‰.ˆK
dRjyj nK
(1873-1962) `Þ
ivÓ¡Ë cwiPvjK I RbGbZv| wZwb KjKvZvi ˆgqi (1935), Awefî× evsjvi gyLÅg¯¨x
(1937-1943) ‰es cƒeÆ evsjvi gyLÅg¯¨x (1954), cvwKÕ¦vGbi Õ¼ivÓ¡Ë g¯¨x
(1955) ‰es cƒeÆ evsjvi MfbÆGii c` (1956-1958) mn eü DuPz ivR‹bwZK cG`
AwawÓ¤Z wQGjb| ˆjvKwcÉqfvGe ˆkGi evsjv ev nK mvGne i…Gc cwiwPZ Aveyj
KvGkg dRjyj nK evGKiMé ˆRjvi `wÞYvçGji ewaÆúz MÉvg mvUzwiqvq 1873 mvGji
26 AGÙvei Zuvi gvgvi evwoGZ R¯ÃMÉnY KGib|
ZGe
Zuvi cƒeÆcyi‚lG`i evwo wQj ewikvj kni ˆ^GK ˆPŒó gvBj `ƒGi PvLvi
MÉvGg| wZwb wQGjb gynÁÃ` IqvwR` I mvwq`yw®²mv LvZzGbi ‰Kgvò cyò|
nGKi wcZv ewikvj Av`vjGZi ‰KRb LÅvwZgvb `xDqvwb I ˆdŒR`vwi DwKj
wQGjb ‰es Zuvi wcZvgn KvRx AvKivg Avjx wQGjb Aviwe I dviwmGZ `Þ
cw´£Z I ewikvGji ‰KRb wewkÓ¡ ˆgvî×vi| evwoGZ Aviwe I dviwmGZ mbvZb Bmjvwg wkÞv MÉnY ˆkGl 1890 mvGj dRjyj nK ewikvj wRjv Õ•zj ˆ^GK ‰´ŸÈv´Ö, 1892 mvGj ˆcÉwmGWw´Ö KGjR ˆ^GK ‰d.‰ ‰es 1894 mvGj we.‰. cixÞvq (imvqb, MwYZ I c`v^Æwe`Åv wZbwU welGq AbvmÆmn) DîxYÆ nb| 1896 mvGj KjKvZv wek¼we`Åvjq ˆ^GK wZwb MwYZ kvGÕ¨ ‰g. ‰ wWwMÉ jvf KGib| |
 |
‰.ˆK
dRjyj nK |
mÅvi
mwjgyÍÏvn I bIqve bIqve Avjx ˆPŒayix ‰i KvGQ ivRbxwZGZ Zuvi nvGZLwo nq| ZuvG`i mnGhvwMZvq 1913
mvGj wZwb Zuvi kwî×kvjx cÉwZ«¼±«¼x ivqevnv`yi Kzgvi gGn±`Êbv^ wgòGK
civwRZ KGi XvKv wefvM ˆ^GK eãxq AvBb cwilG`i m`mÅ wbeÆvwPZ nb| gvSLvGb
ˆK±`Êxq AvBb cwilG`i m`mÅ wnGmGe `yeQi mgqKvj (1934-1936) Qvov 1947
mvGj ˆ`kwefvM chƯ¦ wZwb eãxq AvBb mfvi mGã RwoZ wQGjb| 1913 mvGj nK
evsjvi cÉvG`wkK gymwjg jxGMi mÁ·v`K nb ‰es 1916 mvj chƯ¦ ‰ cG` envj
^vGKb| meÆfviZxq gymwjg jxM ‰i hy™Â mÁ·v`K i…GcI wZwb `vwqZ½ cvjb KGiwQGjb| 1916 ˆ^GK 1921
mvj chƯ¦ nK wQGjb meÆfviZxq gymwjg jxGMi mfvcwZ| fviZxq RvZxq KsGMÉGmi
m`mÅ i…Gc wZwb ˆm msMVGbi mGãI mwò×qfvGe hyî× wQGjb| nK wQGjb KsGMÉm
I gymwjg jxGMi gGaÅ 1916 mvGj jGߌ Pzwî× cÉYqGb mnvqKG`i AbÅZg| 1917
mvGj nK wQGjb fviZxq RvZxq KsGMÉGmi hy™Â mÁ·v`K ‰es 1918-1919 mvGj wZwb
‰ msMVGbi mvaviY mÁ·v`K i…Gc `vwqZ½ cvjb KGib| 1918 mvGj dRjyj nK meÆfviZxq
gymwjg jxGMi w`wÍÏ AwaGekGb mfvcwZZ½ KGib| 1919 mvGj dRjyj nK RvwjqvbIqvjvevGMi
nZÅvKvGíi Z`G¯¦i RbÅ gwZjvj ˆbni‚, wPîiéb `vM
I AbÅvbÅ wewkÓ¡ ˆbZvG`i wbGq fviZxq RvZxq KsGMÉm KZ‡ÆK MwVZ cvéve Z`¯¦
KwgwUi m`mÅ wbeÆvwPZ nGqwQGjb| 1920 mvGj nK evsjv cÉvG`wkK mGÁÃjGbi
ˆgw`bxcyi AwaGekGbi mfvcwZ wQGjb|
1919
mvGj nK wLjvdZ AvG±`vjb ‰ ˆhvM`vb KGib| wK¯§ AmnGhvGMi cÉGk²
KsGMÉm ˆbZvG`i mGã Zuvi gZcv^ÆKÅ ˆ`Lv w`GqwQj| 1920 mvGj KsGMÉm-M†nxZ
AmnGhvM AvG±`vjb ‰i KgÆmƒwPi mGã mÁ·wKÆZ weËwUk cYÅ I Dcvwa
eRÆGbi wZwb mg^Æb KGib| wK¯§ gymjgvb mÁ·É`vGqi cøvrc` AeÕ©vi K^v weGklfvGe
weGePbv KGi wZwb Õ•zj I KGjR eRÆGbi cwiK͸bvi weGivwaZv KGiwQGjb| eRÆGbi
wm«¬v¯¦ gymjgvb ˆQGjGgGqG`i AMÉMwZGZ evavi m†wÓ¡ KiGe ‰Uv wZwb Dcjwº¬
KGiwQGjb| myZivs wZwb KsGMÉm ZÅvM KGib|
1920
mvGj nK, KvRx bRi‚j Bmjvg I gyRvd&di Avng` wgGj behyM
bvGg ‰KwU Š`wbK cwòKv cÉKvk KGib| ‰i miKviweGivax bxwZi KviGY ‰ cwòKvi
RvgvbZ eüeviB evGRqvµ¦ Kiv nGqwQj| dGj `xNÆw`beÅvcx ‰ Š`wbK cwòKv PvjvGbv
Zuvi cGÞ mÁ¿e nq wb| gymjgvbG`i wkÞvi RbÅ wZwb Zuvi mgq hG^Ó¡ eÅq KGib
‰es gymwjg wkÞv mGÁÃjGbi wZwb ‰KRb wewkÓ¡ eÅwî× nGq IGVb| evsjvq Š«¼ZkvmbvgGj
1924 mvGj cÉvq QqgvGmi RbÅ nK wkÞvg¯¨x nGqwQGjb| wkÞvg¯¨x wnGmGe ˆ`Gk
wkÞv msò×v¯¦ AeKvVvGgv m†wÓ¡i DGóGkÅ wZwb eü c`GÞc MÉnY KGiwQGjb| gymwjg
‰WzGKkbvj dv´£ MVb KGi wZwb ˆhvMÅ gymjgvb QvòG`i mvnvhÅ KGib| gymjgvb
QvòG`i dviwm I Aviwe wkÞv`vGbi RbÅ wZwb evsjvq ‰KwU c†^K gymjgvb wkÞv
cwi`µ¦iI MVb KGiwQGjb| KjKvZv wek¼we`ÅvjGqi Awafzî× mKj miKvwi wkÞv
cÉwZÓ¤vGb gymjgvb QvòG`i RbÅ Avmb msiÞGYiI wZwb eÅeÕ©v KGiwQGjb| evsjvq
gv`Ëvmv wkÞvi bZzb KvVvGgv ŠZixGZI Zuvi f„wgKv wQj|
MÉvgxY
AwfRvZG`i Zuvi kwî×i wfwîi…Gc MGo ˆZvjv wQj ‰.ˆK. dRjyj nGKi ivR‹bwZK
ˆKŒkj| ռ͸թvqx KjKvZv K‡wl mwgwZ (1917) ‰es ˆeãj cÉRv cvwUÆ bvGg AviI
‰KwU ռ͸թvqx msMVb cÉwZÓ¤vq Zuvi DG`ÅvM ˆ^GK ‰i cÉgvY cvIqv hvq| ‰
cvwUÆB cieZÆxKvGj wbwLj eã cÉRv mwgwZ bvGg ‰KwU wbqwgZ Avav-ivR‹bwZK
msMVGb i…cv¯¦wiZ nGqwQj| mÅvi Ave`yi iwng ‰i mfvcwZ ‰es wZwb
wbGR ‰es Lvb evnv`yi Ave`yj ˆgvwgb ‰i mnmfvcwZ nGqwQGjb| A͸w`Gbi gGaÅB
`yGbZvi gGaÅ eÅwî×GZ½i weGiva ˆ`Lv ˆ`q| mwgwZGZ nGKi Dc`j 1935 mvGj
‰i bvg cwieZÆb KGi K‡lK cÉRv cvwUÆ (ˆK.wc.wc) ivGL| nGKi ˆbZ‡GZ½
ˆKwcwc ‰K MY-AvG±`vjb ÷i‚ KGi| K‡lKG`i AwaKvi cybi‚«¬vi, gnvRb
I Rwg`viG`i AZÅvPvi ˆ^GK K‡lKG`i gywî×`vb ‰es Rwg`vwi eÅeÕ©v
DGœQ` KGi ivqZG`i Rwgi gvwjK wnGmGe cÉwZwÓ¤Z Kiv wQj ‰ AvG±`vjGbi DGóGkÅ|
‰ me ˆkÏvMvb 1935 mvGji AvBGbi eGj ˆfvUvwaKvi jvfKvix K‡wlRxex gaÅweî
ˆkÉYxi gGaÅ ˆK.wc.wc-ˆK RbwcÉq KGi ZzGjwQj|
meÆfviZxq
ivRbxwZGZ nK AskMÉnY KiGjI Zuvi gGbvGhvM cÉavbZ evsjvGZB mxgve«¬ wQj|
1934 mvGj ‰g.‰ wR®²vn& meÆfviZxq gymwjg jxGMi mfvcwZ nb| gymwjg
jxGMi KgÆmƒwPGZ nK Lywk wQGjb bv| wR®²vn&i mGã Zvi cv^ÆKÅ ZxeËZi
nGq IGV| 1935 mvGji AvBGbi AaxGb wbeÆvPGbi mgq ‰Uv weGklfvGe Õ·Ó¡Z cÉZxqgvb
nq| 1936 mvGj dRjyj nK Zuvi wbeÆvPbx BkGZnvGii Lmov ŠZwi KGib ‰es Zuvi
wbeÆvPbx cÉPvivwfhvGbi mgq wZwb wR®²vni ˆbZ‡Z½vaxb gymwjg jxGMi ZxeË
weGivwaZv KGib| nK RbGMvÓ¤xi mKj Ask wbGq ‰K bZzb evsjv MoGZ ˆPGqwQGjb
eGj Zuvi wbeÆvPbx BkGZnvi evsjvi RbMGYi gGaÅ eÅvcK AvGjvob m†wÓ¡ KGiwQj|
gymjgvb RbGMvÓ¤x ˆ^GK gymwjg jxMGK wewœQ®² KGi nK Zvi weRqGK mnRZi KGiwQGjb|
cUzqvLvjx wbeÆvPbx ‰jvKvq wZwb mÅvi LvRv bvwRgDóxbGK civwRZ
KGib|
1937
mvGji wbeÆvPGb ˆK.wc.wc AvBb mfvq Z‡Zxq e†nîg `ji…Gc Avwef„ÆZ nq| KsGMÉm
cÉ^g I gymwjg jxM w«¼Zxq Õ©vb AwaKvi KGiwQj ‰es evsjvi ivRbxwZGZ nK
‰KRb kwî×kvjx eÅwî×i…Gc Avwef„ÆZ nb| wZwb evsjvq KsGMÉGmi mGã ‰KwU ˆKvqvwjkb
gw¯¨mfv MVb KiGZ ˆPGqwQGjb| eÕ§Z, nK-KsGMÉm gw¯¨mfv MVGbi RbÅ ‰KwU AbyK„j
cwiGek m†wÓ¡ nGqwQj| wK¯§ KsGMÉGmi ˆK±`Êxq ˆbZ‡Z½ ‰ aiGbi gw¯¨mfv MVGb
ivwR bv nIqvq nK AZů¦ weeËZ I nZvk nb| ‰ iKg cwiwÕ©wZGZ nK gymwjg jxGMi
mGã ˆKvqvwjkb gw¯¨mfv MVb KiGZ evaÅ nb| wR®²vn& AvMÉGni mGã ‰ myGhvGMi
AGcÞvqB wQGjb| ‰fvGe 1937 mvGj evsjvq nKGK gyLÅg¯¨x KGi nK-jxM gw¯¨mfv
MwVZ nq| KsGMÉGmi ˆK±`Êxq ˆbZ‡GZ½i AwePÞYZv I `ƒi`†wÓ¡i AfvGe wR®²vn&i
mg^ÆKiv ˆh evsjvq ZvG`i kwî× e†w«¬ KiGZ mÞg nGqwQj ˆm welGq ˆKvb mG±`n
wQj bv|
gymwjg
jxGMi ivR‹bwZK KgÆmƒwPGK KvhÆKi KiGZ nK mnvqK f„wgKv cvjb KGiwQGjb|
‰ gw¯¨mfvi myGhvM wbGq jxM ˆbZvG`i ‰Kvsk agÆxq Dc`jxqZvGK DóxwcZ KGi|
1939 mvj bvMv` Zviv evsjvi kni I MÉvgvçGji meÆòB ZvG`i cÉfve weÕ¦vi
KGi| wR®²vn&i mg^ÆKG`i ˆbZ‡GZ½ gymwjg jxM gymjgvb RbmvaviGYi ivR‹bwZK
`Gj cwiYZ nq| eÅwî×MZ RxeGb nK agÆxq Dc`jxqZv ˆ^GK gyî× nGjI gw¯¨mfvi
KvR PvjvGZ ZuvGK jxGMi mvÁ·É`vwqK cÉwZwò×qvkxj kwî×i mGã wbGRGK gvwbGq
wbGZ nGqwQj| gymjgvb mÁ·É`vGqi m`mÅi…Gc Zuvi Õ¼Z¯¨ cwiPq mÁ·GKÆ nK AwaKZi
mGPZb nGq IGVb hv gvGS gvGS Zuvi eîׇZvq cÉKvk ˆcZ| Õ¼fveZB nK wQGjb
ZLb jxGMi gGaÅ meGPGq AbyMÉncyÓ¡ eÅwî×| 1940 mvGji 23 gvPÆ meÆfviZxq
gymwjg jxGMi jvGnvi AwaGekGb ˆjvKwcÉqfvGe cvwKÕ¦vb cÉÕ¦ve bvGg AwfwnZ
jvGnvi cÉÕ¦ve DïvcGbi RbÅ wR®²vn& ZuvGK wbeÆvwPZ KGib|
nK
gw¯¨mfv (1937-1943) 1937
mvGji wbeÆvPGbi ci AvBb mfvq ˆKvb `jB wbiâzk msLÅvMwiÓ¤Zv ARÆb bv Kivq
‰KwU ˆKvqvwjkb miKvi MVb AekÅÁ¿vex nGq cGo| KsGMÉm ˆKvqvwjkGbi cÉÕ¦ve
cÉZÅvLÅvb KiGj 35 Rb m`GmÅi ˆK.wc.wc msm`xq `Gji ˆbZv ‰.ˆK. dRjyj nK
gymwjg jxM I AbÅ KGqKwU msLÅvjNy I Zdwmwj mÁ·É`vqfzî× ˆMvÓ¤xGK ˆKvqvwjkb
miKvi MVGb Zuvi mGã ˆhvM`vGb ivwR KivGZ mdj nb| ˆKvqvwjkb `Gji ˆbZvi…Gc
1937 mvGji 1 ‰wcÉj dRjyj nK evsjv miKvGii gyLÅg¯¨x i…Gc AwawÓ¤Z nb|
MfbÆi mÅvi AÅv´£vimb (1932-1937) ˆh gw¯¨mfv wbGqvM KGib ZvGZ wkÞv g¯¨YvjGqi
`vwqZ½cÉvµ¦ gyLÅg¯¨x dRjyj nK Qvov wbÁ²wjwLZ cuvP Rb wn±`y I cuvP Rb
gymjgvb g¯¨x wQGjb: bwjbxiéb miKvi (A^Æ), weRqcÉmv` wmsn ivq (ivRÕ¼), gnvivRv wkwilP±`Ê b±`x
(ˆhvMvGhvM I cƒZÆ), cÉm®²G`e ivBKzZ (eb I A¯¦t÷Í•), gyKz±`wenvix gwÍÏK
(mgevq FY`vb I MÉvgxY FYe«¬Zv), mÅvi LvRv bvwRgDóxb (Õ¼ivÓ¡Ë), bIqve
LvRv nvweeyÍÏvn evnv`yi (K‡wl I wk͸), ˆnvGmb knx`
ˆmvn&ivIqv`Æx (evwYRÅ I kÉg), bIqve
gykviid ˆnvGmb (wePvi I AvBb) ‰es Šmq` bIGki Avjx (RbÕ¼vÕ©Å I Õ©vbxq Õ¼vqîkvmb)|
ˆh
gw¯¨mfv cÉG`Gki cÉkvmwbK `vwqZ½ MÉnY KGi Zv wQj wewf®² `j I ˆMvÓ¤xi
wgkÉY, hvG`i Av`kÆMZ AeÕ©vb wQj wf®²| dRjyj nGKi AvKlÆYxq eÅwî×Z½ I
myGhvMÅ ˆbZ‡GZ½i dGjB ‰ HKÅ mÁ¿e nGqwQj, ˆKbbv wZwb wQGjb Dfq mÁ·É`vGqiB
AvÕ©vfvRb| wK¯§ A͸w`Gbi gGaÅB ˆKvqvwjkGb `jMZ weZKÆ I Kjn ÷i‚ nq ‰es
AGbGKB `jZÅvM KGib| AskZ ‰Uv NGUwQj eÅwî×MZ DœPvKv›Þv, AvbyMZÅ cwieZÆb,
weËwUk ivRKxq Õ¼vG^Æi cviÕ·wiK wò×qv, kvmbZ¯¨GK KvhÆKi KiGZ KsGMÉGmi
AbgbxqZv ‰es cÉG`Gki ivR‹bwZK wbq¯¨Y jvGf jxGMi `†p msKG͸i KviGY| ˆKvqvwjkb
`Gji gZ‹«¼aZv I SMovi AwaKvskB NGUwQj cÉRvÕ¼Z½ I f„wg-ivRÕ¼ eÅeÕ©vi
msÕ•vi, cÉRvÕ¼Z½ AwaKvi, wkÞvbxwZ ‰es MÉvgxY FYe«¬Zvi gGZv welq wbGq|
‰àwj me `GjiB myweavGfvMx ˆkÉYxi Õ¼vG^Æi cÉwZ ügwK nGq `uvwoGqwQj|
cÉRv cvwUÆ I jxGMi wbeÆvPbx KgÆmƒwPi gGaÅ wKQy wKQy mv`†kÅ ^vKv mGî½I
cÉ^Ggvî×wU f„wg mÁ¼®¬xq ˆgŒwjK msÕ•vGii Dci ˆRvi w`GqwQj; ‰ eÅvcvGi
‰es mÁ·Év`vwqKZvi cÉwZ N†Yvq cÉRv cvwUÆ KsGMÉGmi KvQvKvwQ wQj| AbÅw`GK
ivRbxwZGZ mvÁ·É`vwqK wewœQ®²ZvevG`i ˆKŒkGji cÉwZ jxM wQj cÉwZkÉ‚wZe«¬
‰es Zviv wQj eÅwî×MZ mÁ·wîi AwaKvi weGjvGci wei‚G«¬| jxGMi cÉwZwò×qvkxj
KgÆmƒwP ˆgGb wbGjI cÉRv cvwUÆ, weGklZ ‰i cÉMwZkxj m`mÅMY wQGjb evsjvi
K‡lK I cÉRvG`i fvMÅ cwieZÆGb cÉwZkÉ‚wZe«¬, hvG`i AwaKvskB wQj gymjgvb
‰es cƒeÆ evsjvi MÉvgvçGji evwm±`v|
ˆKvqvwjkGbi
`yB eo kwiK `j jxM I K‡lK cvwUÆi gGaÅ ˆevSvcovi AfvGe ‰es jxGMi I AbÅvbÅ
wewœQ®² `jGMvÓ¤xi f„wg I evwYGRÅ KvGqwg Õ¼v^Æ ^vKvq wbeÆvPbx cÉPvivwfhvGbi
mgq cÉwZkÉ‚Z msÕ•vGii evÕ¦evqGbi RbÅ cÉRv cvwUÆi cÉMwZev`xiv Pvc w`Gj
nK gw¯¨mfv ÷i‚ ˆ^GKB `jv`wji wkKvi nGq cGo| MfbÆi Zvi weGkl ÞgZv cÉGqvM
KGi ivÓ¡ËweGivax KvhÆKjvGci RbÅ Awfhyî× I Kvivi‚«¬ nIqvi KviGY gw¯¨mfvq
cÉRv cvwUÆi mÁ·v`K kvgmyóxGbi A¯¦fzÆwî×i weGivwaZv KiGj ˆKvqvwjkb `Gji
mvaviY Õ¦Gii KgÆxG`i gGaÅ AmG¯¦vGli cÉ^g wPn× ˆ`Lv ˆ`q| MfbÆi gw¯¨mfvq
cÉRv cvwUÆi AbÅ ‰KRb cÉwZwbwai A¯¦fzÆwî×iI weGivwaZv KGiwQGjb| ‰ AeÕ©vq
gw¯¨mfvq nGKi cGÞ wbGRi AeÕ©vb AÞzY³ ivLv KwVb nGq cGo| wZwb wbGR ‰es
bIGki Avjx Qvov gw¯¨mfvi AbÅ me gymwjg m`mÅB wQGjb gymwjg jxGMi| ‰Uv
cÉRv cvwUÆi cÉMwZev`x KgÆmƒwP evÕ¦evqGb cÉwZe®¬K nGq `uvwoGqwQj|
nGKi
mgmÅvewj mGî½I cÉRv cvwUÆ Rwg`vwi cÉ^v DGœQ`, A‹eZwbK cÉv^wgK wkÞv cÉeZÆb,
mKj `gbgƒjK AvBb evwZj ‰es mKj ivRew±` I webv wePvGi AvUK eÅwî×G`i gywî×mn
ˆek KGqKwU wm«¬v¯¦ MÉnGYi RbÅ Pvc w`GqwQj| 1937 mvGji 29 RyjvB ZvwiGL
AbywÓ¤Z cÉ^g evGRU AwaGekGb ˆfvU MÉnGYi mgq cvwUÆi ˆek KGqKRb m`mÅ kvgmyóxGbi
ˆbZ‡GZ½ KsGMÉGmi cGÞ ˆfvU w`Gj cÉRv cvwUÆi Afů¦ixY aƒgvwqZ DGîRbv Pig
AvKvi aviY KGi| wKQyw`b ci dRjyj nK KZ‡ÆK wbeÆvPbx AãxKvi fGãi ARynvGZ
cÉRv cvwUÆi cÉMwZev`x 21 Rb m`mÅ ˆKvqvwjkb ZÅvM KGib| `jZÅvGMi ‰ bvUGK
jxM myweav jvf KGi ‰es AvBb cÉYqGbi eÅvcvGi mg^ÆGbi RbÅ nK jxGMi Dci
wbfÆikxj nGq cGob| jxGMi cÉGivPbvq nK `jZÅvMxG`i BmjvGgi Õ¼vG^Æi weGivax
eGj ˆNvlYv KGib|
weeËZKi
cwiwÕ©wZ ˆ^GK wbGRGK gyî× KiGZ nK wKQy hywî×mãZ kGZÆ ˆRvU MVGbi cÉÕ¦ve
wbGq KsGMÉGmi «¼viÕ© nb| wK¯§ KsGMÉm KZ‡ÆK i…pfvGe cÉZÅvLvZ nGj nK gymwjg
jxGMi AviI ˆewk wbq¯¨Yvaxb nGq cGob| 1937 mvGji 15 AGÙvei jGÞ°ŒGZ nK
AvbyÓ¤vwbKfvGe gymwjg jxGMi gZev` MÉnY KGib| wZwb evsjvi ˆKvqvwjkGbi
mKj gymwjg m`mÅGK jxGM ˆhvM`vGbi ‰es jxGMi cZvKvZGj gymjgvbG`i HKÅe«¬
nIqvi Avn»vb Rvbvb| cÉKvGkÅ cÉRvcvwUÆi mGã nK Zuvi mÁ·KÆ ˆQ` bv KiGjI
Zuvi ˆbZ‡Z½ Qvov eÕ§Z cvwUÆ ghÆv`v nvwiGq ˆdGj ‰es RbmvaviGYi gGaÅ nGKi
RbwcÉqZvI nËvm ˆcGZ ÷i‚ KGi|
`ywU
Dc`Gji cÞZÅvGMi dGj ˆKvqvwjkGbi Dci nGKi wbq¯¨Y AviI `Ë‚Z wkw^j nGZ
^vGK| 1938 mvGji 15 gvPÆ ZwgRDóxb LvGbi ˆbZ‡GZ½ cÉRv cvwUÆi 13 m`GmÅi
‰KwU `jQyU ˆMvÓ¤x ˆKvqvwjkGbi cÉwZ ZvG`i mg^Æb cÉZÅvnvi KGi| ZuvGK gw¯¨mfvq
A¯¦fzÆî× bv Kivq ZwgRDóxb Lvb nGKi cÉwZ wei…cfvevc®² wQGjb|
wZwb cÉÕ¦vweZ f„wg-ivRÕ¼ KwgkGbi KgÆcwiwa mÁ·GKÆ AvcwîGK Zuvi mg^Æb
cÉZÅvnvGii KviY wnGmGe ˆ`wLGqwQGjb| Mv®¬x I kir emyi cÉGivPbvq Zdwmwj
mÁ·É`vGqi 15 Rb m`mÅ miKvwi `j ZÅvM KiGj 1938 mvGji 18 gvPÆ AvGiKwU
`jZÅvGMi NUbv NGU| meÆGkl `jZÅvGMi NUbvi ci gw¯¨mfv AviI ˆewk gymwjg
gw¯¨mfvi Pwiò cwiMÉn KGi ‰es ‰KZidvfvGe ÷ay gymwjg Õ¼vG^Æi cÉeî×vi…Gc
AvñcÉKvk KGi|
1938
mvGji 22 Ryb g¯¨x ‰es AvBbmfvq cÉRv cvwUÆi DcGbZv bIGki Avjx gw¯¨mfv
ˆ^GK c`ZÅvM bv KGiI ˆKvqvwjkGbi cÉwZ mg^Æb cÉZÅvnvi KGi wbGj jxGMi Dci
nGKi wbfÆikxjZv AviI ˆeGo hvq| Af„ZcƒeÆ ‰ KgÆc¯©v ˆeGQ wbGq bIGki Avjx
msm`xq ixwZ AbymiY KGi ˆMvUv gw¯¨mfvGK c`ZÅvGM evaÅ KGi weÕ¦†Z wfwîi
‰KwU wÕ©wZkxj gw¯¨mfv MVGbi myGhvM LuyRwQGjb| MfbÆi ˆMvUv gw¯¨mfvGK
c`ZÅvM Kivi wbG`Æk w`Gj m†Ó¡ APjveÕ©vi Aemvb NGU, ZGe AwejGÁ¼B bIGki
AvjxGK Qvov ‰ gw¯¨mfvGK cybeÆnvj Kiv nq| KvhÆZ ‰KwU bZzb gw¯¨mfv `vwqZ½
MÉnY KGi| ZGe ‰ bvUK PjvKvGj AvBbmfvi AwaGekb bv Pjvq gw¯¨mfvGK ZLbB
‰i msLÅvMwiÓ¤Zv cÉgvY KiGZ nq wb| ˆKvqvwjkGbi cÉwZ Zuvi mg^Æb cÉZÅvnvGii
wm«¬v¯¦ ˆNvlYvi mgq bIGki Avjx cÉKvk KGib ˆh, gw¯¨mfvi iÞYkxj m`mÅe†±`
KvGqwg Õ¼v^Æev`xG`i mnGhvwMZvq evsjvi K‡lKG`i wei‚G«¬ ‰K N†YÅ lohG¯¨
wjµ¦ iGqGQb| Zuvi AwfGhvGMi ciciB wZwb gyLÅg¯¨xi mGã Av`vb-cÉ`vbK‡Z
eÅwî×MZ còvewji ˆek KGqKwU ‰KZidvfvGe cÉKvk KGib| f„wgi ˆfvM`Lj-Õ¼Z½
mÁ·GKÆ Zuvi ZxÞ° gZvgGZi RbÅ bIGki Avjx mycwiwPZ wQGjb ‰es fwelÅGZ wZwb
ˆh Šgòxi RbÅ KsGMÉGmi cÉwZ `†wÓ¡ ˆiGLwQGjb Zv Õ·Ó¡Z cÉZxqgvb wQj|
Kvjò×Gg
cÉRv cvwUÆi AeÞq NUGj jxGMi Avi ˆKvb cÉwZ«¼±«¼x iBj bv ‰es gw¯¨mfvi
gGbvGhvGMi ˆK±`Êwe±`y Av^Æ-mvgvwRK msÕ•vi ˆ^GK mGi wMGq mvÁ·É`vwqK welGq
wbe«¬ nq| weGivax`Gji ivR‹bwZK KgÆxi msLÅv e†w«¬ ˆcGj 1938 mvGji AvMÕ¡
gvGm gw¯¨mfvi wei‚G«¬ KsGMÉm-cÉÕ¦vweZ ˆek KGqKwU AbvÕ©v cÉÕ¦ve AvBbmfvq
ˆck Kiv nq| AekÅ 25 Rb BDGivcxq m`GmÅi `†p mg^Æb jvf KGi ˆkl chƯ¦ gw¯¨mfv
wUGK hvq| wewbgGq BDGivcxqiv cvUwkG͸ eü myweav Av`vq KGi ˆbq hv gƒj
Drcv`bKvixG`i Õ¼vG^Æi cwicw¯© nGqwQj| dmj KvUvi ˆgŒmyGg wgj gvwjKiv
AvKwÕÃKfvGe ZvG`i Drcv`b KwgGq ˆ`q hv weò×qGhvMÅ ‰KwU cÉavb dmGji PvlxG`i
AmvkÉqx gƒjÅ MÉnY KiGZ evaÅ KGi| ZLb gw¯¨mfvi AwÕ¦Z½ mÁ·ƒYÆfvGe BDGivcxqG`i
mg^ÆGbi Dci wbfÆikxj nGq cGo| bZzb ‰ `ytmn AeÕ©v ˆ^GK wbGRGK gyî× KiGZ
nK Zuvi ˆ^GK wewœQ®² nGq hvIqv cÉRv cvwUÆi mnKgÆxG`i mGã kvw¯¦ Õ©vcGbi
ˆPÓ¡v KGib| `xNÆ Avjvc AvGjvPbvi ci nK 1938 mvGji 17 bGfÁ¼i kvgmyóxb
I ZwgRDóxbGK gw¯¨mfvq ˆhvM`vGb ivwR KivGZ mÞg nb| kvgmyóxb AekÅ AwZiÞYkxj
m`GmÅ cƒYÆ gw¯¨mfvq `jMZ m`mÅ wnGmGe KvR KiGZ eÅ^Æ nGq 1939 mvGji 27
ˆdeË‚qvwi c`ZÅvM KGib| AwPGiB nKGK Avevi mâUgq AeÕ©vq ˆdGj ZwgRDóxb
gymwjg jxGM ˆhvM`vb KGib|
cÉRv
cvwUÆi cÉMwZkxj AsGki mGã nGKi mgGSvZvi cÉGPÓ¡v eÅ^Æ nIqvi cvkvcvwk
AbÅ ‰K w`GK ‰K bZzb mâU gv^vPvov w`Gq IGV| gw¯¨mfvi gymjgvb m`mÅG`i
ò×geaÆgvb mvÁ·É`vwqK `†wÓ¡fwã ‰es ivRKxq hy«¬ cÉGPÓ¡vq fvBmiqGK gw¯¨mfvi
cƒYÆ mnGhvwMZvi wbøqZv cÉ`vb mÁ·GKÆ AvBbmfvq hy«¬cÉÕ¦ve wbGq weZGKÆi
ARynvGZ gw¯¨mfvi eYÆ-wn±`y g¯¨x bwjbxiéb miKvi 1939 mvGji 20 wWGmÁ¼i
c`ZÅvM KGib| miKvGii c`ZÅvGMi ZvrÞwYK dj wQj mvÁ·É`vwqK wefwî×i ZxeËZv
e†w«¬ ‰es ‰Uv wefî× `Gji gGaÅ ÞgZvi Askx`vwiGZ½i ˆÞGò ‰K KwVb mgmÅvi
m†wÓ¡ KGi| ŠeavwbK ivRbxwZi cviÕ·wiK wò×qv mvÁ·É`vwqK wewœQ®²Zvev`GK
cÉmvwiZ KGi|
AGbKàwj
wefvRK kwî× wò×qvkxj ^vKv mGî½I ˆKvb ˆKvb ˆÞGò gw¯¨mfvi AvBb cÉYqb I
cÉkvmwbK K‡wZZ½ wQj DGÍÏLGhvMÅ| ZGe eü c`GÞcB mvaviY gvbyGli RbÅ DcKvix
nGjI wn±`yiv ˆmàwjGK msLÅvMwiÓ¤ gymjgvbG`i Õ¼vG^Æ Kiv nGqwQj eGj gGb
KGi hv AvBbmfvi wfZGi I evBGi gw¯¨mfvi wei‚G«¬ wn±`y-weGivwaZvGK hG^Ó¡
g`` ˆhvMvq| wn±`yG`i ò×geaÆgvb weGivwaZv Dfq mÁ·É`vGqi Õ¼v^ÆiÞvi mGã
mãwZcƒYÆ ˆKvb ivR‹bwZK Avjvc AvGjvPbvi wei‚G«¬ iÞYkxj gymjgvbG`i KwVb
cÉwZe®¬KZv m†wÓ¡GZ mvnvhÅ KGiwQj|
`ytmvaÅ
nGjI ‰ chƯ¦ dRjyj nK Zuvi gw¯¨mfvi weGivax cÞGK wbq¯¨GY ivLGZ mÞg nGqwQGjb;
wK¯§ A͸w`Gbi gGaÅB wZwb ‰K bZzb PÅvGjGéi mÁÃyLxb nb| 1941 mvGji RyjvB
gvGm wR®²vni wbGlavæv mGî½I dRjyj nK fvBmiGqi cÉwZiÞv cwilG` ˆhvM`vb
KiGj wR®²vn& ZuvGK gymwjg jxM ˆ^GK ewnÓ•vi KGi ‰es ˆKvqvwjkb `j
ˆ^GK jxMGK cÉZÅvnvi KGi ‰i cvΟv eÅeÕ©v MÉnY KGib| ‰ bvUKxq cwiwÕ©wZ
AekÅ nKGK mvÁ·É`vwqKfvGe wefî× ivR‹bwZK `jàwji mGã bZzbfvGe ivR‹bwZK
Šgòx MVGbi ‰K Af„ZcƒeÆ myGhvM ‰Gb w`GqwQj|
1941
mvGji 2 wWGmÁ¼i nK c`ZÅvM KGib, ZGe wZwb cÉRv cvwUÆi cÉMwZkxj I AmvÁ·É`vwqK
eÅwî×eMÆ, KsGMÉGmi emy MÉ‚c mn AwaKvsk wn±`y m`mÅ ‰es wn±`y gnvmfvi
iÞYkxj msÕ•viev`xG`i wbGq weÕ¦†Z wfwîi ‰KwU cÉMwZkxj ˆKvqvwjkb
MVb KiGZ mÞg nb| MfbÆGii jxM-cÉavb ‰KwU gw¯¨mfvGK AwawÓ¤Z Kivi eÅwî×MZ
DG`ÅvM eÅ^Æ nIqvi ciB kÅvgv-nK gw¯¨mfv i…Gc cwiwPZ ‰ bZzb gw¯¨mfv 1941
mvGji 12 wWGmÁ¼i ÞgZvq AwawÓ¤Z nq|
KsGMÉm,
diIqvWÆ eÐK KsGMÉm, wn±`y gnvmfv, K‡lK cÉRv cvwUÆ (kvgmyóxb), wb`Æjxq
Zdwmwj mÁ·É`vq ‰es K‡lK cÉRv cvwUÆ (nK) mn msm`xq wewf®² MÉ‚Gci mg^ÆbcyÓ¡
nGKi w«¼Zxq gw¯¨mfvq AvURb g¯¨x I ‰KRb cvjÆvGg´Ÿvwi ˆmGò×Uvwi wQGjb|
‰iv nGjb: LvRv nvweeyÍÏvn&, Lvb evnv`yi Avõyj Kwig, Lvb evnv`yi
nvGkg Avjx Lvb, kvgmyóxb Avng`, kÅvgvcÉmv` gyLvRÆx,
mG¯¦vlKzgvi emy, cÉg^bv^ eG±`ÅvcvaÅvq ‰es DGc±`Êbv^ egÆY| ÷ay jxM Qvov
‰Uv wQj cÉvq meÆ`jxq ‰K gw¯¨mfv|
bZzb
gw¯¨mfvq wewf®² gGZi cÉwZwbwaZ½ ‰es ˆek wKQy `Þ ˆjvGKi mgvGek wQj| Zuvi
cÉej cÉwZ«¼±«¼x dRjyj nGKi mGã gyyGLvcvaÅvGqi mgGSvZv I wgjb AGbGKi
gGb wn±`y-gymwjg ivR‹bwZK cybwgÆjGbi mÁ¿vebvi ‰K bZzb hyGMi AvMgb evZÆv
ˆNvlYv KGiwQj| jxGMi Dci wbfÆikxjZv ˆ^GK gyî× nGq dRjyj nK ZLb mvaviY
gvbyGli Av^Æ-mvgvwRK D®²qGbi RbÅ ‰KwU Õ©vqx KgÆmƒwP ÷i‚ Kivi Avkv KGib|
bZzb ˆKvqvwjkGbi Õ©vwqZ½KvGj mvÁ·É`vwqK mÁ·ÉxwZI eRvq wQj| wK¯§ cÉvG`wkK
MfbÆi mÅvi Rb nveÆvGUi (1939-1943) Pò×vG¯¦ cÉMwZkxj ˆKvqvwjkGbi KgÆmƒwP
evbPvj nGq hvq| jxMGbZv LvRv bvwRgDóxGbi Zzjbvq dRjyj nGKi D«¬Z I KGVvi
gGbvfvGei KviGY nGKi cÉwZ MfbÆi wei…c gGbvfve ˆcvlY KiGZ ^vGKb| eÅwî×GZ½i
welq QvovI BDGivcxq m`mÅiv ZvG`i eÅemvwqK Õ¼vG^Æi cÉwZ mnvbyf„wZmÁ·®²
‰KwU gw¯¨mfv AwawÓ¤Z KiGZ nveÆvUGK evaÅ KGiwQj| “KjKvZv òqx” DcbvGg
cwiwPZ ‰g.‰.‰BP BÕ·vnvwb, ˆK. bƒi‚óxb ‰es ‰.Avi. wmwóKxG`i gaÅG`kxq
‰KwU gymwjg eÅemvqx ˆMvÓ¤x wR®²vn&i AvkxeÆv`cyÓ¡ nGq dRjyj nKGK
ÞgZvPzÅZ Kivi lohG¯¨ wjµ¦ nq| Zuviv AvBbmfviI m`mÅ wQGjb|
gymwjg
jxM ÞgZvPzÅZ nGq nK I Zvi bZzb ˆKvqvwjkGbi wei‚G«¬ wbÓ¤vi mGã ‰i mgÕ¦
kwî× wbGqvM KGi| gyGLvcvaÅvGqi mGã wgwjZ nGq nK gymjgvbG`i ivR‹bwZK
I agÆxq Õ¼vG^Æi wei‚G«¬ KvR KiGQb, ‰wU wQj gymwjg jxGMi cÉPviYvi gƒj
welq| nK gw¯¨mfvGK eiLvÕ¦ Kivi RbÅ gymwjg jxM MfYÆGii KvGQ AvGe`b Rvbvq|
gw¯¨mfvi wei‚G«¬ jxGMi Avò×gGYi mGã AviI wKQy `yweÆcvK hyî× nq| Rvcvwb
Avò×gGYi fq ‰es mvgwiK KZ‡ÆcÞ KZ‡ÆK 1942 mvGj evÕ¦evwqZ “cÉZÅvLÅvb bxwZ”
e«¼xc ‰jvKvq ˆek KÓ¡Ki cwiwÕ©wZi m†wÓ¡ KGi| 26 AGÙvei ‰K wea»smx NƒwYÆSo
I RGjvœQ¾vm DcK„jeZÆx ‰jvKvq AvNvZ nvGb; wK¯§ AvgjvZvw¯¨K nÕ¦GÞGci KviGY
òvY ZrciZv eÅvnZ nq| 3 AvMÓ¡ XvKv KvivMvGi ˆek KGqKRb KGqw` àwjwe«¬
nq, wK¯§ AveviI AvgjvZvw¯¨K nÕ¦GÞGci dGj ˆKvb Z`¯¦ mÁ¿e nq wb| 9 AvMÕ¡
KsGMÉm “fviZ Qvo” AvG±`vjb ÷i‚ KiGj cÉkvmb AvGiKwU cÉPí PvGci mÁÃyLxb
nq| ‰icGiB eÅvcK weËwUk wbcxob ÷i‚ nq| mgMÉ cÉG`Gk cÉwZevG`i So IGV|
gw¯¨mfvi KvGR MfbÆiG`i nÕ¦GÞGci ZxeË cÉwZevG` gyGLvcvaÅvq c`ZÅvM KiGj
cwiwÕ©wZ AviI RwUj nGq IGV|
wKQyw`b
ci 1943 mvGji 15 gvPÆ gyLÅg¯¨x AvBbmfvq cÉKvk KGib ˆh, Aeva ÞgZvi AveiGY
MfbÆi wewf®² mgGq gw¯¨mfv cÉ`î civgkÆ AMÉvnÅ KGiGQb ‰es wZwb ˆm mGei
ZvwjKvI ˆck KGib| MfbÆi ‰me AwfGhvM mnRfvGe MÉnY KGib wb ‰es cÉavbZ
Zuvi DG`ÅvGMB 24 I 27 gvPÆ AvBbmfvq AbvÕ©v cÉÕ¦ve ˆck Kiv nq| `yeviB
mvgvbÅ eÅeavGb nGjI cÉÕ¦veàwj bvKP nGq hvq| Zuvi AvG`k KvhÆKi KiGZ 28
gvPÆ MfbÆi nKGK ‰KwU ŠZix c`ZÅvMcGò Õ¼vÞGii wbG`Æk ˆ`b ‰es kvmbZG¯¨i
93 aviv eGj wZwb wbGRB cÉG`Gki cÉkvmwbK `vwqZ½fvi MÉnY KGib| ‰K gvm
ci bvwRgDóxbGK gyLÅg¯¨x KGi jxGMi cÉvavbÅ wewkÓ¡ ‰KwU gw¯¨mfv wbGqvM
Kiv nq|
cÉ^g
gw¯¨mfvi AvgGj (1937-1941) nK K‡lKG`i `ytLKÓ¡ ˆgvPGbi RbÅ wKQy cÉksmbxq
KvR KGiwQGjb| wZwb ‘ˆeãj AÅvwMÉKvjPvivj ˆWUim AÅvÙ’ (1938) KvhÆKi KGi
DœPnvGi my` ˆbq ‰gb gnvRbG`i Kej ˆ^GK `wi`Ë K‡lKG`i iÞv KGib| wZwb evsjvi
me ‰jvKvq ‘FY mvwjwk ˆevWÆ’I Õ©vcb KGiwQGjb| ‘gvwb ˆj´£vmÆ AÅvÙ’ (1938)
‰es 1938 mvGji ‘ˆeãj ˆUbÅvw´Ö (AÅvGg´£Gg´Ÿ) AÅvÙ’ K‡lKG`i fvGMÅv®²qb
NwUGqwQj| mÅvi dÌvw´Öm dÑvDwWGK mfvcwZ KGi 1938 mvGji 5 bGfÁ¼i evsjv
miKvi KZ‡ÆK wbhyî× ‘jÅv´£ ˆiGfwbD Kwgkb’ 1940 mvGji 21 gvPÆ P„ov¯¦ wiGcvUÆ
ˆck KGi| ‰wU wQj ˆ`Gki f„wgeÅeÕ©v mÁ·wKÆZ meGPGq gƒjÅevb `wjj| 1938
mvGji AvBb «¼viv 1885 mvGji cÉRvÕ¼Z½ AvBb msGkvab Kiv nGqwQj ‰es ‰i
«¼viv LvRbv e†w«¬i mKj aviv `k eQGii RbÅ Õ©wMZ Kiv nGqwQj| ‰wU ivqZG`i
Dci cÉ^vMZfvGe Rwg`viMY KZ‡ÆK avhÆK‡Z me aiGbi AvenvIqvi I ˆmjvwgi (Ki)
weGjvc mvab KGi| Rwg`viGK ˆKvb nÕ¦v¯¦i-wd bv w`Gq ivqZiv ZvG`i Rwg nÕ¦v¯¦i
Kivi AwaKvi jvf KGi| ‰ AvBb eGKqv LvRbvi myG`i nvi 12.50% ˆ^GK 6.25%-‰
nËvm KGi| b`xi fvãGb nvivGbvi 20 eQGii gGaÅ PvieQGii LvRbv w`Gq ivqZiv
b`x-wmKwÕ¦ (b`xi fvOGbi dGj jyµ¦ Rwgi cyb ˆRGM IVv) Rwgi gvwjKvbvi AwaKvi
jvf KGi| nK Zuvi wbeÆvPbx cÉPviYvi mgq RbMYGK cÉwZkÉ‚Z Wvj-fvGZi KgÆmƒwP
mÁ·ƒYÆfvGe evÕ¦evwqZ KiGZ bv cviGjI Zuvi gyLÅgw¯¨GZ½i cÉ^g ˆgqvG` KvhÆKi
iÞv eü AvBb K‡lKG`i ˆevSv wKQyUv jvNe KiGZ mvnvhÅ KGiwQj|
gymjgvb
mÁ·É`vGqi cøvrc`Zv `ƒi Kivi DGóGkÅ evsjvi gyLÅg¯¨x i…Gc nK gymjgvbG`i
RbÅ PvKwii 50% msiwÞZ ivLvi wbG`Æk `vb KGib ‰es evsjv miKvGii AwdmàwjGZ
‰ AbycvZ KGVvifvGe KvhÆKi KGib| miKvi ‰ bxwZ ˆgGb ˆbq ˆh, ˆhvMÅZvmÁ·®²
cÉv^Æx cvIqv ˆMGj mivmwifvGe wbGqvGMi ˆÞGò 15% PvKwi Zdwmwj mÁ·É`vGqi
RbÅ msiwÞZ ivLv nGe, ZGe ‰ msiÞY mivmwifvGe wbGqvMcÉvµ¦ AgymjgvbG`i
30% ‰i ˆewk nGe bv| AekÅ AÅvsGjv-Bw´£qvb, fviZxq wLËÓ¡vb ‰es ˆeŒ«¬G`i
RbÅ kZvsGki wnGmGe cG`i ˆKvb msiÞY wQj bv| ZGe miKvi ˆhvMÅZvmÁ·®² cÉv^Æx
cvIqv ˆMGj ‰me mÁ·É`vGqi cÉwZ weGkl weGePbvi wbøqZv `vb KGiwQj|
Zuvi
cÉ^g gw¯¨GZ½i mgqKvGj wkÞvg¯¨x wnGmGe nK gymjgvbG`i gGaÅ wkÞvweÕ¦vGii
MwZ Zivw¯¦Z Kivi RbÅ c`GÞc MÉnY KGiwQGjb| AekÅ cÉG`Gk emevmKvix mKj
mÁ·É`vGqi gGaÅB wkÞvi weÕ¦vi KivGK wZwb Zuvi `vwqZ½i…Gc weGePbv KGiwQGjb|
‰ jÞÅ wbGq wZwb eãxq AvBb mfvq ‘cÉv^wgK wkÞv wej’ ˆck KGib hv cÉv^wgK
wkÞvGK A‹eZwbK I evaÅZvgƒjK KGi AvBb wnGmGe cvk Kiv nGqwQj| wK¯§ dRjyj
nK eãxq AvBb mfvq ‘gvaÅwgK wkÞv wej’ ˆck KiGj ‰GZ gvaÅwgK Õ¦Gi wkÞvi
ˆÞGò mvÁ·É`vwqK wefvRGbi bxwZ mshyî× ^vKvq weGivax `jxq m`mÅe†G±`i gGaÅ
I msev`còàwjGZ cÉwZevG`i So IGV| nK Bmjvwgqv KGjR (eZÆgvGb gIjvbv AvRv`
KGjR) KjKvZv, ˆjwW eËÅvGevbÆ KGjR, IqvwR` ˆgGgvwiqvj MvjÆm nvBÕ•zj ‰es
PvLvi KGjGRi gGZv eü wkÞv cÉwZÓ¤vb Õ©vcGbi mGã RwoZ wQGjb|
w«¼Zxq
gw¯¨mfv (1941-1943) gƒjZ gymwjg jxGMi wei‚G«¬ ‰KwU ˆRvGU cwiYZ nGqwQj|
A¯¦ZcGÞ gymwjg jxM evsjvi gymjgvbG`i gGb ‰iKg ‰KUv aviYvB m†wÓ¡ KiGZ
ˆPGqwQj| dRjyj nGKi w«¼Zxq gw¯¨mfv MVGbi cÉK‡wZB AvBb cÉYqb I AbÅvbÅ
KgÆKvGíi eÅvcvGi ‰UvGK wbÓ¹jv KGi ZzGjwQj| `vjvwj ‰es ài‚Z½nxb welq
wbGq eÅwî×MZ SMov I kò‚Zv Qvov Zuvi w«¼Zxq gw¯¨GZ½i 15 gvGm Avi wKQy
nq wb|
1943
Dîi Avgj 1942 mvj ˆ^GK
nK cÉejfvGe ‘w«¼-RvwZ ZGî½i’ weGivwaZv KiGZ ^vGKb ‰es gymwjg jxGMi cÉfve
nËvm Kivi RbÅ Zvi mÁ·ƒYÆ kwî× wbGqvM KGib| ‰ jGÞÅ nK gymwjg jxGMi evBGii
gymjgvb m`mÅG`i mgGeZ KiGZ ˆPÓ¡v KGib| mvgwqKfvGe wZwb mdj nb| Dîi-cwøg
mxgv¯¦ cÉG`Gki gyLÅg¯¨x Wv: Lvb mvGne, evsjvi gyLÅg¯¨x dRjyj nK ‰es
wm®¬zi gyLÅg¯¨x AvÍÏvn& eL&k fviZxqG`i KvGQ AwejGÁ¼ ÞgZv nÕ¦v¯¦Gii
`vwe RvwbGq hyî×fvGe weËwUk cÉavbg¯¨xi KvGQ ‰KwU ZvievZÆv cvVvb| mvÁ·É`vwqK
mÁ·ÉxwZ iÞvi RbÅ nK cÉ^g DG`ÅvM MÉnY KGib| ò‚wUcƒYÆ jvGnvi cÉÕ¦vGei
cÉwZ evOvwj gymjgvbG`i gGbvGhvM AvKlÆY KGi wZwb ˆRvivGjvfvGe ‰i wei‚G«¬
Zuvi gZvgZ cÉKvk KGib| nK I gymwjg jxGMi gGaÅ wZî×Zv P„ov¯¦ chÆvGq ˆcuŒGQ
‰es 1943 mvGji ‰wcÉj ˆ^GK 1946 mvGji AvMÕ¡ chƯ¦ dRjyj nK AwekÉv¯¦fvGe
jxGMi weGivwaZv KGib| ‰i dGj wZwb evsjvi ivRbxwZi gƒjaviv ˆ^GK DîGivîi
ò×gk wewœQ®² nGq cGob| 1946 mvGji mvaviY wbeÆvPGb gymjgvbG`i RbÅ msiwÞZ
117wU AvmGbi gGaÅ gymwjg jxM 110wU Avmb jvf KGi ‰es nGKi ˆK.wc.wc gvò
PviwU Avmb cvq| ‰ PviwU AvmGbi gGaÅ wZwb wbGR `ywU Avmb ˆ^GK cÉwZ«¼w±«¼Zv
KGi `ywU AvmGbB Rqjvf KGib| ‰BP.‰m. ˆmvnivIqv`Æx evsjvi gyLÅg¯¨x nb|
Zuvi eÅwî×MZ RbwcÉqZv ZLbI kxGlÆ ^vKGjI ivR‹bwZKfvGe nK ‰KvKx nGq cGob|
1946
mvGji 16 AvMÕ¡ KjKvZvq mvÁ·É`vwqK `vãv ÷i‚ nq| ˆm mgq nK mvÁ·É`vwqK
mÁ·ÉxwZ cybi‚«¬vi KiGZ ‰es KjKvZvi cvKÆ mvKÆvGm Zuvi wn±`y cÉwZGekxG`i
iÞv KiGZ KGVvi cwikÉg KGib| bMixGZ AvBb-k†›Ljvi AebwZ ˆ`GL wZwb AZů¦
nGZv`Åg nGq cGowQGjb| jxM-ˆbZ‡e†G±`i AbyGivGa nK 1946 mvGji ˆmG¶ŸÁ¼Gi
gymwjg jxGM ˆhvM`vb KGib|
1947
mvGj ˆ`k-wefwî×i dGj D«¿„Z cwiwÕ©wZ jÞ KGi nK AZů¦ ggÆvnZ nGqwQGjb|
wZwb Õ©vqxfvGe XvKvq emevm KiGZ ÷i‚ KGib ‰es 1947 mvj ˆ^GK 1952 mvGj
chƯ¦ cƒeÆ cvwKÕ¦vGbi AÅvWGfvGKU ˆRbvGiGji `vwqZ½ cvjb KGib| A͸w`Gbi
gGaÅB wZwb cƒeÆ cvwKÕ¦vGbi ivRbxwZGZ RwoGq cGob| 1948 mvGji ˆdeË‚qvwi
gvGm cƒeÆ cvwKÕ¦vGbi Qvòiv AbÅZg ivÓ¡Ëfvlv wnGmGe evsjv fvlvi Õ¼xK‡wZi
`vweGZ AvG±`vjb ÷i‚ KGi| weGÞvf cÉ`kÆbKvix QvòG`i Dci cywjk jvwVPvRÆ
KiGj dRjyj nK AvnZ nb| nK gymwjg jxMweGivax AvG±`vjGbi ‰KRb wewkÓ¡ ˆbZvi…Gc
Avwef„ZÆ nb| 1952 mvGji 21 ˆdeË‚qvwi fvlv AvG±`vjbGK ˆK±`Ê KGi MY AfzÅïvb
cƒeÆ cvwKÕ¦vGbi ivRbxwZGK ‰K bZzb w`KwbG`Ækbv `vb KGi| 1953 mvGji 27
RyjvB dRjyj nK ‘kÉwgK-K‡lK `j’ cÉwZÓ¤v KGib| 1954 mvGji wbeÆvPGb Ask
MÉnGYi RbÅ nK, gIjvbv fvmvbx I ˆmvnivIqv`Æx hyî× dÌ´Ÿ MVb KGib| nK ‰
ˆRvGUi ˆbZv wbeÆvwPZ nb| Zuvi eÅwî×MZ RbwcÉqZv hyî×dÌG´Ÿi wbeÆvPbx cÉPviYvi
cGÞ RbMYGK mgGeZ KiGZ hG^Ó¡ mvnvhÅ KGiwQj| ˆkGi evsjvi fwî× I Drmvn
mçGqi ÞgZv wecyj ˆfvGU dÌG´Ÿi RqjvGfi ‰KwU cÉavb KviY wQj| 1954 mvGji
wbeÆvPGbi ci ‰.ˆK. dRjyj nK cƒeÆ evsjvi gyLÅg¯¨x nb hw`I AvBbmfvq Zuvi
`j AvIqvgx gymwjg jxGMi ˆPGq AGbK Kg Avmb jvf KGiwQj| ivR‹bwZKfvGe ‰Uv
ˆKŒZ„nGjvóxcK ˆh, AvBbmfvq msLÅvMwiGÓ¤i ˆbZv bv nGqI nK `yevi evsjvi
‰es AviI ‰Kevi cƒeÆevsjvi gyLÅg¯¨x nGZ ˆcGiwQGjb| ‰Uv Zuvi ivÓ¡ËcwiPvjbvq
`ÞZv I ivR‹bwZK eÅeÕ©vcbvi wbG`ÆkK| wZwb me mgqB Av¯¦t`jxq AvPvi-AvPiY
eRvq ivLGZ cviGZb| AekÅ nGKi gw¯¨mfv wQj ռ͸թvqx|
cvwKÕ¦vGbi
mG`ÅvMwVZ MY-cwilG` nGKi hG^Ó¡ mg^ÆK wQGjb| Zuviv Pvc m†wÓ¡Kvix ˆMvÓ¤x
wnGmGe KvR KiGZb hvi dGj 1955 mvGji AvMGÕ¡ nKGK Õ¼ivÓ¡Ëg¯¨x wnGmGe ˆK±`Êxq
gw¯¨mfvq ˆhvM`vGbi Avg¯¨Y RvbvGbv nq| 1956 mvGj wZwb cƒeÆ cvwKÕ¦vGbi
MfbÆi nb ‰es 1958 mvGj ˆm c` ˆ^GK AcmvwiZ nb| Zvi ci ˆ^GKB wZwb ivRbxwZ
ˆ^GK Aemi MÉnY KGib| 1962 mvGji 27 ‰wcÉj wZwb XvKvq g†ZzÅeiY KGib| Zuvi
AG¯¦ÅwÓ¡wò×qvq cÉvq cuvP jÞ ˆkvKvnZ gvbyl kwiK nGqwQj| KvRx bRi‚j Bmjvg
‰GfwbDi `wÞYcÉvG¯¦ wk÷ ‰KvGWgxi cwøg cvGk Zuvi mgvwaGmŒa AewÕ©Z|
cÉvq
AaÆkZvõx aGi dRjyj nK wQGjb DcgnvG`Gki ‰K wewkÓ¡ ivR‹bwZK eÅwî×Z½| wZwb
wQGjb ‰K AmvaviY ev™Âx| BsGiwR, evsjv I D`yÆGZ wZwb AbMÆj eîׇZv KiGZ
cviGZb| ‰KB mvG^ Bmjvwg, evOvwj I fviZxq cwiPq Zuvi gvbmGK cÉfvweZ Kivq
Zuvi wP¯¦v I KGgÆ ciÕ·iweGivax Dc`vb cÉKvk cvq| cøvrc` gymjgvb mÁ·É`vGqi
D®²qGbi K^v ZuvGK fveGZ nGZv, mgMÉ evOvwj RvwZi AMÉMwZi wP¯¦vq wZwb
wQGjb g™² ‰es ‰KB mGã hyî× Õ¼vaxb fviGZi Õ¼µ² wZwb mhGð jvjb KiGZb|
Õ¼vfvweKfvGeB Zuvi `xNÆ ivR‹bwZK RxeGb ‰KwU mãwZcƒYÆ bxwZ AbymiY Kiv
Zuvi cGÞ mÁ¿e wQj bv| dGj wZwb weövw¯¦Ki ivR‹bwZK eÅwî× nGqB iBGjb|
eÅwî×MZ I RbRxeGb nK wQGjb AZů¦ mij| Zuvi RxeókvqB RvwZagÆ wbweÆGkGl RbmvaviY Zuvi D`vi I cGivcKvix Õ¼fvGei RbÅ ZuvGK MfxifvGe fvGjvevmZ I kÉ«¬v KiZ| `y`ÆkvMÉÕ¦ I AwZ `wi`ËG`i mvnvhÅ KiGZ wMGq wZwb wbGRB FYMÉÕ¦ nGq cGowQGjb| evsjvi gvbyl nKGK Zuvi PvZzhÆ ev Zuvi AwÕ©i ivR‹bwZK AvPiGYi RbÅ ÕÃiY KGi bv, Zviv ZuvGK ÕÃiY KGi cøvrc` gymjgvb mÁ·É`vGqi D®²wZ mvaGbi RbÅ Zuvi Av¯¦wiK cÉGPÓ¡v, wecyj msLÅK K‡lGKi `vwi`ËÅ weGgvPb I Zuvi D`vi cÉK‡wZi RbÅ|
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