IqvK&d  Aviwe kõ, ‰i A^Æ eÅwî×MZ gvwjKvbv ˆ^GK gyî× ˆKvb mÁ·wî wbivcG` ˆndvRZ Kiv| AviGe Bmjvwg ivÓ¡Ì MVGbi ÷i‚ ˆ^GKB IqvK&d eÅeÕ©v Õ¼xK‡Z| IqvK&&d kõwUi AvÞwiK A^Æ Pzwî× ev DrmMÆ| 1913 wLËÓ¡vGõ fviGZi gymjgvb IqvK&d ŠeaKiY AvBGb cÉ`î msæv Abyhvqx IqvK&d A^Æ ˆKvb gymjgvb KZƆK Zvi mÁ·wîi ˆKvb Ask ‰gb KvGRi RbÅ Õ©vwqfvGe `vb Kiv hv gymwjg AvBGb ‘agÆxq, cweò ev ˆmevgƒjK’ wnGmGe Õ¼xK‡Z| ˆivgvb AvBGb ‘mÁ·wî AcÆY’ ‰es wn±`y AvBGb ‘`vb’ IqvK&d-‰i mgZzjÅ| agÆxq, wkÞvmsò×v¯¦ ev AbÅGKvb RbwnZKi KvGRi DGóGkÅ KwZcq kZÆmvGcGÞ eÅwî×MZ mÁ·wî IqvK&di…Gc `vb Kiv hvq| ‰KwU Šea IqvK&Gdi ˆÞGò ‰i kZÆvewj mvaviYZ ‰iKg nGq ^vGK: 1. ‰wU ‰KwU Õ©vqx eÅeÕ©v, A^Ævr ˆKvb wbw`ÆÓ¡ mgqKvGji RbÅ IqvK&d Kiv hvq bv; 2. ‰wU ZvrÞwYKfvGe KvhÆKi nq, ‰GK Õ©wMZ ev gyjZwe Kiv hvq bv; 3. ‰wU ‰KwU AcÉZÅvnviGhvMÅ AvBbMZ Pzwî× ‰es 4. IqvK&d mÁ·wî KLbI evGRqvµ¦ Kiv hvq bv|

IqvK&d wZb aiGbi: IqvK&d wd wjÍÏvn A^Ævr meÆmvaviGYi RbÅ IqvK&d, IqvK&d Avjvj AvIjv` A^Ævr eÅwî×MZ IqvK&d, ‰es wgkÉ IqvK&d| ˆKej agÆxq ev `vZeÅ DGóGkÅ m†Ó¡ IqvK&dGK IqvK&d wd wjÍÏvn ejv nq| DrmMÆKvixi wbGRi RbÅ, wKsev cwievi ev eskaiG`i DcKvGii RbÅ hLb cÉf„ZfvGe DrmMÆ Kiv nq ZLb ZvGK IqvK&d Avjvj AvIjv` ejv nq| wgkÉ IqvK&Gd agÆxq I `vZeÅ cÉK‡wZi mveÆRbxb DGókÅ ‰es DrmMÆKvixi, Zvi cwievi I eskaiG`i fiY ˆcvlY" Dfq DGókÅB iGqGQ|

meÆmvaviGYi RbÅ IqvK&Gdi gGaÅ ‰KwU mycwiwPZ IqvK&d gnwmb dv´£| fviGZi üMwj ˆRjvi Šmq`cyGii Rwg`vi nvRx gynvÁÃ` gnwmb 1806 wLËÓ¡vGõ üMwji Bgvgevovi agÆxq I wkÞv cÉwZÓ¤vbmgƒGni eÅq mâzjvGbi DGóGkÅ Zuvi mgy`q f„mÁ·wîi Avq `vb KGib| Zuvi cwievGii ‰K m`mÅ ‰B IqvK&Gdi AvBbMZ ŠeaZvGK PÅvGjé KGi| dGj 1810 wLËÓ¡vGõ miKvi 19 bs AvG`keGj ‰B mÁ·wî ˆò×vK KGi ‰es m`i ˆ`Iqvwb Av`vjGZ gvgjvwUi wbÓ·wî bv nIqv chƯ¦ Zv miKvwi AwaKvGiB ^vGK| gvgjvwU wcÉwf KvDw´Öj chƯ¦ hvq ‰es 1835 wLËÓ¡vGõ wcÉwf KvDw´Öj ciGjvKMZ `vbKvixi cGÞ ivq ˆ`q|

cwievi I m¯¦vb-m¯¦wZi KjÅvYvG^Æ eÅwî×MZ IqvK&d eÅeÕ©v BmjvGg Õ¼xK‡Z wQj| ZGe eÅeÕ©vwU A‹ea `vwe KGi ‰Kmgq Av`vjGZ gvgjv `vGqi Kiv nq| 1894 wLËÓ¡vGõ Aveyj dvZv ˆgvnvÁÃ` ebvg imgq gvgjvi ivGq wcÉwf KvDw´Öj IqvK&d-Avjvj-AvIjv`GK A‹ea ˆNvlYv KGi| wcÉwf KvDw´ÖGji ‰B ivq gymjgvbG`i gGaÅ eÅvcK cÉwZwò×qv m†wÓ¡ KGi, Zviv ‰UvGK gymwjg eÅwî×MZ AvBGbi j›Nb eGj aGi ˆbq| fviZ miKvGii KvGQ ‰i wei‚G«¬ ‰KwU AwfGhvM ˆck Kiv nq| dGj 1913 wLËÓ¡vGõ gymjgvb IqvK&d ŠeaKiY AvBb bvGg ‰KwU AvBb cvm nq, hvi «¼viv wcÉwf KvDw´ÖGji ivqwU AcmvwiZ nq|

cieZÆxKvGj ˆeãj IqvK&d AÅvÙ 1934 «¼viv IqvK&d f„mÁ·wîi eÅeÕ©vcbv KvVvGgvi ˆÞGò wKQy cwieZÆb NUvGbv nq| 1962 wLËÓ¡vGõ cƒeÆ cvwKÕ¦vb IqvK&d AaÅvG`Gki AaxGb AviI wKQy cwieZÆb mvwaZ nq, weGkl KGi IqvK&d mÁ·wîmgƒn cwiPvjbv I eÅeÕ©vcbv-msò×v¯¦ AvBGbi msGkvab Kiv nq| ˆm AaÅvG`k ‰LbI KvhÆKi iGqGQ, ZGe 1988 wLËÓ¡vGõi IqvK&d AaÅvG`k I 1998 wLËÓ¡vGõi IqvK&d AaÅvG`k-eGj ‰GZ wKQy ˆQvULvU cwieZÆb Avbv nGqGQ| ‰KwU IqvK&d WvBGiÙGiGUi gvaÅGg miKvi IqvK&d mÁ·wîi eÅeÕ©vcbv cwiPvjbv KGi|

IqvK&d mÁ·wî iÞYvGeÞGYi RbÅ wbGqvwRZ eÅeÕ©vcbvGK gyZIqvwÍÏ ejv nq, whwb gÅvGbRvi A^Ævr meÆkwî×gvb AvÍÏvni AbyGgvw`Z cÉwZwbwa wnGmGe cwiMwYZ nb| ZvGK ˆgŒwLKfvGe, A^ev ˆh Pzwî× ev `wjj Abyhvqx IqvK&d Kiv nGqGQ ˆmfvGe wbGqvM ˆ`Iqv nq| DrmMÆKvix A^Ævr IqvwKd wbGRGKI gyZIqvwÍÏ i…Gc wbhyî× KiGZ cvGib| IqvK&d `wjGj wZwb gyZIqvwÍÏ-ciÁ·ivi ixwZ-wbqgI KGi ˆhGZ cvGib| ˆhGnZz AvÍÏvni gvwjKvbvq mÁ·wî Õ©vbv¯¦wiZ nGqGQ, ˆmRbÅ DrmMÆKvix ˆhGKvb gyZIqvwÍÏi gGZv UÇvÕ¡ mÁ·wîi eÅeÕ©vcGKi ghÆv`vq Avmxb nb| ZGe wZwb mÁ·wîi gvwjKvbv `vwe KiGZ cvGib bv| IqvK&d `wjGj wf®²fvGe gyZIqvwÍÏ Kivi weavb ^vKvq gyZIqvwÍÏ Zvi DîivwaKvix wbGqvM KiGZ cvGib|

gymwjg DrmMÆKvixi gGZv, wn±`y agÆvejÁ¼x eÅwî×I ˆKvb weMÉGni cÉwZÓ¤v I cƒRv, eËvþY ev `wi`ËGfvRb ‰es `yMÆvcƒRvi gGZv agÆxq Drme BZÅvw` agÆxq I `vZeÅ DGóGkÅ mÁ·wî `vb KiGZ cvGi| mvaviYZ DBj ev `vGb MwVZ ‰B iKg mÁ·wîGK ˆ`Gevîi eGj ‰es DBj «¼viv m†Ó¡ ˆKvb e†wî`vGbi ˆÞGò DBjGK AekÅB wjwLZi…Gc KgcGÞ `yBRb mvÞx «¼viv mZÅvwqZ KiGZ nq| ˆ`GevîGii RbÅ ˆKvb agÆxq Drme AvGqvRb ev UÇvÕ¡ MVb Kivi cÉGqvRb nq bv| ˆhUv meGPGq cÉGqvRbxq Zv nGjv ‰B gGgÆ ‰KwU myÕ·Ó¡ ˆNvlYv ˆh, mÁ·wîwU H DGóGkÅ Avjv`v KGi ivLv nGqGQ| ZGe, mveÆRbxb agÆxq DrmGe ˆ`Gevîi mÁ·wî eÅenvGii AbyK„Gj ‰KwU UÇvÕ¡ MVb Kiv ˆhGZ cvGi|

agÆxq DGóGkÅ mÁ·ƒYÆ DrmMÆxK‡Z ˆ`Gevîi mÁ·wî cÉvqk ˆKvb gw±`Gi Õ©vbv¯¦wiZ nq ‰es ‰B aiGbi gw±`Gii gÅvGbRviGK ˆmevBZ ejv nq| ‰KRb ˆgvnv¯¦ gV A^Ævr agÆkvÕ¨ AaÅqbiZ QvòG`i AvevmÕ©Gji RbÅ cÉvµ¦ mÁ·wî iÞYvGeÞY KGib| gw±`Gii AvBbMZ ˆKvb mîv ˆbB, wK¯§ ˆ`eZvi AvBbMZ ghÆv`v iGqGQ| gw±`i I ˆ`eZv DfGq Av`vjGZ AwfGhvM AvbGZ cvGi ‰es ˆmevBZ ev ˆgvnvG¯¦i gvaÅGg Awfhyî× nGZ cvGi| AvBwb cÉGqvRb eÅZxZ ˆKvb ˆmevBZ ˆ`Gevîi mÁ·wî nÕ¦v¯¦i KiGZ cvGi bv| Am`vPiGYi RbÅ ˆmevBZGK Zvi `dZi ˆ^GK AcmviY Kiv ˆhGZ cvGi| Av`vjZI ZvGK wnmve DcÕ©vcGbi RbÅ wbG`Æk w`GZ cvGi|  [Avwgbyj nK I ˆgv. ggZvRDwób AvnGg`]