ZG`n wPZvi AvàGb fÕÃxf„Z Kivi ixwZ cÉPwjZ| g†ZG`Gni cÉwZ kÉ«¬v cÉ`kÆb I ˆklK‡GZÅi Abylã wnGmGe dzj I cvZvi ŠbGe`Å cÉ`vGbi cÉ^vI cÉPwjZ| AvbyÓ¤vwbK ˆkvK cÉKvGki ixwZI mgvGR iGqGQ|

IivIu mgvR ‰LbI cÉvPxb cçvGqZ eÅeÕ©vi Aaxb| IivIuG`i gGaÅ AvaywbK wkÞvi cÉmvi mvgvbÅB NGUGQ| AwkÞvi cÉavb KviY `vwi`ËÅ, ˆmB mGã cÉvPxb HwZnÅ I ixwZ-cÉ^vi cÉwZ Abo AvbyMZÅ| mvÁcÉwZKKvGj wLËÓ¡vb agÆhvRKG`i Zid ˆ^GK wkÞvi cÉmvi NUvGbvi ˆPÓ¡v PjGQ| Õ¼fveZB ‰GZ wLËÓ¡aGgÆ `xwÞZG`i msLÅv evoGQ| ZvG`i A^Æ‹bwZK D®²wZGZ ‰bwRI KgÆKvGíiI wKQy cÉfve jÞYxq| 

[Avng` iwdK]