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I AciGK wkÞv`vGb eÅvc†Z ^vGKb ‰es eÅwî× RxeGb ‰i Abykxjb KGib ZuvivB
Djvgv| BmjvGgi wewf®² welGq weÕ¦†Z ævbB AvwjgG`i kwî× I ghÆv`vi cÉavb
Drm| Zî½MZfvGe Avwjgiv gymwjg DÁÃvi ˆbZv ‰es Bmjvgx AvBGbi eÅvLÅv cÉ`vbKvix
weGklæ| weGk¼i AbÅvbÅ gymwjg ˆ`Gki bÅvq evsjvG`Gki AvwjgMYI ‰KwU weGkl
ˆMvÓ¤x|
AvwjgMY gymwjg
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AvwjgG`i ài‚Z½cƒYÆ f„wgKv| Bmjvg agÆkvÕ¨ gGZ, ‰KRb kvmK ZZÞYB gymjgvbG`i
Ici KZƆZ½ KiGZ cvGib hZÞY wZwb wbGR Bmjvgx Rxebweavb AbymiY KGib ‰es
Bmjvgx weavb Abyhvqx mgvR I ivÓ¡ËGK cwiPvjbv KGib| Bmjvgx AvBGbi eÅvLÅv
cÉ`vb ‰es Bmjvgx weavbgGZ ivGÓ¡Ëi kvmbKvhÆ cwiPvwjZ nGœQ wKbv Zv ˆ`Lv
wQj AvwjgMGYi AbÅZg `vwqZ½| AvwjgG`i RbÅ wbaÆvwiZ Kvhx, gydwZ cÉf‡wZ
c` wQj LyeB ài‚Z½cƒYÆ I ghÆv`vmÁ·®²|
Bmjvgx
ivÓ¡ËeÅeÕ©vi Aemvb, ivRZG¯¨i weKvk, gymjgvbG`i gGaÅ LvGiwR, gyZvwhjv,
wkqv, my®²x (Pvi ghnvemn) I AbÅvbÅ ˆMvÓ¤x I gZevG`i D«¿e ‰es ‰me gZev`
I ˆMvÓ¤xi `†wÓ¡fwãi cv^ÆKÅ I ŠelwqK weGivGai KviGY AvwjgG`i wewf®² `j
I Dc`Gj wefvRb, BDGivcxq kwî× KZ‡ÆK gymwjg cÉavb ˆ`kmgƒGn DcwbGek cÉwZÓ¤v,
gymwjg mgvGR cvøvZÅ wkÞv I msÕ•‡wZi cÉfve e†w«¬ ‰es agÆ I ivRbxwZi gGaÅ
`ƒiZ½ e†w«¬i mGã mGã gymwjg mgvGR AvwjgG`i cÉfve nËvm ˆcGZ ÷i‚ KGi|
evsjvG`Gk
gymjgvbG`i Ici ‰K mgq AvwjgG`i hG^Ó¡ cÉfve wQj| evsjvG`kmn DcgnvG`Gk
gymwjg kvmGbi Aemvb, ‰LvbKvi gymjgvbG`i Ici cvøvZÅ wkÞv I msÕ•‡wZi cÉfve,
AvwjgMGYi gGaÅ gZ-cv^ÆGKÅi KviGY wewf®² ˆMvÓ¤xi D«¿e, cvøvZÅ wkÞvq wkwÞZ
gymwjg eÅwî×eGMÆi ˆbZ‡Z½ cÉwZÓ¤v, cÉf‡wZ KviGY evsjvi Avwjg mgvGRi cÉfve
c„GeÆi Zzjbvq hG^Ó¡ nËvm ˆcGjI wbtGkl nq wb| wewf®² gymwjg-cÉavb ivGÓ¡Ëi
bÅvq evsjvG`Gk msLÅvMwiÓ¤ gvbylI agÆwbÓ¤ weavq AvwjgMY ‰LbI ‰LvGb hG^Ó¡
cÉfve I ghÆv`vi AwaKvix| ‰LvbKvi AwaKvsk gymjgvb my®²x| ZvB evsjvG`Gki
Djvgv ˆMvÓ¤x ejGZ cÉavbZ my®²x Avwjg mgvRGKB ˆevSvGbv nGq ^vGK|
evsjv
AçGj Bmjvg weÕ¦vGi mywd `iGekMY ài‚Z½cƒYÆ f„wgKv cvjb KGib| gymjgvbG`i
DcgnvG`k I eã weRq ‰Z`çGj BmjvGgi cÉmvi Z½ivw¯¼Z KGi| gymwjg kvmbvgGj
‰es weGklZ evsjv I DcgnvG`Gk JcwbGewkK kvmb cÉwZÓ¤vi ci aGgÆi bvbv cÉGk²i
eÅvLÅv, agÆ I ivRbxwZi mÁ·KÆ, Bmjvg I gymjgvbG`i Õ¼v^ÆiÞvq ˆKvb aiGbi
ivRbxwZ Abym†Z nIqv DwPZ, agÆxq wkÞv MÉnY c«¬wZ cÉf‡wZ cÉGk² AvwjgMGYi
wefvRb I ˆMvÓ¤x msLÅv ò×gk evoGZ ^vGK| weËwUk weGivax AvG±`vjb ‰es cvwKÕ¦vb
I fviZ ivÓ¡Ë m†wÓ¡ cÉGk²I AvwjgMY wQGjb bvbv gGZi Abymvix, wewf®² ˆMvÓ¤xGZ
wefî×| evsjvG`Gki Avwjg mgvR eZÆgvGbI bvbv welGq wewf®² gZ ˆcvlY KGib|
DcgnvG`Gki
AbÅvbÅ Õ©vGbi bÅvq evsjvG`Gk cÉavbZ QqwU mywd ZwiKvi cÉfve iGqGQ| ‰àwj
nGœQ: LvRv gCbyóxb wPkwZ (it) cÉwZwÓ¤Z wPkwZqv ZwiKv, ˆkL kvnveywób
ˆmvnivIqv`Æx cÉwZwÓ¤Z mynivIqv`Æxqv ZwiKv,
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KvG`i wRjvbx cÉwZwÓ¤Z KvG`wiqv ZwiKv ‰es ˆkL Avng` wmiwn±`xi ˆgvRvGów`qv
ZwiKv|
evsjvG`Gki
AwaKvsk gymjgvb my®²x ghnvGii Abymvix| Zviv BmjvGgi cÉ^g Pvi LwjdvGK
gnvbex nhiZ gynvÁÃG`i (mvt) h^v^Æ DîivwaKvix gGb KGib ‰es Zviv Pvi ghnvGei
BgvgG`i cÉwZ kÉ«¬vkxj| evsjvG`Gki my®²x gymjgvbG`i cÉvq mKGjB nvbvwd
ghnvefzî×|
DcgnvG`Gki
AbÅvbÅ Õ©vGbi bÅvq evsjvG`Gki gymjgvbG`i AGbGKB ‘cxi’ ev ‘gyiwk`’ Abymvix|
‰B cxi-gyiwk`MGYi AGbGKB Avwjg ˆkÉYxi| evsjvG`Gki cxiG`i cÉavbZ `y’fvGM
fvM Kiv hvq, kixqvn Abymvix ‰es ZixKZ I gvGidvZ Abymvix| kixqvn Abymvixiv
gvGidvZ AbymvixG`i Zzjbvq kixqvi wewaweavb ˆgGb Pjvi Ici AwaKZi ài‚Z½vGivc
KGib| cÞv¯¦Gi gvGidvZ Abymvixiv kixqvn AGcÞv gvGidvZx cxiG`i cÉwZ ˆewk
Abyiî×| cxi AbymvixG`i HKÅe«¬ Kivi jGÞÅ wewf®² bvGg evsjvG`Gk AGbKàwj
msMVb MGo DGVGQ| cxiG`i LvbKvn ˆ^GK ‰me msMVb cwiPvwjZ nq| cxi
mvGne Õ¼qs A^ev Zuvi DîivwaKvix (mvaviYZ iî× mÁ·GKÆi) ‰me msMVGbi ˆbZ‡GZ½
^vGKb| ‰KRb weGkl cxGii AbymvwiMY ciÕ·iGK ‘cxi fvB’ ev ‘cxi ˆevb’ mGÁ¼vab
KGi wbGRG`i ŠbKUÅ cÉ`kÆb KGib| ˆKvb cxGii Abymvix AvwjgMY mswkÏÓ¡ msMVGbi
cÉvYkwî×i…Gc KvR KGi ^vGKb|
gymjgvbG`i
agÆMɯ© ˆKviAvb I nv`xGmi fvlv Aviwe weavq Bmjvgx wkÞv eÅeÕ©vq Aviwe
fvlv eiveiB cÉvavbÅ jvf KGiGQ| cÉavbZ cxi-`iGekG`i LvbKv I gî×eB wQj
cÉv^wgK agÆxq wkÞvi cÉwZÓ¤vb| cieZÆxKvGj DœPZi agÆxq wkÞvi RbÅ gv`Ëvmv
Õ©vwcZ nq| DcgnvG`Gk BsGiR ivRZ½ cÉwZÓ¤vi ciI `xNÆw`b dvwmÆ wQj ‰LvbKvi
Awdm Av`vjGZi cÉavb fvlv| ivR‹bwZK KZ‡ÆZ½ mycÉwZwÓ¤Z Kivi ci BsGiRMY
DcgnvG`Gki wkÞveÅeÕ©v mÁ·GKÆ wP¯¦vfvebv ÷i‚ KGi|
1780
mvGj weËwUk KZƆK cÉwZwÓ¤Z nq KjKvZv Avwjqv
gv`Ëvmv| 1800 mvGj cÉwZwÓ¤Z nq ˆdvUÆ DBwjqg KGjR | dvwmÆi Õ©Gj BsGiwR Awdm Av`vjGZi fvlvi ghÆv`v jvf KGi|
DcgnvG`Gki AbÅvbÅ Õ©vGbi bÅvq evsjvi gymjgvbMYI weËwUk kvmb ‰es BsGiwR
fvlvi gvaÅGg cÉ`î bZzb wkÞv eÅeÕ©vGK Õ¼vfvweKfvGe MÉnY KiGZ cvGi wb|
gymjgvbiv ZvG`i wbRÕ¼ wek¼vm, HwZnÅ I Õ¼KxqZv msiÞY ‰es Bmjvgx agÆkvÕ¨
AaÅqGbi RbÅ Aviwe-D`yÆ-dvwmÆ fvlvGKw±`ÊK wbRÕ¼ wkÞv cÉwZÓ¤vb MGo ZzjGZ
DG`ÅvMx nq| ‰ jGÞÅB 1864 mvGj Dîi cÉG`Gk `vi‚j Djyg ˆ`Ie±` gv`Ëvmv cÉwZwÓ¤Z
nq| wK¯§ ˆ`Ie±` Abymvix wkÞveÅeÕ©v gymjgvbG`i agÆxq Pvwn`v ˆgvZvGeK
nGjI RvMwZK Pvwn`v cƒiGY AÞg weGePbv KGi mGPZb I AvaywbKZvev`x gymwjg
ˆbZ‡‡e†±` 1894 mvGj jGÞ°ŒGZ bv`IqvZzj Djvgv ‰es 1920 mvGj AvjxMo wek¼we`Åvjq
cÉwZÓ¤v KGib|
cÉ^g
w`GK KjKvZv Avjxqv gv`Ëvmvq cÉavbZ gymwjg agÆkvÕ¨, Aviex I dvwmÆ fvlv
wkÞv ˆ`qv nGZv| cieZÆxKvGj AÅvGjv-cvwmÆqvb wefvGM wKQy wKQy RvMwZK welq
‰ gv`Ëvmvi cvVÅò×Ggi A¯¦fzÆî× nq| gymwjg QvòG`i agÆxq ævb, cvøvZÅ fvlv
I ævb-weævGbi bvbv kvLvi mGã cwiwPZ Kivi jGÞÅ 1908 mvGj KGqKRb hyM-mGPZb
Avwjg KZƆK wbD Õ•xg bvGgi weGkl aiGbi gv`Ëvmv Pvjy nq| ‰ RvZxq gv`Ëvmvq
wkÞvcÉvµ¦ QvòG`i DœPwkÞvi myweavG^Æ XvKv wek¼we`ÅvjGq ˆLvjv nq BmjvwgK
Õ¡ÅvwWR ‰es Aviex wefvM|
agÆxq
wkÞv Z^v wkÞvi bvbv welqGK ˆK±`Ê KGi evsjvG`Gki Avwjg mgvGRi gGaÅ gZweGiva
ˆ`Lv hvq| cvVÅò×g, miKvwi AbyGgv`b I Aby`vb MÉnY ev eRÆb, wkÞv cÉwZÓ¤vb
cwiPvjbv c«¬wZ cÉf‡wZ cÉGk² evsjvG`Gki gv`Ëvmv wkÞv cÉavbZ `ywU fvGM
wefî×| ‰i ‰K Ask nGœQ miKvwi AbyGgv`b I géyix cÉvµ¦ gv`Ëvmv ‰es Aci
fvGM iGqGQ miKvwi cÉfvegyî× ‰es agÆcÉvY gymjgvbG`i Avw^ÆK AvbyK„GjÅ
cwiPvwjZ gv`Ëvmv| miKvwi AbyGgv`b cÉvµ¦ gv`ËvmvGK miKvwi gv`Ëvmv ‰es
miKvGii h^vmÁ¿e cÉfvegyî× gv`ËvmvGK ÛIgx gv`Ëvmv (`viGm wbRvgx) ejv
nq| evsjvG`Gk AviI wewf®² bvg I aiGbi gv`Ëvmv ^vKGjI ‰B `ywU avivB cÉavb|
aGgÆi
wewf®² cÉGk²i eÅvLÅv, agÆxq wkÞv c«¬wZ cÉf‡wZi bÅvq agÆ I ivRbxwZi mÁ·KÆ
‰es agÆwfwîK ivRbxwZi wewf®² cÉGk² evsjvG`Gki Avwjg mgvR eü fvGM wefî×|
ZGe DcgnvG`Gk weËwUk kvmGbi wei‚G«¬ gymwjg AvwjgMYB meÆcÉ^g cÉwZGiva
AvG±`vjb MGo ˆZvGjb| w`ÍÏxi kvn IqvwjDÍÏvn (it)-ˆK (1703-1762) ‰ AvG±`vjGbi
cÉeî×v ejv hvq| kvn IqvwjDÍÏvni cyò kvn Ave`yj Avhxh (1746-1823) weËwUk
kvwmZ fviZelÆGK ‘`vi‚j nie’ ˆNvlYv w`Gq weËwUk kvmb DGœQG` ˆRnv` ev
agÆhyG«¬ Ask ˆbqvi RbÅ gymjgvbG`i cÉwZ Avn»vb Rvbvb| kvn Ave`yj AvhxGhi
mvMGi` ivqGeGijxi Šmq` Avng` (1786-1831) ZwiKvn-B-ˆgvnvÁÃw`qv
AvG±`vjb ÷i‚ KGib| DcgnvG`Gki AbÅvbÅ Õ©vGbi bÅvq evsjvi Avwjg mgvRI
eÅvcKfvGe ‰ AvG±`vjGb Ask ˆbb| Šmq` AvngG`i Abymvix evsjvi nvRx
kixqZzÍÏvn (1779-1840) I gxi wbmvi Avjx ZxZzgxGii (1782-1831)
AvG±`vjGbI evsjvi Avwjg mgvR AskMÉnY KGi weËwUk kvmb DGœQ` I Rwg`viG`i
cÉRv weGivax KvhÆò×g cÉwZGivGa Ae`vb ivGLb|
1857
mvGji Õ¼vaxbZv msMÉvGgi eÅ^ÆZv DcgnvG`Gki mGPZb Avwjg mgvGRi ‰KvskGK
weËwUkweGivax AvG±`vjGbi ˆKŒkj cwieZÆGb AbycÉvwYZ KGi| KGqKRb LÅvZbvgv
Avwjg weËwUGki mGã mvgwqK mnGhvwMZv KGi gymwjg Õ¼v^Æ I AwaKvi msiÞGYi
cGÞ gZ cÉKvk KGib| weËwUkweGivax AvG±`vjGb ‰Kjv PGjv bxwZ cwieZÆb KGi
DcgnvG`Gki msLÅvMwiÓ¤ wn±`y mÁ·É`vGqi mGã mnGhvwMZv Kivi cGÞI AvwjgG`i
‰KwU Ask AeÕ©vb ˆbb| ‰uG`iB DG`ÅvGM 1919 mvGj RwgqGZ IjvgvGq wn±` MwVZ
nq|
evsjvi
AvwjgG`i ‰K DGÍÏLGhvMÅ Ask, weGkl KGi ˆ`Ie±` gv`Ëvmvq AaÅqbKvix AvwjgMGYi
‰K eo Ask fviZxq RvZxq KsGMÉGmi mGã ‰KvZÄ nGq weËwUkweGivax AvG±`vjb
cwiPvjbvi cGÞ KvR KiGZ ^vGKb| KsGMÉGmi mGã mÁ·KÆ iÞvi cÉGk² AekÅ ˆ`Ie±`x
AvwjgMY HKÅgZ ˆcvlY KiGZ cvGib wb| AGbK LÅvZbvgv ˆ`Ie±`x Avwjg gymwjg
jxGMi AvG±`vjGbi mcGÞ gZ cÉKvk KGib| Aciw`GK, ˆ`Ie±`x AvwjgMGYi agÆ
I ivR‹bwZK `†wÓ¡fwãi ZxeË weGivwaZv ÷i‚ KGib ˆeGijfx Avwjg eGj cwiwPZ
‰KwU ˆMvÓ¤x| ‰uiv wQGjb cÉavbZ AivR‹bwZK Avwjg ‰es cxi-eyRGMÆi AGjŒwKK
ÞgZvq wek¼vmx| ‰Qvov KsGMÉm I gymwjg jxGMi ˆfŒGMvwjK RvZxqZvev` weGivwaZv
KGi 1941 mvGj gIjvbv mvBwq` Aveyj Avjv gI`y`xi (1903-79) ˆbZ‡GZ½ MwVZ
nq RvgvqvGZ Bmjvg-B-wn±`|
ռ͸msLÅK
Avwjg KsGMÉm I gymwjg jxGMi ivRbxwZi mGãI mivmwi mÁ·†î× wQGjb| DcgnvG`Gki
AbÅvbÅ Õ©vGbi bÅvq evsjvi Avwjg mgvRI ZrKvjxb ivRbxwZi wewf®² BmyÅGZ
KwZcq ˆMvÓ¤xGZ wefî× nGq cGob| agÆxq iÞYkxjZv, ZxeË weËwUk weGivwaZv,
weËwUkweGivax AvG±`vjGb RvZxq KsGMÉGmi mGã mnGhvwMZv, Bmjvg I AvaywbKZvi
mg¯¼q, gymwjg Õ¼vG^Æ A®¬ weËwUk weGivwaZv cwinvi ‰es cÉGqvRGb mg^Æb
`vb, KsGMÉGmi cwieGZÆ gymwjg jxGMi AvG±`vjGb mg^Æb `vb KGi Bmjvg I gymwjg
Õ¼v^Æ iÞv, Bmjvgx cybRÆvMiY I ˆfŒGMvwjK RvZxqZvev` weGivwaZv, cÉf‡wZ
bxwZMZ cÉGk² DcgnvG`Gki AbÅvbÅ Õ©vGbi bÅvq evsjvi AvwjgMYI wefî× wQGjb|
1947
mvGj fviZ wefvGMi ci ALí fviZGKw±`ÊK Djvgv msMVbàwj fviZ I cvwKÕ¦vGbi
bZzb ivR‹bwZK evÕ¦eZvq bZzb bvGg cybMÆwVZ nq| cvwKÕ¦vb cÉwZÓ¤vi weGivax
AvwjgMYI bZzb ivGÓ¡Ëi evÕ¦eZvGK ˆgGb wbGq cvwKÕ¦vGb Bmjvgx Av`kÆ evÕ¦evqb
I wbGRG`i cÉfve e†w«¬i KvhÆò×Gg eÅvc†Z nb| fviGZ emevmKvix AvwjgMGYi
AwaKvskGK wn±`ycÉavb fviGZi evÕ¦eZv AbymvGi KvhÆc¯©v MÉnY KiGZ ˆ`Lv
hvq| cvwKÕ¦vGb ˆbhvGg Bmjvgmn wewf®² bvGg AviI KGqKwU Avwjg-cÉavb ivR‹bwZK
msMVGbi AvñcÉKvk NGU| msMVbfzî× bv nGqI LÅvZbvgv KGqKRb Avwjg I cxi
cvwKÕ¦vGbi ivRbxwZGZ cÉfvekvjx nGq DGVwQGjb| cƒeÆ I cwøg cvwKÕ¦vGbi
AvwjgMGYi gGaÅ eü cÉGk² gZv‹bKÅ ^vKGjI cvwKÕ¦vbGK Bmjvwg Av`kÆvbymvix
ivGÓ¡Ë cwiYZ Kivi eÅvcvGi AvwjgMY mvaviYZ ‰KgZ wQGjb| ‰ KviGY cvwKÕ¦vb
miKviGK wewf®² mgGq Bmjvgx Av`kÆvbymvix AeÕ©vb MÉnY KiGZ nGqwQj|
evsjvG`Gki
Õ¼vaxbZv cieZÆxKvGj agÆ I ivRbxwZGK h^vmÁ¿e c†^KxKiGYi jGÞÅ agÆwbiGcÞZv
ivÓ¡Ëxq Av`kÆi…Gc M†nxZ nq| agÆwfwîK ivRbxwZ nq wbwl«¬| 1977 mvGj agÆxq
ivRbxwZi Ici wbGlavæv ZzGj wbGj AvwjgMY wewf®² bvGg AGbK msMVb MGo ˆZvGjb|
evsjvG`Gki
Avwjg mgvGRi ‰K eo Ask mwò×q ivRbxwZGZ wbi‚rmvnx| Avevi, ˆhme Avwjg
ivRbxwZGZ Drmvnx Zuviv ivRbxwZi cÉGk² HwZnÅev`x, bqv HwZnÅev`x, Bmjvwg
AvaywbKZvev`x BZÅvw` bvbv fvGM wefî×| evsjvG`Gki HwZnÅev`x AvwjgMYGK
cÉavbZ `yfvGM fvM Kiv ˆhGZ cvGi| cÉ^g fvGMi AvwjgMY BmjvGgi cÉ^g hyGMi
ˆMŒie I HwZnÅ jvjGbi mGã mGã kixqvn wfwîK RxebhvcGbi Ici LyeB ài‚Z½
ˆ`b| ÛIgx gv`Ëvmvq wkÞv MÉnYKvix ‰es ˆ`Ie±` Abymvix AvwjgMY ‰ ˆMvÓ¤xi
A¯¦fzÆî×| AwZgvòvq cxi I gvhvi fwî×i ‰uiv weGivax| weËwUkweGivax AvG±`vjb
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ivRbxwZGZ ˆek mwò×q| kixqvn cÉGk² cÉvq Awf®² gZ ˆcvlY KiGjI ˆ`Ie±`x
AvwjgMGYi ‰KwU Ask (gIjvbv Avkivd Avjx ^vbfxi Abymvix) mvaviYZ ivRbxwZGZ
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A¯¦fzÆî× Kiv hvq| gvGSgGaÅ ivRbxwZGZ mie nGjI mvaviYfvGe ‰ ˆMvÓ¤xi AvwjgMYGK
ivRbxwZ wbivmî× ejv hvq|
evsjvG`Gki
Avwjg mgvGRi ‰KwU Ask ZvewjM AvG±`vjGbi
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ZvejxGMi RbwcÉqZv iGqGQ|
Bmjvg
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KvVvGgvGZ HKÅe«¬ nGZ ˆ`Lv hvq|
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nvRvi nvRvi gmwR` I wewf®² aiGbi gv`Ëvmv iGqGQ| XvKvGK gmwRG`i kni ejv
nq| gmwRG`i Bgvg, gyqvwäb I gv`Ëvmvi wkÞK cG` jÞ jÞ Avwjg KvR KiGQb|
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wnmvGe wKsev agÆxq AbyÓ¤vb cwiPvjbvi KvGR AvwjgMY wbGqvwRZ iGqGQb| miKvwi
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mGãI AvwjgMY bvbvfvGe hyî× iGqGQb| Kvhx wnGmGe cwiwPZ gymwjg weevn wbe®¬GKi
c`wU wbiâzkfvGe AvwjgMGYi RbÅ msiwÞZ| ‰fvGe ˆ`Lv hvq ˆh, Avwjg mgvR
wewf®²fvGe evsjvG`Gki msLÅvMwiÓ¤ gymwjg RbMGYi mGã mÁ·†î×| evsjvG`Gki
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AwaKvix| [nvmvb ˆgvnvÁÃ`]