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‘D`yÆ’ ‰KwU ZzwKÆ kõ, hvi A^Æ ŠmbÅ| gyMj mgËvU kvnRvnvGbi (1628-1658) ˆmbvwbevGmi bvg wQj D`yÆ-‰-gyAvÍÏv| ‰LvGb wewf®² ‰jvKvi ŠmbÅiv Lvwoeywj Z^v wn±`yÕ©vwbGZB K^v ejZ| kvnRvnvb Zuvi ˆmbvwbevGmi bvGg ‰B fvlvi bvgKiY KGib D`yÆ|

hyeivR kvnRvnvb `yeQi (1624-25) evsjvi kvmbKZÆv wQGjb| ZLb XvKvi bvgKiY Kiv nq RvnvãxibMi| mÁ¿eZ, H mgq D`yÆ fvlvi mGã ‰G`Gki gvbyGli cwiPq NGU| AvVvGiv kZGK XvKv PvGji eÅemvGqi cÉavb ˆK±`Ê wQj ‰es eÅemvqxiv wQGjb gvGovqvwo| Zuviv evsjvfvlx Pvj weGò×ZvG`i mGã wn±`yÕ©vwb ev wiLZv fvlvq K^v ejGZb| ZvQvov miKvwi I ˆemiKvwi mfv I ˆKvUÆ-KvPvwiGZ wn±`yÕ©vwbi eÅenvi cÉPwjZ wQj|

gnvivRv b±`KzgvGii wei‚G«¬ BÕ¡ Bw´£qv ˆKvÁ·vwbi AvbxZ gvgjvq (8 Ryb 1775) Zuvi DwKj gÅvwRGÕ¡ËGUi wbKU AvGe`b KGiwQGjb ‰B eGj ˆh, ev`x I weev`xGK Zuvi wbR fvlv wn±`yÕ©vwbGZ (D`yÆ) eî×eÅ ˆck Kivi myGhvM ˆ`Iqv ˆnvK| KjKvZvi Avwjqv gv`Ëvmvq (1780) D`yÆ fvlvq wkÞv ˆ`Iqv nGZv| ˆdvUÆ DBwjqg KGjGR (1800) ÷i‚ ˆ^GKB evsjv I dviwm wefvGMi Abyi…c wn±`yÕ©vwb ev D`yÆ wefvMI wQj| Dwbk kZGKi ˆklw`GK ‰es wek kZGKi cÉ^g w`GK evsjvi Pv-evMvGbi ˆewki fvM KgÆPvixB wQj wenvi I DwolÅv ˆ^GK AvMZ| ZvG`i gvZ‡fvlv wQj wn±`yÕ©vwb| Eastern Bengal Railway-‰i KgÆPvixivI wQj wenvi-DwolÅv ˆ^GK AvMZ D`yÆfvlx| ZvG`i gvaÅGg evsjvq D`yÆ fvlvi cÉmvi NGU|

weËwUk AvgGji ˆMvovi w`GK gv`Ëvmvq agÆxq wkÞvi gvaÅg wQj D`yÆ, KviY ZLb nv`xm, ˆdKv, Zvdwmi cÉf‡wZ cÉavbZ D`yÆ fvlvq ˆjLv nGZv| cwøgeã I cƒeÆevsjvi kni I MÉvg-MGé D`yÆ fvlv cÉmvGii cÉavb KviY wQj gv`Ëvmvi ‰B agÆxq wkÞv| evsjvG`Gki gymwjg AwfRvZ ˆkÉYxi cÉvq mevB D`yÆ ejGZ mÞg wQGjb ‰es weGkl weGkl bvgKiv gymwjg Rwg`viG`i gvZ‡fvlvI wQj D`yÆ, ˆhgb: XvKvi LvRv Avõyj MwY I gxi Avkivd Avjx cwievi, jvKmvGgi BDmyd Avjx ˆPŒayix, eàovi gynvÁÃ` Avjx, abevwoi bIqve Avjx ˆPŒayix, ˆfvjv I `wÞY kvnevRcyGii wgRÆv jwZd ümvBb, ewikvGji ‰.ˆK dRjyj nK, jsjvi (wmGjU) Avjx nvq`vi Lvb, wmGjGUi gRyg`vi cwievi BZÅvw`i gvZ‡fvlv wQj D`yÆ| weËwUk AvgGj ‰es cieZÆxKvGjI gymwjg ˆbZ‡e†±` agÆxq Rjmvq ‰es ivR‹bwZK mfvq D`ÆyGZ eî×‡Zv w`GZb| cvwKÕ¦vb AvgGj miKvi cÉavb ˆgvnvÁÃ` Avjx wR®²vn& KZÆ†K D`ÆyGK ivÓ¡Ëfvlv Kivi cÉÕ¦vGei cÉwZevG`B evsjvG`Gk fvlv AvG±`vjb nq| 1952-i ‰KzGk ˆdeË‚qvwi KGqKRb Zi‚Y fvlv-ŠmwbK knx` nGj evsjv AbÅZg ivÓ¡Ëfvlv wnGmGe Õ¼xK‡wZ jvf KGi| ZLb ˆ^GK cƒeÆ cvwKÕ¦vGb D`yÆi cÉfve nËvm cvq| 1971 mvGj mkÕ¨ msMÉvGgi gvaÅGg evsjvG`k Õ¼vaxb nGj D`yÆfvlx RbMGYi ‰KwU eo Ask ‰ ˆ`k ZÅvM KGi cvwKÕ¦vGb PGj hvq| dGj ‰ AçGj D`yÆPPÆv AviI msKzwPZ nGq AvGm| eZÆgvGb KGqKwU cwievi I wkÞv cÉwZÓ¤vGbB ˆKej D`yÆi PPÆv mxgve«¬|

D`yÆ mvwnGZÅi PPÆv I weKvGki ˆÞGò w`wÍÏ, jGÞÐŒ I jvGnvi ˆKG±`Êi bÅvq ‰K mgq evsjvi KjKvZv I XvKv ˆK±`ÊI ài‚Z½cƒYÆ f„wgKv cvjb KGiGQ| D`yÆ fvlvi gGZv D`Æy mvwnZÅI Zvi Drmf„wg w`wÍÏ I cvkÆ¦eZÆx ‰jvKv ˆ^GK ò×Gg DcgnvG`Gki wewf®² AçGj cÉmvi jvf KGi| AvVvGiv kZGKi ˆMvovi Kwe Ijx AvIivãev`xi (1668-1744) mvnPGhÆ w`wÍÏGZ D`yÆ KveÅPPÆvi mƒòcvZ nq| cieZÆx mgGq dvGqR (g†ZzÅ 1715), gvRgyb (g†ZzÅ. 1747), AviRy (g†ZzÅ. 1748) cÉgyL KwemvwnwZÅK dviwmi cvkvcvwk D`ÆyGZI KveÅiPbv KGib| ‰i AvbygvwbK ‰K kZK cGi evsjvG`Gk D`yÆ mvwnZÅPPÆv AviÁ¿ nq| gyMj myGe`vi Bmjvg Lvb (1608-13) cÉ^g XvKvGK myevn evsjvi ivRavbx KGib| 1713 mvGj ivRavbx XvKv ˆ^GK gywkÆ`vevG` ‰es 1772 mvGj KjKvZvq Õ©vbv¯¦wiZ nq ‰es 1912 mvj chÆ¯¦ KjKvZvB wQj mgMÉ DcgnvG`Gki ˆK±`Êxq ivRavbx| ‰B mgGq (1772-1912) gywkÆ`vev` I KjKvZv ‰B `ywU m`i `dZGi eyw«¬RxexG`i AvbvGMvbv, emwZ Õ©vcb I KwemvwnwZÅKG`i cviÕ·wiK ˆgjvGgkvi myGhvM NGU| cwøgeGã dviwm I D`yÆ mvwnZÅPPÆv cÉ^g AviÁ¿ nq gywkÆ`vevG`| gywkÆ`Kzwj Lvb, ÷RvDóxb Luv I Avjxe`Æx LvGbi AvgGj gywkÆ`vev`, AvwRgvev`, üMwj I XvKv gymwjg K‡wÓ¡ I dviwm mvwnZÅPPÆvi ài‚Z½cƒYÆ ˆKG±`Ê cwiYZ nq| ivÓ¡Ëfvlv dviwmi cvkvcvwk D`yÆi PPÆvI ò×Gg ò×Gg ‰wMGq hvq| Avjxe`Æx LvGbi mgq gynvÁÃ` dKxn `i`g±` (g†ZzÅ 1747) bvGg ‰KRb D`yÆ Kwei m®¬vb cvIqv hvq|

beve wmivRDGóŒjv (g†ZzÅ. 1757) D`yÆ I dviwm mvwnGZÅi c†Ó¤GcvlK wQGjb| Kz`ivZzÍÏv Kz`ivZ I dvinvZzÍÏv dvinvZ Zuvi mfvKwei…Gc LÅvwZ jvf KGib| gxi RvdGii (g†ZzÅ. 1765) mgq gxi gynÁÃ` kid D`yÆ Kwe wQGjb| beve gnGji MÉ¯©vMvGi eü gƒjÅevb Aviwe, dviwm I D`yÆi cÉvPxb cvízwjwc AvRI iwÞZ AvGQ| AvVvGiv kZGKi ˆklw`GK gywkÆ`vevG` BbkvÍÏvn Lvb Bbkv (g†ZzÅ 1818) D`yÆ mvwnwZÅK I Kwei…Gc mybvg ARÆb KGib| wZwb `wiqv-‰-jZvdZ (1808) bvGg dviwm fvlvq cÉ^g D`Æy eÅvKiY iPbv KGib| ‰B eBwU D`yÆ gnGj weGkl cwiwPZ|

KjKvZvq D`yÆ mvwnGZÅi weKvk NGU avGc avGc| gnxkƒGii kvmbKZÆv wUcy myjZvb civwRZ nGj (1799) Zuvi cwieviGK KjKvZvi UvwjMGé Õ©vbv¯¦wiZ Kiv nq| ‰ cwievGi D`ÆyGZ ævbPPÆv, KveÅmvabv I c†Ó¤GcvlKZv eüw`b AeÅvnZ ^vGK| ‰ cwievGiB ZvIwdK (g†ZzÅ. 1884), myjZvb, inxg cÉgyGLi bÅvq KwemvwnwZÅK R¯ÃMÉnY KGib| ZvIwdGKi evmfeGb Ave`yi inxg, Zvgv®²v ˆMviLcyix, Ievq`yÍÏvn Avj Ievq`x ˆmvnivIqv`Æx (1832-1886), Ave`yj Mdzi bvmmvGLi (1833-1889) bÅvq KwemvwnwZÅKG`i AvbvGMvbv wQj| Avwhgyóxb myjZvb wQGjb gynÁÃ` ewki‚óxb ZvIwdGKi mGnv`i| wZwb cÉavbZ dviwm KweZv iPbv KiGZb; ZGe Zuvi D`yÆ KweZvI AvGQ|

KjKvZvq D`yÆ-dviwmi PPÆv e†w«¬ cvIqvi AbÅ ‰KwU KviY wQj jGÞ°Œi c`PzÅZ (1856) beve IqvwR` Avjx kvn&i (1822-1887) ew±` AeÕ©vq ˆdvUÆ DBwjqg KGjGR wbeÆvmb I ˆ`o-`yeQi cGi ˆgwUqv eyi‚R gnÍÏvq emwZ Õ©vcb| wZwb 1887 mvGj g†ZzÅeiY KGib ‰es ˆgwUqv eyi‚GRB mgvwnZ nb| IqvwR` Avjx kvn& wewkÓ¡ Kwe I msÕ•‡wZcivqY wQGjb| wZwb Õ¼qs D`yÆ-dviwmGZ ˆQvUeo cÉvq PwÍÏkwU MÉ¯© iPbv KGib| mãxZæ I mãxZiPwqZv wnGmGeI Zuvi LÅvwZ wQj| Zuvi c†Ó¤GcvlKZvq cÉ^Gg jGÞ°ŒGZ ‰es cGi KjKvZvq D`yÆ mvwnZÅ I mãxGZi weGkl DrKlÆ mvwaZ nq| Zuvi mGã jGÞ°Œ ˆ^GK KjKvZvq AGbK AvGjg-dvGRj I KwemvwnwZÅK AvMgb KGib| dGj KjKvZv kni mvwnZÅPPÆvq gyLwiZ nGq IGV ‰es Zuvi ˆgwUqv eyi‚R gnÍÏv w«¼Zxq jGÞ°Œ-‰ cwiYZ nq| ‰me KwemvwnwZÅGKi gGaÅ bIqve dvZüZ-ˆ`Œjvn, wgRÆv gynvÁÃ` wihv Luv eviK, gvnZve-D`-ˆ`Œjvn&, gvIjvbv Ave`yj nvwjg miKvi cÉgyGLi bvg DGÍÏLGhvMÅ| ‰ mgq w`wÍÏ ˆ^GK wgRÆv bIqve Luv `vM ‰es `vwÞYvZÅ ˆ^GK wbhg ZevZevBI KjKvZvq AvMgb KGib|

D`yÆ M`ÅmvwnGZÅi BwZnvGm KjKvZvi ˆdvUÆ DBwjqg KGjGRi Ae`vb DGÍÏLGhvMÅ| weËwUk KgÆPvixG`i D`yÆ wkÞvi eÅeÕ©v ^vKvq H KGjGRi gvaÅGg D`yÆ fvlv I mvwnGZÅi ò×Ggv®²wZ NUGZ ^vGK| KGjR ˆ^GK gxi AvÁÃvb, ˆki Avjx AvdGmvm, nvq`i eLk nvq`ix (g†ZzÅ 1822) cÉgyLGK Aviwe I dviwm MÉG¯©i mnR-mij D`yÆ Abyev` Kivi `vwqZ½ ˆ`Iqv nq| gxi AvÁÃvGbi evM-I-evnvi (1802) D`yÆ M`ÅmvwnGZÅi BwZnvGm ‰KwU weLÅvZ MÉ¯©| ZvQvov AvdGmvGmi AvivBk-‰-gvnwdj (1805), evM-‰-D`yÆ, nvq`i eLk nvq`ixi ZvwiL-‰ bvG`ix BZÅvw` MÉ¯© D`yÆ M`ÅmvwnGZÅ weGkl ghÆv`v jvf KGiGQ| eÕ§Z D`yÆ M`ÅmvwnGZÅi cÉ^g ˆK±`ÊB KjKvZv| ˆdvUÆ BDwjqvg KGjGR D`yÆ QvcvLvbv cÉwZwÓ¤Z nIqvq KjKvZvq cÉ^g D`yÆ eB cÉKvGkiI myGhvM m†wÓ¡ nq| 1822 mvGji 27 gvPÆ KjKvZv ˆ^GK DcgnvG`Gki cÉ^g D`yÆ cwòKv Rvg-‰-Ruvnvbygv (mvµ¦vwnK) cÉKvwkZ nq|

KjKvZvi cvkvcvwk XvKvq AvaywbK avivq D`yÆ KveÅPPÆv ÷i‚ nq AvVvGiv kZGKi ˆkl w`GK| beve kvgmyGóŒjvi (1770-1831) c†Ó¤GcvlKZvq XvKvq wgRÆv Rvb Zvwckmn eü D`yÆ Kwei mgvMg NGU ‰es axGi axGi D`yÆ KvGeÅi ‰KwU bZzb MwZaviv m†wÓ¡ nq| wgRÆv Rvb ZvwcGki R¯ÃÕ©vb w`wÍÏ| 1786 mvGji w`GK wZwb eãG`Gk AvMgb KGib| kvgmyGóŒjvni mvnPGhÆ wZwb `k-evGiv eQi XvKvq AwZevwnZ KGib| BsGiRG`i wei‚G«¬ lohG¯¨i AwfGhvGM kvgmyGóŒjvn KjKvZvq A¯¦ixY nGj wgRÆv Rvb Zvwck KjKvZv wMGq ˆdvUÆ DBwjqg KGjGR PvKwi MÉnY KGib| XvKvq AeÕ©vbKvGj wZwb kvgmyj evqvb-dx-gymZvjvnvZ-‰-wn±`yÕ©vb (1792) bvGg D`yÆ evMaviv, cwifvlv I cÉev` mÁ·GKÆ ‰KwU MÉ¯© iPbv KGib| MÉ¯©wU cGi gywkÆ`vev` ˆ^GK cÉKvwkZ nq (1844)| ZvwcGki D`yÆ KveÅ KzwÍÏqvZ (1812) ˆdvUÆ DBwjqg KGjR ˆ^GK cÉKvwkZ nq|

nvGdR BKivg Avng` hvqMg (g†ZzÅ 1869) ivgcyGi (gZv¯¦Gi w`wÍÏGZ) R¯ÃMÉnY KGib| hvqMg wbGR KveÅPPÆv KGiGQb ‰es AbÅG`i KveÅiPbvq `xÞv w`GqGQb| evsjvi bvbv Õ©vGb Zuvi wklÅKwe wQj| Z¯ÃGaÅ Ave`yj Mdzi bvmmvL (dwi`cyi), gvngy` Avhv` (XvKv), LvRv Ave`yj Mddvi AvLZvi (XvKv), nvGdR ikx`y®²ex IqvnkZ (KjKvZv), nvwKg Avkivd Avjx gmZ& (wmGjU) cÉgyGLi bvg DGÍÏLGhvMÅ| XvKvi AvMv Avng` Avjx BÕ·vnvbx (1839-1873) cÉavbZ dviwm fvlvi mvwnwZÅK wQGjb, ZGe wZwb D`yÆPPÆvI KiGZb| AvMv Avng` Avjx I wgRÆv MvwjGei gGaÅ mvwnwZÅK cÉwZ«¼w±«¼Zv wQj| wimvjv-‰-gyLZvGmi‚j BkGZKvK (1871) Zuvi D`yÆ iPbv| AvMv Avng` Avjxi wklÅG`i gGaÅ cÉavb wQGjb gynvÁÃ` Avkid, wd`v wmGjUx cÉgyL|

Ievq`yÍÏvn ˆmvnivIqv`Æx XvKv gnwmwbqv gv`Ëvmvi cÉ^g mycvwibGUG´£´Ÿ wQGjb| wZwb Aviwe, dviwm I D`yÆ fvlvq KveÅMÉ¯© iPbv KGib| wZwb D`Æy MvBW I dviwm `yiexb cwòKvi mÁ·v`K wQGjb| wewf®² fvlvq Zuvi iPbvi msLÅv evnv®²; ˆmàwji gGaÅ D`ÆyGZ iwPZ w`Iqvb (1880), wgdZvüj Av`ve, `weÕ¦vb-B-`vwbm cÉf‡wZ cÉavb| cÉ^gwU KweZv msKjb, w«¼ZxqwU eÅvKiY ‰es Z‡ZxqwU c`v^Æwe`Åv welqK MÉ¯©| ‰ QvovI Zuvi fvlvZî½, gGbvwe`Åv I bvixwkÞv welqK KGqKwU D`Æy MÉ¯© AcÉKvwkZ iGqGQ| Ievq`yÍÏvni KbÅv LywRÕ¦v AvLZvi (1874-1919) gxjv`y®²ex mÁ·GKÆ KvIKve-B-`yiix bvGg ‰KwU D`yÆ MÉ¯© iPbv KGib| wZwb ˆnbix DGWi bxwZgƒjK ‰KwU BsGiwR MÉ¯© AvBbv-B-BeivZ (DcG`k `cÆY, 1911) bvGg D`yÆGZ Abyev` KGib| Zuvi AbÅ iPbv mxivZzb bex I Zvwjgyb wbmv| LywRÕ¦v AvLZvi fviZxq gymwjg gwnjvG`i gGaÅ cÉ^g wmwbqi ˆKgweËR cixÞv cvk I ˆevWÆ Ae ‰MRvwgGbkbm ˆ^GK ‘wWwMÉ Ae AbvmÆ’ jvf KGib| wZwb KjKvZv wek¼we`ÅvjGqi ‰g.‰ cixÞvi cixÞK wQGjb| gwnjvG`i gGaÅ ‰ mÁÃvb wZwbB cÉ^g jvf KGib|

beve Ave`yj jwZGdi AbyR Avey gynvÁÃ` Ave`yj Mdzi bvmmvL D`yÆ-dviwmGZ KweZv iPbv KGi weGkl LÅvwZ ARÆb KGib| wZwb Aviwe, BsGiwR I wnw±` fvlvI fvGjv RvbGZb| KgÆRxeGb wZwb wQGjb ˆWcywU gÅvwRGÕ¡ËU I ˆWcywU KvGjÙi| Zuvi KweZv, AvGjvPbv I msKjb-MÉG¯©i msLÅv AGbK| ˆmàwji gGaÅ AvkAvi-‰-bvmmvL (1866), `dZi-‰-ˆewgmvj (1869), Pkgv-‰-dvGqh (1874) I AvigyMvb (1875) nGjv KveÅMÉ¯©| D`yÆ mvwnGZÅi AvGjvPbv cyÕ¦K myLvb-‰ ÷Aviv (KweG`i BwZe†î, 1874) Zuvi meGPGq eo Ae`vb| ‰Qvov wZwb Mvé-‰-ZvIqvwiL (1873) I Kvbh&-‰-ZvIqvwiL (1877) bvGg gnvcyi‚lG`i `ywU RxebxMÉ¯©I iPbv KGib|

XvKvi eGbw` cwievGii m¯¦vb gybwk ingvb Avjx ZvGqk (1823-1908) D`yÆ Kwe, mvwnwZÅK I HwZnvwmK wQGjb| Zuvi cÉ^g iPbv àjhvi-‰-bvZ (1880) KvbcyGii wbhvgx ˆcÉm ˆ^GK cÉKvwkZ nq| ‰GZ Zuvi Õ¼iwPZ D`yÆ I dviwm ‘bv’wZqv Kvwm`v’ iGqGQ| Zuvi D`yÆ fvlvi KweZvmsKjb `xIqvb-‰-ZvGqk-‰i bvg Rvbv hvq, wK¯§ cvízzwjwc cvIqv hvq wb| ‘ZvGqk’ ingvb Avjxi mvwnwZÅK Q«Âbvg| wZwb HwZnvwmK wnGmGe AwaK cwiwPZ| ZIqvwiL-‰-XvKv (1910) Zuvi ˆkÉÓ¤ iPbv| ‰GZ wZwb mswÞµ¦ AvKvGi evsjvi BwZnvm ‰es Dwbk kZGK XvKvi ˆfŒGMvwjK, cÉðZvwî½K, ivR‹bwZK I mvsÕ•‡wZK BwZe†î mweÕ¦vi wjwce«¬ KGiGQb|

Šmq` gynÁÃ` Avhv` (1850-1916) XvKvi Aci Rwg`vi gxi Avkivd Avjxi cwievGi R¯ÃMÉnY KGib| wZwb DœPc`Õ© miKvwi KgÆKZÆv wQGjb| bIqve Ave`yj jwZd wQGjb Zuvi k¼÷i ‰es ˆkGi evsjv ‰.ˆK dRjyj nK Zuvi RvgvZv| wZwbB cÉ^g D`ÆyGZ bvUK iPbv KGib| Õ¼Z¯¨ fwãi cÉe®¬ iPbv KGiI wZwb LÅvwZ jvf KGib| Zuvi iwPZ bIqvex `ievi I bIqvex ˆLj `ywU bvUK, gvIjvbv Avhv` AvñRxebx ‰es wLqvjvZ-‰-Avhv` cÉe®¬ msKjb| Zuvi cÉeG®¬ mgKvGji mvgvwRK I ivR‹bwZK mgmÅv Õ©vb ˆcGqGQ|

Avng` ümvBb Iqvwdi (g†ZzÅ 1940) XvKv gynwmwbqv gv`Ëvmvi wkÞK wQGjb| wZwb KveÅ I bvUK Dfq gvaÅGg D`ÆyPPÆv KGiGQb| Zuvi RbwcÉq bvUK wegvi-‰-eyjeyj (1880) XvKvq KGqKevi gçÕ© nq| nvwKg nvweeyi ingvb (1881-1947) D`yÆ mvwnZÅ I mvsevw`KZvi ˆÞGò AbbÅmvaviY Ae`vGbi RbÅ ÕÃiYxq nGq AvGQb| wZwb XvKv gv`Ëvmvq wkÞvjvf KGi `xNÆ ‰MvGiv eQi Kvbcyi, jGÞ°Œ, w`wÍÏ I AvMÉvq wPwKrmvwe`Åvq cvi`wkÆZv ARÆb KGib ‰es ‘ˆkdvDj gƒjK’ (ˆ`Gki ˆivMgywî×) ˆLZvGe f„wlZ nb| wZwb mvwnZÅ, BwZnvm I wPwKrmvweævGbi Ici MÉ¯© iPbv KGi D`Æy fvlvGK MGelYv I cvwíGZÅi Mwigv `vb KGib| Zuvi cÉKvwkZ I AcÉKvwkZ KwZcq ài‚Z½cƒYÆ iPbv nGjv: AvjdvwiK (1904), nvqvZ-‰-mƒKivZ (1904), Avmy` bvM-‰-XvKv (1946), XvKv cPvm eim& cnGj (1949), mvjvmv Mvm&mvjv, ZvhwKivZzj-dzhvjv, gvmvwR`-‰-XvKv BZÅvw`| Avmy` Mvb-‰ XvKv-q XvKvi weLÅvZ gvhvimgƒn ‰es XvKv cPvm eim& cnGj MÉG¯© Dwbk-wek kZGKi XvKvi BwZnvm ewYÆZ nGqGQ| mvjvmv Mvm&mvjv-q ‰G`Gk D`yÆ, dviwm I Aviwe fvlvq iwPZ MÉ¯© ‰es ˆmàwji ˆjLKG`i mswÞµ¦ cwiPq wjwce«¬ nGqGQ| nvKxg nvweeyi ingvb Avj gvkwiK (1906) I hv`y (1923) bvgK `ywU gvwmK D`yÆ cwòKv mÁ·v`bv I cÉKvk KGi cƒeÆevsjv I AvmvGg D`yÆ mvsevw`KZvi mƒPbv KGib| wZwb cƒeÆevsjv I AvmvGgi Avéygvb-‰-D`yÆ bvgK msMVGbi cÉwZÓ¤vZv mÁ·v`K wQGjb| ‰K K^vq, D`Æy fvlvi PPvÆ I cÉmvGi nvKxg nvweeyi ingvb eügvwòK f„wgKv cvjb KGib| XvKvi Awaevmx Šmq` kidzóxb kid Avj-ümvBbx (1876-1960) àwjÕ¦vb-‰-kid (1937) I `vweÕ©vb-‰-kid (AcÉKvwkZ) bvGg `yLvwb KveÅ iPbv KGib|

evsjvG`Gki D`yÆ-dviwm mvwnGZÅi BwZnvGm XvKvi beve LvRv cwievGii Ae`vb AbÕ¼xKvhÆ| LvRv nvq`i Rvb, LvRv Avmv`Dóxb KvIKve, LvRv Ave`yi iwng mvev (g†ZzÅ 1871), LvRv AvnmvbyÍÏvn kvnxb, LvRv AvwZKzÍÏvn kvq`v, LvRv gynvÁÃ` AvdRvj (R¯Ã 1875), LvRv bvwhgDóxb cÉgyL Dwbk I wek kZGK Dfq fvlvq mvwnZÅ PPÆv KGib| LvRv gynÁÃ` Avhg Bmjvwg cçvGqZ XvKv (1911) bvgK D`yÆ cywÕ¦Kv iPbv KGib| Zuvi cyò LvRv gynÁÃ` AvG`j nvKxg nvweeyi ingvGbi mGã ˆhŒ^fvGe mÁ·v`bv KGib hv`y bvgK gvwmK cwòKv| LvRv Ave`yi iwng mvev `vGÕ¦ mvev (AcÉKvwkZ) bvGg D`yÆ KveÅ iPbv KGib| ‰i cvízzwjwc XvKv wek¼we`Åvjq MÉ¯©vMvGi msiwÞZ AvGQ| XvKvi beve LvRv AvnmvbyÍÏvn kvnxb (1845-1901) KzwÍÏqvZ-‰-kvnxb bvGg D`Æy KveÅ iPbv KGib| ‘kvnxb’ Zuvi KveÅbvg| Zuvi Aci MÉ¯© ZIqvwiL-‰-Lv±`vb-‰-Kvkgxwiqvb BwZnvmgƒjK; MÉ¯©Lvwb ‰LbI AcÉKvwkZ| mãxZ iPbvGZI kvnxGbi ˆhvMÅZv wQj| wZwb AGbKàwj Vzswi Mvb iPbv KGib| Zuvi Drmvn I Avw^ÆK mnvqZvq Avnmvbyj Kvmvm (15 ˆdeË‚qvwi 1884) bvgK ‰KwU D`yÆ mvµ¦vwnK XvKv ˆ^GK cÉKvwkZ nq| beve Ave`yj Mwbi ˆ`Œwnò ‰es beve LvRv BDmyd Lvb evnv`yGii cyò LvRv gynvÁÃ` AvdRvGji KveÅài‚ wQGjb Kwe Šmq` gvngy` Avhv`| AvdRvj D`yÆ I dviwm Dfq fvlvGZB MRj wjGLGQb| wZwb XvKv knGi AveRv` ixwZGZ mb-ZvwiL (Chronogram) iPbvq cvi`kÆx wQGjb|

D`yÆ I dviwm mvwnGZÅi ˆÞGò XvKv wek¼we`ÅvjGqi D`yÆ I dviwm wefvGMi hG^Ó¡ Ae`vb iGqGQ| cÉwZÓ¤vKvj (1921) ˆ^GKB ‰LvGb D`yÆ I dviwm wefvM wQj ‰es cÉ^Gg dviwm I cGi D`Æy wkÞv`vb AviÁ¿ nq| ‰ wefvMwU ZLb ˆ^GKB D`yÆ fvlv I mvwnGZÅi D®²qGb ài‚Z½cƒYÆ f„wgKv cvjb KGi AvmGQ| wefvGMi cÉ^g AaÅÞ Lvb evnv`yi wd`v Avjx Lvb ewâgPG±`Êi wele†Þ DcbÅvGmi em ˆK ˆivM bvGg D`yÆ Abyev` cÉKvk KGib| Šmq` IqvRvnv` ˆnvGmb Av±`vjxe mv`vbx (1904-1969) ‰ wefvGM `xNÆKvj AaÅvcbv KGib| wZwb wQGjb ‰KvavGi Kwe, MÍ¸Kvi, cÉvew®¬K I MGelK| D`yÆ fvlvq iwPZ Zuvi ‰KvwaK MÉG¯©i gGaÅ wbkvZ-‰-idZv (KveÅMÉ¯©), ZvnwKK Kx iIkwb ˆgu, mvwœP Kvnvwbquv, byk Iqv bxk, cvqvg-‰-BKevj, Bbkv-‰-Aveyj dhj (Abyev`), i‚evBqvZ-‰-evev ZvGni (Abyev`) BZÅvw` cÉavb|

gdÕ¼j kniàwjGZI D`Æy-dviwmi PPÆv nGqGQ| bvGhi gynÁÃ` Ave`yÍÏvn AvàdZv wmGjGUi ‰KRb iBm Kwe wQGjb| nvGdh BKivg Avng` hvqMg wQGjb Zuvi KveÅài‚| Zvmweüj MvGdwjb (1894) bvGg Zuvi bxwZgƒjK ‰KLvwb D`yÆ MÉ¯© XvKv wek¼we`ÅvjGq msiwÞZ AvGQ| wmGjGUi evwbqvPs DcGRjvi Awaevmx ˆgŒjwf diRvg Avjx ˆeGLv` wQGjb wgRÆv Rvb ZvwcGki wklÅ| Zuvi D`yÆ KveÅ evsjvG`k ‰wkqvwUK ˆmvmvBwUGZ msiwÞZ AvGQ| PëMÉvGgi gyw´Ö ˆMvjvg nvq`vi ˆdvUÆ DBwjqg KGjGRi `µ¦i Zî½veavqK wQGjb| wZwb gyw´Ö gynvÁÃ` Iqvwmi dviwm gmbe àjkvb-B-BkK&-‰i ümGbv BkK& (1843) bvGg D`yÆ Abyev` KGib| ‰i 300 c†Ó¤vi cvízzwjwcwU XvKv wek¼we`ÅvjGq msiwÞZ AvGQ|

‰ mgq KjKvZv ‰es XvKv ˆ^GK D`yÆ fvlvq cÉKvwkZ KGqKwU cwòKv nGœQ: Rvg-‰-Rvnuv bygv (mvµ¦vwnK, KjKvZv, 1822-1828); D`yÆ MvBW (mvµ¦vwnK, KjKvZv, 1858-1877); gynvÁÃ`x AvLevi (mvµ¦vwnK, KjKvZv, 1877); bvwZRv-‰-myLvb (gvwmK, KjKvZv, 1881); Avnmybyj Kvmm (mvµ¦vwnK, XvKv, 1884); `vi‚m-mvjZvbZ (Š`wbK, KjKvZv, 1888); Avj gvkwiK (gvwmK, XvKv, 1906-1907); hv`y (gvwmK, XvKv, 1923); AvLZvi (gqgbwmsn, 1924)|

cvwKÕ¦vb cÉwZÓ¤vi cGi ˆiRv Avjx Iqvn&mZ (1881-1953) ‰es mwjgyÍÏvn& dvn&wgmn ˆek KGqKRb D`Æy Kwe ZrKvjxb cƒeÆ cvwKÕ¦vGb AvGmb ‰es D`Æy mvwnZÅPPÆvi cÉmvi NUvb| ZLb wbqwgZ gykvqiv (KweZvcvGVi Avmi) AbywÓ¤Z nGZv ‰es bexb Kweiv ZuvG`i Õ¼iwPZ D`Æy KweZv cvV KiGZb| ivnvZ Aviv ˆeMg, DGÁÃ AvÁÃviv, Avng` mvw`, Avkivd gvn&cywi, ˆeMg Rqbe Zvmwbb, BDmyd Avn&gxi cÉgyL D`ÆyGZ AGbK ˆQvUMÍ¸I iPbv KGiGQb| ‰me iPbv cÉKvwkZ nGZv LvIqvi (XvKv, 1952), bvhxg (XvKv, 1960), KYÆdzwj (PëMÉvg, 1967) ‰es `weÕ¦vb-B-gvkwiK (Lyjbv) cwòKvq| D`Æyfvlx msLÅvjNy RbGMvÓ¤xi gGbviéGbi RbÅ KGqKwU D`Æy cwòKvI ZLb cÉKvwkZ nGZv| ˆmàwji gGaÅ IqvZb (XvKv, 1947) I cvmevb (XvKv, 1947) DGÍÏLGhvMÅ| AwaKvsk Õ•zj-KGjGRi evwlÆK gÅvMvwRGb ‰KwU D`Æy wefvM ^vKZ| ˆiwWI cvwKÕ¦vb ˆ^GK Lei Qvov bvUKI cÉPvwiZ nGZv| ‰ mgq ˆ^GK ivRkvnx I PëMÉvg wek¼we`ÅvjGqI D`Æyi cVbcvVb ÷i‚ nq|

evsjvG`k Õ¼vaxb nIqvi ci D`Æyi PPÆv AGbKUvB KGg hvq| Õ•zj chÆvGq D`Æy wefvMàwj e®¬ nGq hvq| wek¼we`ÅvjqàwjGZI D`Æy welGqi QvòQvòxG`i msLÅv KgGZ ^vGK| D`Æy còcwòKvi cÉKvkbv e®¬ nGq hvq ‰es D`ÆyGZ Lei I bvUK cÉPviI e®¬ nGq hvq| ZGe evsjvG`k ˆeZvi ewnweÆfvM ˆ^GK D`yÆ fvlvq Lei cÉPvi ÷i‚ KGi| eZÆgvGb Avi gykvqiv AbywÓ¤Z bv nGjI evsjv I D`Æy MRGji PPÆv ÷i‚ nGqGQ| D`Æy Kwe BKevGji R¯Ãw`bI mxwgZ cwimGi cvwjZ nq| [KvwbR-B-evZzj]

MÉ¯©cwé Iqvdv ivGk`x, evsMvj ˆgu D`yÆ, nvq`Ëvev`, cvwKÕ¦vb, 1955; Rambabu Saxsina, History of Urdu Literature, Lucknow; TG Baily, A History of Urdu Literature.