DcbÅvm Dcbq ev DcbÅÕ¦ kõ ˆ^GK ‘DcbÅvm’ kGõi Drcwî, hv BsGiwR Novel kGõi cwifvlvi…Gc M†nxZ| mvaviY AG^Æ DcbÅvm ejGZ MG`Å wjwLZ `xNÆ DcÕ©vcbvGK ˆevSvq| ˆQvUMG͸i Zzjbvq DcbÅvGmi weÕ¦†wZ ˆewk| DcbÅvm iPbvq eÅwî×GPZbv I mgvRGPZbv AcwinvhÆ| ‰KwU mv^ÆK DcbÅvGm Kvwnbx, NUbv, Pwiò, eYÆbvfwã, im, msjvc, fvlv BZÅvw`i gvaÅGg gƒjZ ˆjLGKi Rxeb`kÆb I Rxebvbyf„wZB cÉKvk cvq| DcbÅvGmi weÕ¦‡Z cUf„wgGZ mgMÉ gvbeRxeb I mgvGRi cÉwZœQwe dzGU IGV|

evsjv DcbÅvGmi cÉ^g BwãZ cvIqv hvq ivgvqY I gnvfviZ gnvKveÅ«¼Gq ‰es wewf®² i…cK^v I cyivY mvwnGZÅ| ‰Qvov `kKzgviPwiZ, e†nrK^v, K^vmwirmvMi, ˆeZvjcçweskwZ, Kv`Á¼ix BZÅvw` msÕ•‡Z M`ÅKveÅ ‰es cvwj fvlvq iwPZ RvZKKvwnbxGZI DcbÅvGmi wKQy wKQy Dcv`vb jÞÅ Kiv hvq| evsjv fvlvq iwPZ wewf®² gãjKveÅ, ˆhgb gyKz±`ivGgi Píxgãj KvGeÅI DcbÅvGmi jÞY cÉvq meÆvsGk eZÆgvb| Šggbwmsn-MxwZKvi gGaÅI ˆKD ˆKD DcbÅvGmi AvswkK agÆ jÞÅ KGiGQb|

evsjv mvwnGZÅ DcbÅvGmi D«¿e gƒjZ Dwbk kZGKi cÉ^g w`GK ‰es ‰i D«¿Gei gƒGj iGqGQ BsGiwR Z^v cvøvZÅ mvwnGZÅi cÉfve| fevbxPiY eG±`ÅvcvaÅvq (1787-1848) beeveywejvm (1825) bvGg ˆh eÅãvñK bKkv iPbv KGib Zvi gGaÅ cÉ^g evsjv DcbÅvGmi jÞY dzGU IGV| ‰ici 1852 wLËÓ¡vGõ nÅvbv KÅv^vwibv gÅvGj´Ö iwPZ dzjgwY I Ki‚Yvi weeiY MÉG¯© cÉPviagÆx RxebGPZbvi cwiPq cvIqv hvq, hw`I ‰wU Zuvi ˆgŒwjK iPbv bq| 1857 wLËÓ¡vGõ f„G`e gyGLvcvaÅvq (1824-1898) mdj Õ¼µ² I Aãyixq wewbgq bvGg ˆh-`ywU DcvLÅvb iPbv KGib ZvGZ HwZnvwmK DcbÅvGmi hG^Ó¡ Dcv`vb cwijwÞZ nq| 1858 wLËÓ¡vGõ cÅvixPuv` wgò (1814-1883) ˆUKPuv` VvKzi Q«ÂbvGg AvjvGji NGii `yjvj bvgK ˆh eÅãvñK bKkvwU iPbv KGib ZvGZ DcbÅvGmi cÉavb ŠewkÓ¡Å Pwiò I mgvRwPò h^vh^fvGe AwâZ nGqGQ, hw`I ‰LvGb DcbÅvGmi KjvGKŒkGj wKQyUv ò‚wU iGqGQ|

ewâgP±`Ê PGëvcvaÅvq (1838-1894) AvaywbK evsjv DcbÅvGmi RbK eGj Õ¼xK‡Z| Zuvi iwPZ `yGMÆkbw±`bx (1865) evsjv fvlvq iwPZ cÉ^g mv^ÆK DcbÅvm| wZwb HwZnvwmK, ˆivgv´ÖagÆx, ˆivgÅvw´ŸK, mvgvwRK, cvwievwiK, gbÕ¦vwî½K BZÅvw` welq AejÁ¼Gb DcbÅvm iPbv KGiGQb| Zuvi DcbÅvGmi msLÅv ˆPŒówU| Z¯ÃGaÅ HwZnvwmK I ˆivgv´ÖagÆx DcbÅvmàwj nGjv `yGMÆkbw±`bx (1865), KcvjKzíjv (1866), g†Yvwjbx (1869), hyMjvãyixq (1874), P±`ÊGkLi (1875), ivRwmsn (1882) I mxZvivg (1887); mvgvwRK I MvnÆÕ©ÅagÆx DcbÅvm nGjv wele†Þ (1873), iRbx (1877) I K‡úKvG¯¦i DBj (1878) ‰es Zvwî½K I ˆ`kvñGevaK DcbÅvmàwj nGjv Bw±`iv (1873), Avb±`gV (1884), ˆ`exGPŒayivYx (1884) I ivavivYx (1886)|

cvøvGZÅi cÉfvGe ewâgP±`ÊB cÉ^g evsjv DcbÅvGmi Kvqv wbgÆvY I ZvGZ Kvw¯¦ ˆhvRbv KGib| wele†Þ I K‡úKvG¯¦i DBj DcbÅvm `ywU evsjv mvwnGZÅ ‰K Abe`Å m†wÓ¡| ‰LvGb bvixi AvKv›Þv I cÉe†wîi mGã msÕ•vGii «¼±«¼, cyi‚Gli ŠbwZK AatcZb cÉf‡wZ welq gbÕ¦vwî½K w`K ˆ^GK my±`ifvGe DcÕ©vwcZ nGqGQ| wZwbB cÉ^g weaevG`i gyGL fvlv w`GqGQb| cwiYwZGZ wZwbB Avevi bxwZev`x I mgvRmGPZb wk͸x wnGmGe KGVvi nGqGQb| ewâGgi cGi Zuvi Av`kÆ wbGq huviv DcbÅvm iPbvq cvi`wkÆZv ˆ`wLGqGQb ZuvG`i gGaÅ ZviKbv^ MGãvcvaÅvGqi (1843-1891) Õ¼YÆjZv ‰es iGkgP±`Ê `Gîi (1848-1909) eãweGRZv (1874), gvaexKâY (1877) RxebcÉfvZ (1878), Rxebm®¬Åv, msmvi (1886) I mgvR (1893) DGÍÏLGhvMÅ|

ewâGgi cGi gymwjg JcbÅvwmK wnGmGe AvwefÆve NGU gxi gkviid ˆnvGmGbi (1847-1912)| Zuvi cÉ^g DcbÅvm iðveZx cÉKvwkZ nq 1869 mvGj| Kvievjvi welv`gq Kvwnbx wbGq wZb LGí iwPZ Zuvi weLÅvZ DcbÅvm nGœQ welv`-wm®¬z (1885-91)| ‰Qvov D`vmxb cw^GKi gGbi K^v, BmjvGgi Rq, ivwRqv LvZzb BZÅvw`I Zuvi DGÍÏLGhvMÅ DcbÅvm|

gwnjv JcbÅvwmK wnGmGe huvi Õ©vb cÉ^Gg wZwb nGjb Õ¼YÆKzgvix ˆ`ex (1855-1932)| Zuvi DcbÅvGm K͸bv weÕ¦vGii ˆPGq mZÅvbymw®¬rmv AwaK we`Ågvb| Zuvi HwZnvwmK DcbÅvmàwji gGaÅ wgevi ivR (1877), wQ®²gyKzj (1879), gvjZx (1879), üMjxi Bgvgevox (1887), weG`Ëvn (1890), ˆÕ²njZv (1892), KvnvGK (1898), wewPò (1920), Õ¼µ²evYx (1921) I wgjbivwZ (1925) DGÍÏLGhvMÅ|

‰ici evsjv DcbÅvm mvwnGZÅ AmvaviY cÉwZfv wbGq AvwefƃZ nb iex±`Êbv^ VvKzi (1861-1941)| Zuvi AvwefÆve evsjv DcbÅvGm ‰KwU weÕÃqKi weeZÆb mƒPbv KGi| DcbÅvm iPbvq ewâgP±`Ê I iex±`ÊbvG^i gGaÅ cv^ÆKÅ iGqGQ| iex±`Êbv^ cÉ^gw`GK ewâgPG±`Êi ˆivgv´ÖcÉavb DcbÅvGmi aviv wKQyUv AbymiY KiGjI cGii w`GK wZwb Z^Åmg†«¬ ‰es cÉvZÅwnK RxeGbi «¼±«¼msNvZcƒYÆ DcbÅvm iPbv KGi Õ¼Z¯¨ cÉwZfvi cwiPq ˆ`b| wZwb ˆgvU evGivwU DcbÅvm iPbv KGib| BwZnvmGK AvkÉq KGi iex±`Êbv^ ˆeŒVvKzivYxi nvU (1883) ‰es ivRwlÆ (1887) DcbÅvm iPbv KGib| BwZnvm AvwkÉZ nGjI ‰GZ A¯¦«¼ÆG±«¼i cÉKvk NGUGQ| RxebmgmÅvcÉavb DcbÅvGmi gGaÅ Zuvi ˆPvGLi evwj (1903) I ˆbŒKvWzwe (1906) weGklfvGe DGÍÏLGhvMÅ| Zuvi ˆPvGLi evwjGZB gvbe-gvbexi wbwl«¬ ˆcÉg cÉ^g Õ¼xK‡wZ cvq|

ˆMviv (1910) DcbÅvmwU iex±`ÊbvG^i ˆkÉÓ¤ I wek¼mvwnGZÅi AbÅZg DcbÅvmi…Gc Õ¼xK‡Z| ‰B DcbÅvGmi welqeÕ§ gnvKvGeÅi Av`GkÆ cwiKw͸Z| ‰wU eyw«¬e†wîcÉavb I weGkÏlYagÆx DcbÅvGmi chÆvGq cGo| NGi-evBGi (1916) ‰es Pvi AaÅvq (1934) Õ¼G`kx AvG±`vjGbi cUf„wgKvq iwPZ weµÏevñK DcbÅvm| PZziã (1916) iex±`ÊbvG^i gZv`kÆwfwîK DcbÅvm| ˆkGli KweZv (1930), gvjç (1934), `yBGevb (1933) BZÅvw` AvaywbK gbÕ¦î½ I RxebGevGai KveÅagÆx DcbÅvm| Zuvi ˆhvMvGhvM DcbÅvGmi DcGfvMÅ welq nGjv ‰i KveÅgq wee†wZ ‰es fveMÁ¿xi Pwiò I NUbv weGkÏlY|

iex±`ÊhyGMi ‰KRb wewkÓ¡ JcbÅvwmK wQGjb cÉfvZKzgvi gyGLvcvaÅvq (1873-1932)| Zuvi DcbÅvGm PwiòwPòY AGcÞv KvwnbxB AwaK cÉvavbÅ ˆcGqGQ| igvmy±`ix (1908), bexb m®²Åvmx (1912), ið«¼xc (1915) I wm±`yi ˆKŒUv (1919) Zuvi DGÍÏLGhvMÅ DcbÅvm| iex±`ÊhyGMB AvwefƃZ nb evsjv mvwnGZÅi AwZkq RbwcÉq I kwî×gvb K^vmvwnwZÅK kirP±`Ê PGëvcvaÅvq (1876-1938)| iex±`ÊbvG^i mgKvjxb nIqv mGî½I DcbÅvm iPbvq wZwb Õ¼KxqZv eRvq ˆiGLGQb| Zuvi DcbÅvGm evsjvi mvgvwRK I cvwievwiK RxebB cÉavbfvGe wPwòZ nGqGQ| bvixi cÉwZ AmvaviY ggZ½Geva Zuvi DcbÅvGmi cÉavb ŠewkÓ¡Å| wZwb AGbK DcbÅvm iPbv KGiGQb| ˆmmGei gGaÅ eow`w` (1913), we±`yi ˆQGj (1914), ivGgi mygwZ (1914), cwíZgkvB (1914), weivR ˆeŒ (1914), Pwiònxb (1914), P±`Êbv^ (1916), cÍÏxmgvR (1916), ˆ`e`vm (1917), `îv (1918), M†n`vn (1920), ˆ`bv-cvIbv (1923), ŠeKzG¥¤i DBj (1934) BZÅvw` mweGkl DGÍÏLGhvMÅ| kir-DcbÅvGmi gGaÅ wewkÓ¡ Õ©vb AwaKvi KGi AvGQ Pvi cGeÆ iwPZ AvñRxebxgƒjK DcbÅvm kÉxKv¯¦ (1917-33)| ‰i B±`Êbv^ Pwiò kirPG±`Êi Z^v evsjv DcbÅvGmi ‰K Abe`Å m†wÓ¡| ‰iKg Pwiò evsjv DcbÅvGm w«¼ZxqwU ˆbB| Zuvi RbwcÉqZvi Avi ‰KwU KviY nGjv iPbvixwZi gvayhÆ I fvlvi mvijÅ|

ˆeMg ˆivGKqv (1880-1932) cÉ^g gymwjg JcbÅvwmK whwb cÉavbZ gymjgvb bvixmgvGRi KzmsÕ•vi I RoZv `ƒi Kivi DGóGkÅ ˆjLbx aviY KGib| c«ÂivM (1927) Zuvi weLÅvZ DcbÅvm| ‰Qvov AeGivaevwmbx (1931), myjZvbvi Õ¼µ² cÉf‡wZ DcbÅvmagÆx MÉG¯© wZwb bvixmgvGRi cÉwZ mnvbyf„wZ cÉKvk KGiGQb|

KvRx Bg`v`yj nK (1882-1926) iwPZ DcbÅvGm mgvGRi evÕ¦e wPò AwâZ nGqGQ| Ave`yÍÏvn (1933) DcbÅvm iPbv KGiB wZwb JcbÅvwmK wnGmGe LÅvwZ jvf KGib| ‰wU ZrKvjxb gymjgvb mgvGRi cÉwZœQwe wnGmGe eÅvcKfvGe cwiwPZ| agÆxq ˆMuvovwg Avi mvgvwRK KzmsÕ•vi ˆh gymjgvb mgvRGK a»sGmi w`GK ˆVGj w`GZ cvGi ZviB Ki‚Y wPò ‰GZ dzGU DGVGQ|

wef„wZf„lY eG±`ÅvcvaÅvq (1894-1950) wQGjb kirPG±`Êi cieZÆxKvjxb JcbÅvwmKG`i gGaÅ meÆvGcÞv AwaK RbwcÉq| cÉK‡wZi ˆmŒ±`hÆ I MÉvgevsjvi mvaviY gvbyGli RxeGbi myL-`ytGLi Kvwnbx Zuvi iPbvi weGklZ½| gvbeRxebGK cÉK‡wZi mGã wZwb ‰KmƒGò ˆMuG^ w`GqGQb| Zuvi mgMÉ DcbÅvGmi gvbe-cÉK‡wZi cÉwZwbwa nGœQ Zuvi weLÅvZ DcbÅvm cG^i cuvPvjxi (1929) Acy| ‰iB cwicƒiK Mɯ© nGœQ AcivwRZ (1931)| ‰ DcbÅvm `ywU Zuvi ˆkÉÓ¤ KxwZÆ I evsjv mvwnGZÅi AgƒjÅ mÁ·`| ‰ aiGbi DcbÅvGm cÉvK‡wZK eYÆbvi gGaÅ gvbyGli Mfxi Rxeb`†wÓ¡I dzGU DGVGQ| Zuvi AviYÅK (1938) DcbÅvmwU welq cwiK͸bvi AwfbeGZ½ weÕÃqKi| ‰GZ cÉK‡wZi mƒß I KweZ½cƒYÆ Abyf„wZmgƒn cÉKvk ˆcGqGQ| ˆ`ehvb (1944) DcbÅvGm ˆivgÅvw´ŸK gGbve†wîcÉmƒZ ciGjvGKi Kvwnbx cÉvavbÅ ˆcGqGQ| ‰Qvov Zuvi AbÅvbÅ DcbÅvGmi gGaÅ `†wÓ¡cÉ`xc (1935), Av`kÆ wn±`y ˆnvGUj (1940), BQvgwZ (1949) BZÅvw` DGÍÏLGhvMÅ|

Zvivkâi eG±`ÅvcvaÅvq (1898-1971) wQGjb mgKvjxb JcbÅvwmKG`i gGaÅ meGPGq ˆewk mgvRmGPZb ˆjLK| wZwb Zuvi DcbÅvGm eÅwî×i IcGi mgvRGK Õ©vb w`GqGQb| dGj Zuvi DcbÅvGm mvg¯¦ mgvGRi mGã abZG¯¨i «¼±«¼ cÉvqkB cÉKU nGqGQ| Zuvi iwPZ `ywU RbwcÉq DcbÅvm ivBKgj I Kwe-ˆZ (1942) Šeúe I KweqvGji evÕ¦e Rxeb wPòvwqZ nGqGQ| nvmyjx euvGKi DcK^vq (1947) ivGpi wbÁ²GkÉYxi wn±`yG`i RxeGbi evÕ¦e wPò dzGU DGVGQ| Zuvi cÉwZfvi cƒYÆ cwiPq iGqGQ MYG`eZv (1942), cçMÉvg (1943), Kvwj±`x (1940), AvGivMÅ wbGKZb (1953), avòx ˆ`eZv (1939), ŠPZvjx NƒwYÆ (1931), RjmvNi (1942) BZÅvw` DcbÅvGm|

KvRx bRi‚j Bmjvg (1899-1976) gƒjZ Kwe wnGmGe cwiwPZ nGjI DcbÅvm iPbvq Zuvi K‡wZZ½ Kg bq| euvabnviv (1927), g†ZzÅÞzav (1930) I KzGnwjKv (1931) Zuvi wZbwU weLÅvZ DcbÅvm, hv weµÏGei cUf„wgKvq iwPZ| weGklKGi g†ZzÅÞzav DcbÅvGm mvaviY gvbyGli wPò wbLuyZfvGe AwâZ nGqGQ|

gvwbK eG±`ÅvcvaÅvq (1908-1956) KGÍÏvjGMvÓ¤xi ˆjLKG`i ci evsjv mvwnGZÅ eÕ§Zvw¯¨KZv I gGbvwekÏlGYi mÁ·ƒYÆ bZzb `†wÓ¡fwã wbGq evsjv DcbÅvm mvwnGZÅ AvwefƃZ nb| Zuvi ˆewki fvM ˆjLvq dÌGqWxq gbÕ¦î½ cÉwZÓ¤v ˆcGqGQ| Zuvi RbwcÉq DcbÅvm c«Âv b`xi gvwS-ˆZ (1936) ˆhŒbvKv›Þvi mGã D`icƒwZÆi mgmÅvi ‰K evÕ¦e wPò AwâZ nGqGQ| cyZzj bvGPi BwZK^v (1936) DcbÅvGm kkxi cÉwZ KzmyyGgi ˆh `y`Ægbxq AvKlÆY Zv weGkÏwlZ nGqGQ mÁ·ƒYÆ gbÕ¦vwî½K DcvGq| RxeGbi mvsGKwZKZvi BwãZ `vb KGiGQ w`ev-iwòi KveÅ (1935) DcbÅvm| bi-bvixi ˆhŒbZGî½i Ici iwPZ nGqGQ PZzGÓ•vY (1948) DcbÅvmwU| ‰Qvov Zuvi AbÅvbÅ DcbÅvGmi gGaÅ Rbbx (1935), kniZjx (1940), Awnsmv (1941), knievGmi BwZK^v (1946), wPn× (1947) BZÅvw` DGÍÏLGhvMÅ| weLÅvZ JcbÅvwmK mZxbv^ fv`yox iPbv KGib MvRix, ˆXuvovB PwiZgvbm| ‰Qvov wefvMcƒeÆKvGjB DcbÅvm iPbvq LÅvwZ ARÆb KGib ‰gb AviI KGqKRb nGjb: ˆgvRvGÁÃj nK, ˆgvnvÁÃ` bwReyi ingvb, ŠkjRvb±` gyGLvcvaÅvq, gGbvR emy, Šmq` gyRZev Avjx, cÉGevaKzgvi mvbÅvj, ey«¬G`e emy, mgGik emy cÉgyL| ‰ mgGqi KGqKRb LÅvZbvgv gwnjv JcbÅvwmK nGjb: Bw±`iv ˆ`ex, Abyi…cv ˆ`ex, wbi‚cgv ˆ`ex, mxZvG`ex, AvkvcƒYvÆ ˆ`ex cÉgyL|

welqeÕ§ I wk͸GPZbv Abyhvqx evsjv DcbÅvmGK KGqKwU ˆkÉYxGZ fvM Kiv hvq, ˆhgb:

HwZnvwmK DcbÅvm  ‰ ˆkÉYxi DcbÅvm HwZnvwmK Kvwnbx AejÁ¼Gb iwPZ nq ‰es iPbvi mgq JcbÅvwmKGK AZxZ RxeGbi BwZnvm, ixwZ-bxwZ, msÕ•vi, mvgvwRK I MvnÆÕ©ÅRxeGbi AeÕ©v mÁ·GKÆ mGPZb ^vKGZ nq| ewâgPG±`Êi ivRwmsn, iex±`ÊbvG^i ivRwlÆ I ˆeŒVvKzivYxi nvU, mGZÅb ˆmGbi AvjGei‚Yx BZÅvw` weLÅvZ HwZnvwmK DcbÅvm|

mvgvwRK DcbÅvm  ‰ aiGbi DcbÅvGm cÉavbZ mgvRRxeb cÉwZdwjZ nq| mgvGRi wewf®² wPò ZzGj aivi cvkvcvwk mvgvwRK mgmÅvmgƒnI ‰GZ cÉavb nGq IGV| ewâgPG±`Êi wele†Þ, K‡úKvG¯¦i DBj; kirPG±`Êi M†n`vn, cÍÏxmgvR; iGgkPG±`Êi msmvi, mgvR; Šmq` IqvjxDÍÏvni (1922-1971) jvjmvjy (1948); kIKZ ImgvGbi (1917-1998) Rbbx (1961) BZÅvw` ‰B ˆkÉYxfzî× DcbÅvm|

AvçwjK DcbÅvm  ‰ DcbÅvGm Kvwnbx I Pwiòvewj ‰KwU weGkl AçGji cUf„wgGZ wbwgÆZ nq| ˆKvb ˆKvb AvçwjK DcbÅvm AGbK mgq AvçwjKZvGK AwZò×g KGi meÆRbxb mvwnZÅKgÆ nGq IGV| Zvivkâi eG±`ÅvcvaÅvGqi (1898-1971) nuvmyjx euvGKi DcK^v, gvwbK eG±`ÅvcvaÅvGqi (1908-1956) c«Âv b`xi gvwS, A‹«¼Z gÍÏegÆGYi (1914-1951) wZZvm ‰KwU b`xi bvg BZÅvw` ‰ aiGbi DGÍÏLGhvMÅ DcbÅvm|

AvñRxebxgƒjK DcbÅvm  ‰GZ ˆjLGKi eÅwî×RxeGbi cÉwZdjb NGU| kirPG±`Êi kÉxKv¯¦ ‰B ˆkÉYxfzî× ‰KwU ˆkÉÓ¤ DcbÅvm|

KveÅagÆx DcbÅvm  ‰GZ ˆjLGKi Rxeb`kÆb I MxwZawgÆZv cÉvavbÅ cvq| iex±`ÊbvG^i ˆkGli KweZv ‰ RvZxq ‰KwU ˆkÉÓ¤ DcbÅvm|

inmÅ DcbÅvm  Aciva I ˆMvGq±`v ZrciZv wbGq ‰ aiGbi DcbÅvm iwPZ nq| wcÉqbv^ gyGLvcvaÅvGqi (1855-1907) `vGivMvi `µ¦i, ebdzGji cçceÆ, kiœP±`Ê miKvGii ˆMvGq±`vKvwnbx, AwÁ¼KvPviY àGµ¦i ˆMvGq±`v M͸ ‰es ˆÞòGNvGli Av`wiYx ‰ ˆkÉYxi DGÍÏLGhvMÅ DcbÅvm|

ˆivgv´ÖagÆx DcbÅvm  ‰GZ K͸bvwfmvix gb I AZxZcÉxwZi K^v ˆewk dzGU IGV| ewâgPG±`Êi KcvjKzíjv, g†Yvwjbx, P±`ÊGkLi ‰ aiGbi DcbÅvm|

nvmÅimvñK DcbÅvm  ‰ aiGbi DcbÅvGm ˆjLK gvbeRxeGbi ˆh-ˆKvb ‰KwU AmãwZGK welqeÕ§ KGi nvmÅimvñK Pwiò m†wÓ¡ KGib| B±`Êbv^ eG±`ÅvcvaÅvGqi K͸Zi‚; ŠòGjvKÅbv^ gyyGLvcvaÅvGqi (1847-1919) KâveZx, ˆdvKjv w`MÁ¼i; P±`Êbv^ emyi c÷cwZ mÁ¼v`; ˆK`vibv^ eG±`ÅvcvaÅvGqi ˆKvÓ¤xi djvdj  BZÅvw` ‰ ˆkÉYxi DcbÅvm|

cGòvcbÅvm  ‰ aiGbi DcbÅvGmi eî×eÅ cGòi AvKvGi cÉKvk Kiv nq, ˆhgb ŠkjRvb±` gyGLvcvaÅvGqi (1901-1976) ˆò׌çwg^yb, ey«¬G`e àni mwebq wbGe`b  BZÅvw`|

cyivY KvwnbxgƒjK DcbÅvm  ˆcŒivwYK Kvwnbx AejÁ¼Gb ‰ aiGbi DcbÅvm iwPZ nq| KvwnbxB ‰ aiGbi DcbÅvGmi cÉavb DcRxeÅ| ‰ ˆÞGò `xGbk ˆmGbi kÅvgj I Käj, RofiZ I ˆeüjv weGklfvGe DGÍÏLGhvMÅ|

exiZ½eÅéK DcbÅvm  exiZ½eÅéK Kvwnbx AejÁ¼Gb ‰ aiGbi DcbÅvm iwPZ nq| gYx±`Êjvj emyi ARqKzgvi ‰B ˆkÉYxfzî× DcbÅvm|

gbÕ¦vwî½K DcbÅvm  ‰ aiGbi DcbÅvGm gvbyGli gbÕ¦vwî½K welqmgƒn cÉvavbÅ cvq| gvwbK eG±`ÅvcvaÅvGqi cyZzj bvGPi BwZK^v ‰ ˆkÉYxi A¯¦fzÆî×|

ŠPZbÅgƒjK DcbÅvm  ‰ aiGbi DcbÅvGm ˆjLK gvbyGli eÅwî׋PZGbÅi MfxGi wbgwäZ bvbv welGqi AvswkK Avfvm w`Gq ^vGKb| Šmq` IqvjxDÍÏvni PuvG`i AgvemÅv I KuvG`v b`x KuvG`v DcbÅvGm ‰i…c ŠewkÓ¡Å cwijwÞZ nq| ‰ Qvov i…cK-cÉZxKx DcbÅvm ‰es AwÕ¦Z½ev`x DcbÅvm AvaywbK DcbÅvm mvwnGZÅi bZzb msGhvRb|  [ˆgvt gvmy` cviGfR]

1947 ˆ^GK ÷i‚ KGi mvÁ·ÉwZK Kvj chƯ¦ AaÆkZvõxKvGji DcbÅvGmi cÉavb ŠewkÓ¡Å ‰i mgKvjxb Rxeb-wbfÆiZv| ‰ mgq JcbÅvwmKG`i wk͸fvebvi wewkÓ¡Zvq mgvRevÕ¦eZvi i…cvqY NGUGQ eü gvòvq| 1947 mvGj ZrKvjxb cƒeÆ cvwKÕ¦vGbi mvwnGZÅi cÉv^wgK cGeÆ JcbÅvwmKiv ZuvG`i iPbv ÷i‚ KGib w«¼Zxq wek¼hy«¬, g¯¼¯¦i, cvwKÕ¦vb AvG±`vjb, ivR‹bwZK AwÕ©iZv, mvÁ·É`vwqK `vãv ‰es ˆ`kfvGMi ˆcÉÞvcGU| ò×gk MÉvgxY I küGi cUf„wg ‰es eÅwî×RxeGbi eüwea RwUjZv ‰i DcRxeÅi…Gc Õ©vb ˆcGZ ^vGK| ZGe ÷i‚ ˆ^GK `xNÆKvj chƯ¦ cÉavb JcbÅvwmKG`i cÉvq mKGjB wQGjb MÉvgGKw±`ÊK| cƒeÆevsjvi K‡wlRxex gvbyGli RxebmZÅ Agi i…c cwiMÉn KGi Šmq` IqvjxDÍÏvni jvjmvjy (1948) DcbÅvGm| MÉvgxY RxeGb Þzav, KzmsÕ•vi, agÆxq ˆMuvovwg, ˆkvlGYi evÕ¦eZv cÉf‡wZ ‰GZ mZÅwbÓ¤fvGe wPwòZ nGqGQ| ‰i…c MÉvgwbfÆi DcbÅvm ZLb AviI AGbGKB iPbv KGiGQb| Aveyj dRGji (1903-1983) Rxeb cG^i hvòx (1948), Avey BmnvGKi (R. 1926) mƒhÆ-`xNj evox (1955), kvgmyóxb Aveyj KvjvGgi (1926-1997) KvkeGbi KbÅv (1957), Aveyj gbmyi AvngG`i (1898-1979) Rxeb-Þzav (1957), kIKZ ImgvGbi (1917-1998) Rbbx (1958) cÉf‡wZ ‰ mgqKvi DGÍÏLGhvMÅ DcbÅvm| ‰àwji gGaÅ kIKZ Imgvb, Avey BmnvK, kvgmyóxb Aveyj Kvjvg I Aveyj gbmyi AvngG`i DcbÅvm welqfvebv, Rxeb`†wÓ¡ I PwiòwPòGY weGkl ài‚Z½cƒYÆ| MÉvgxY RxeGbi Afve-eçbv-ˆkvlY ZuvG`i DcbÅvGmi welqeÕ§|

lvGUi `kK ˆ^GK MÉvg I kni DfqB evsjv DcbÅvGm cÉvavbÅ ˆcGZ ^vGK| ZLb bem†Ó¡ ivRavbx kni XvKv ‰es weKvkgvb gaÅweî ˆkÉYx nGq IGV DcbÅvGmi cÉavb welq| knigyLx weînxb I wbÁ²weGîi gvbylI ‰i mGã hyî× nq| bMiweKvGki ˆcÉÞvcGU wkwÞZ gaÅweGîi RxebRwUjZv, bi-bvixi mÁ·GKÆi UvbvGcvGob cÉf‡wZ AejÁ¼GbI iwPZ nq eü DcbÅvm| ‰ mgGqi bMi-RxebvwkÉZ cÉ^g mv^ÆK DcbÅvm Avey i‚kG`i (R. 1919) mvgGb ˆbvZzb w`b (1951)| ‰ Qvov AviI KGqKwU DGÍÏLGhvMÅ DcbÅvm nGjv: ivwRqv LvGbi (R. 1936) eUZjvi DcbÅvm (1959), Šmq` kvgmyj nGKi (R. 1935) ˆ`qvGji ˆ`k (1959), ikx` KixGgi (R. 1925) Dîg cyi‚l (1961), AvjvDwób Avj AvRvG`i (R. 1932) ˆZBk bÁ¼i ŠZjwPò (1960), Avey i‚kG`i ˆbvOi (1963), Rwni ivqnvGbi (1933-1972) eid Mjv b`x (1969), ivGeqv LvZzGbi (R. 1935) ivRvevM kvwjgvievM (1967) BZÅvw`| ‰uG`i gGaÅ Avey i‚k`, ikx` Kixg I ivGeqv LvZzb küGi mvgvwRK cwiGcÉwÞZ AâGb ‰es ivwRqv Lvb, Šmq` kvgmyj nK I AvjvDwób Avj AvRv` eÅwî×i A¯¦RÆMr DG¯ÃvPGb K‡wZGZ½i `vwe`vi| ‰ mgGqi AviI KGqKRb wewkÓ¡ JcbÅvwmK nGœQb eyjeyj ˆPŒayix, Avnmvb nvexe, bxwjgv BeËvwng, AvgRv` ˆnvGmb, Ave`yj Mvddvi ˆPŒayix, gvwjnv LvZzb, mi`vi RGqbD`&`xb cÉf‡wZ| ‰uG`i DcbÅvGm cÉwZdwjZ nGqGQ cwieZÆGbi MwZGeGM Pçj MÉvgxY I bMiRxeGbi myweÕ¦‡Z cUf„wg|

ivRavbx XvKvi bvMwiK Rxeb I RwUjZv evsjvG`Gki bMiRxebvwkÉZ DcbÅvmgƒGni cÉavb DcRxeÅ| wK¯§ ‰K^vI mZÅ ˆh, XvKvGK ev` w`Gj cƒeÆeGãi msLÅvMwiÓ¤ (kZKiv cÉvq 90 fvM) gvbyl ZLbI wQj MÉvgevmx ‰es cƒeÆeGãi A^ÆbxwZ gƒjZ K‡wlwbfÆi| ZvB 1971-‰i gywî×hyG«¬i cƒeÆ chƯ¦ MÉvgRxebwfwîK DcbÅvGmiB cÉvavbÅ ˆ`Lv hvq| AvjvDwób Avj AvRvG`i KYÆdzjx (1962), knx`yÍÏv KvqmvGii mvGis ˆeŒ (1962) I mskµ¦K (1965), Šmq` IqvjxDÍÏvni KuvG`v b`x KuvG`v (1968), Rwni ivqnvGbi nvRvi eQi aGi (1964), kvgmyóxb Aveyj KvjvGgi Kvçbgvjv (1965), B±`y mvnvi wKlvb eD (1968), Aveyj gbmyi AvngG`i AvGe nvqvZ (1968) cÉf‡wZ DcbÅvm cÉmãZ ÕÃZÆeÅ| knx`yÍÏv KvqmvGii DcbÅvGm weeZÆgvb MÉvgmgvR ‰es Šmq` IqvjxDÍÏvni DcbÅvGm cvøvGZÅi AvaywbK AvwãGKi mdj eÅenvi DGÍÏLGhvMÅ|

1971-cƒeÆeZÆxKvGj wKQy wf®²agÆx DcbÅvmI iwPZ nGqQ| ˆmàwjGZ MÉvg wKsev bMGii cwieGZÆ welqeÕ§ wnGmGe ‰GmGQ BwZnvm, cyivY I HwZnÅ| ivR‹bwZK mGPZbZvI eü DcbÅvGmi gƒj welq nGZ ˆ`Lv hvq| kIKZ ImgvGbi ò×xZ`vGmi nvwm (1962), Šmq` kvgmyj nGKi mxgvbv QvwoGq (1964), Rwni ivqnvGbi AvGiK dvÍšyb (1964), LvGjK`v` ˆPŒayixi iî×vî× AaÅvq (1966), mGZÅb ˆmGbi Awfkµ¦ bMix (1967), AvGbvqvi cvkvi wblywZ ivGZi Mv^v, ARq ivGqi c`a»wb (1969) cÉf‡wZ DcbÅvGm BwZnvm-HwZGnÅi cwieGZÆ JcbÅvwmKG`i ivR‹bwZK `kÆbB cÉavb nGq DGVGQ| 1947 ˆ^GK 1971 KvjcGeÆi cwøg cvwKÕ¦vwb JcwbGewkKZv I Av¯¦tivÓ¡Ëxq ˆkvlGYi cwiGcÉwÞGZ DcbÅvmàwji cÉK‡Z ZvrchÆ ài‚Z½en| kIKZ ImgvGbi ò×xZ`vGmi nvwm-ˆZ gaÅhyGMi gaÅcÉvGPÅi ˆcÉÞvcU ^vKGjI Zv mgKvGji ˆkvlYwcÓ¡ RxeGbi cÉZxKx i…c| Šmq` kvgmyj nGKi mxgvbv QvwoGq bMiRxebGKw±`ÊK DcbÅvm nGjI ‰GZ ˆjLGKi ivR‹bwZK mGPZbZv jÞYxq| Rwni ivqnvGbi DcbÅvGm ewYÆZ nGqGQ evOvwji Avñ`vb I ivR‹bwZK Dïvb Z^v fvlv AvG±`vjGbi Kvwnbx| AvGbvqvi cvkvi DcbÅvGmi PwiòmgƒGni weKvk NGUGQ mgKvjxb ivR‹bwZK NUbvavivi mgv¯¦ivGj|

1971-‰i gywî×hyG«¬i ci Õ¼vaxb evsjvG`Gki AfzÅ`q ˆ`Gki Av^Æ-mvgvwRK-ivR‹bwZK ‰es wk͸-mvwnZÅ-msÕ•‡wZi ˆÞGò ˆgŒj cwieZÆb AvGb| mgvGjvPKG`i gGZ Õ¼vaxbZvi cÉZÅq evOvwji gb I gbGb ˆh bZzb ˆPZbvi D«¿e NUvq, DcbÅvGmI Zvi cÉZÅvwkZ cÉwZdjb jwÞZ nq| eÕ§Z Õ¼vaxbZvi ci ˆ^GK evsjvG`Gki DcbÅvm welqeÕ§ I AvwãKMZ w`K w`Gq wf®² w`GK ˆgvo ˆbq| gywî×hyG«¬i ˆcÉÞvcUI nGq IGV DcbÅvGmi RbÅ ‰K AwZ cÉvmwãK welq| 1971-‰i cƒGeÆ DcbÅvm iPbv KGiGQb ‰gb JcbÅvwmGKiI iPbvi aviv cwiewZÆZ nGq hvq| ügvqyb AvnGgG`i bw±`Z biGK (1972) I k›Lbxj KvivMvi (1973), Ave`yj gv®²vb ŠmqG`i cwiGcÉwÞGZi `vm`vmx (1974), Avng` Qdvi Iâvi (1975),  gvngy`yj nGKi Rxeb Avgvi ˆevb (1976), ˆmwjbv ˆnvGmGbi nvãi b`x ˆMÉGbW (1976), ekxi Avj ˆnjvGji KvGjv Bwjk (1979), kIKZ ImgvGbi `yB ŠmwbK cÉf‡wZ Õ¼vaxbZvcieZÆx ‰K `kGKi DGÍÏLGhvMÅ DcbÅvm| ‰ mgGqi DcbÅvmàwjGZ gywî×hy«¬ I Õ¼vaxbZv jvf, eÅwî×i AwÕ¦Z½MZ mgmÅv I A¯¦‹øZGbÅi RwUjZv, mgwÓ¡e«¬ gvbyGli RxebGPZbv I weÕ¦vwiZ mgvR-cUf„wg ‰es gaÅweî ˆkÉYxi RxeGbi cÉwZdjb NGUGQ| Õ¼vaxbZvi AeÅewnZ cieZÆx `kGKi AviI KGqKRb DGÍÏLGhvMÅ JcbÅvwmK nGœQb ivwRqv Lvb, ikx` Kixg, wiwRqv ingvb, Avey i‚k`, kIKZ Avjx, nvmbvZ Ave`yj nvB, w`jviv nvGkg, gvngy`yj nK, ikx` nvq`vi, ivGeqv LvZzb cÉgyL| msLÅvMZ wePvGi Õ¼vaxbZv-cieZÆxKvGji DcbÅvm Õ¼vaxbZv-cƒeÆKvGji ˆPGq AGbK ˆewk|

Avwki `kGK cÉPzi DcbÅvm iwPZ nGqGQ| ˆmàwji gGaÅ fvGjv DcbÅvGmi msLÅvI AGbK| hy«¬-cieZÆxKvGji eÅwî× I mgvR, gywî×hyG«¬i ˆMŒiegq BwZnvm, mgKvjxb MÉvgÅRxeb I küGi Rxeb, bibvixi mÁ·KÆ-ŠewPòÅ, gGbv‹eKjÅ, BwZnvm-HwZnÅ BZÅvw` ‰ mgqKvi DcbÅvmàwji welqeÕ§| ‰ cGeÆi KGqKwU wewkÓ¡ DcbÅvm nGjv: kIKZ ImgvGbi cZã wcéi, ivnvZ LvGbi Agj aej PvKwi, ˆmwjbv ˆnvGmGbi bxj gqƒGii ˆhŒeb, Šmq` kvgmyj nGKi wbwl«¬ ˆjvevb, Ave`yj gv®²vb ŠmqG`i KjKvZv, Bg`v`yj nK wgjGbi f„wgcyò, nvmbvZ Ave`yj nvBGqi wZwg, AvLZvi‚ävgvb BwjqvGmi wPGjGKvVvi ˆmcvB cÉf‡wZ| wPGjGKvVvi ˆmcvB evsjvG`Gki cÉ^g DcbÅvm hvi M`Åfwã, welq I Pwiò mÁ·ƒYÆ wf®²agÆx| DcbÅvGmi wLwRi bvgK Pwiò, MY-AvG±`vjGbi cUf„wg BZÅvw` evsjvG`Gk gnr DcbÅvm m†wÓ¡i mÁ¿vebvGK DG¯ÃvwPZ KGi| 1971-‰i cƒGeÆKvi MY-AvG±`vjGbi cUf„wgGK ‰Z mv^ÆKfvGe Avi ˆKvb JcbÅvwmK ZzGj aiGZ cvGib wb| ikx` nvq`vi, gyZÆRv ekxi, ikx` Kixg, géy miKvi, gvneye ZvjyK`vi, ivwRqv Lvb, ivGeqv LvZzb, w`jviv nvGkg, ekxi Avj ˆnjvj, AvgRv` ˆnvGmb, Avey BmnvK, AvGiwdb ev`j, AvjvDwób Avj AvRv`, Ave`yk kvKzi, AvGbvqviv Šmq` nK, Aveyj LvGqi gymGjnDwób, kIKZ Avjx, knx` AvL±`, myPwiZ ˆPŒayix, kvgmyi ivngvb, wecÉ`vk eoyqv, AveyeKi wmwóK, nwic` `î cÉgyL ‰ mgGqi cÉwZwÓ¤Z JcbÅvwmK|

1947 ˆ^GK eZÆgvb chƯ¦ cÉvq AaÆ kZvõxi DcbÅvm mgMÉ evsjv mvwnGZÅi wbwiGLB DGÍÏLGhvMÅ| weGkl KGi mvÁ·ÉwZK KvGj cÉexYG`i cvkvcvwk bexbG`i c`PviYvI jÞÅ Kivi gGZv| ˆekwKQy DcbÅvGmi bvg Kiv hvq ˆhàwj ‰ kZvõxi ˆkl `kGK evsjvG`Gki K^vmvwnGZÅ msGhvwRZ nGqGQ| ˆmàwji gGaÅ gCbyj Avnmvb mvGei (KGeR ˆjGVj, ˆcÉg I cÉwZGkva, Õ¼Rb) I fvÕ•i ˆPŒayixi (jvj gvwU KvGjv gvbyl, Õ¼µ²cyi‚l, gxgvsmvceÆ) gywî×hy«¬wfwîK DcbÅvmàwj DGÍÏLGhvMÅ| nvmbvZ Ave`yj nvB (myjZvb, bGfiv, B´ŸviwfD) I ˆmwjbv ˆnvGmb (Lyb I fvGjvevmv, KvjGKZz I dzÍÏiv, fvGjvevmv cÉxwZjZv, hy«¬) RxebxwfwîK DcbÅvm iPbvi ˆÞGò ÕÃiYxq| ‰K aiGbi AÅvw´Ÿ-DcbÅvm iPbv KGib ügvqyb AvRv` (Qvµ¸vG®²v nvRvi eMÆgvBj I ivRbxwZwe`MY)| BgwZqvi kvgxg (WvbvKvUv wnGgi wfZi) I knx`yj RwnGii (ˆm ivGZ cƒwYÆgv wQj) DcbÅvGm jÞÅ Kiv hvq evÕ¦e I civevÕ¦Gei KznK| ZGe ˆh DcbÅvm AaÆkZvõxKvGji evsjv DcbÅvmGK h^v^Æ cwiYwZi w`GK wbGq hvq Zv nGjv AvLZvi‚ävgvb BwjqvGmi ˆLvqvebvgv| ‰ZKvj DcbÅvGm AeGnwjZ weËwUk-DcwbGekweGivax dwKi-weG`ËvGni ˆMŒiegq AaÅvq, mvgvwRK cUf„wgi wekvjZv, mGeÆvcwi evOvwji Ans`†µ¦ RxebGPZbv ‰B DcbÅvmwUGZ wPwòZ nGqGQ ‰K AbbyKiYxq fvlv I fwãGZ|

‰ cGeÆi AviI KGqKwU DGÍÏLGhvMÅ DcbÅvm nGjv: Ai‚Y ˆPŒayixi Qvqve±`x, Bg`v`yj nK wgjGbi ivRvKviZ¯¨, ügvqyb AvnGgG`i ‰Bme w`bivwò I AvàGbi cikgwY, Šmq` kvgmyj nGKi e†wÓ¡ I weG`ËvnxMY, Ave`yj gv®²vb ŠmqG`i Þzav ˆcÉg Avàb, AvjvDwób Avj AvRvG`i Abƒw`Z A®¬Kvi, nwic` `Gîi ARMi I R¯Ã R¯Ãv¯¦i, Zmwjgv bvmwiGbi Aci cÞ I jäv, géy miKvGii cÉwZgv DcvLÅvb cÉf‡wZ| Avj gvngy`, BmnvK Lvb, RyjwdKvi gwZb, w`jviv nvGkg, Iqvwn` ˆiRv,  Avwbmyj nK, Avdmvb ˆPŒayix, bvmixb Rvnvb, wbkvZ ˆPŒayix, nvmbvZ Ave`yj nvB, eyjeyj ˆPŒayix, mvgm& ivkx`, ˆiRvbyi ingvb, ˆiGRvqvb wmwóKx, ivwRqv gwR`, iwdKzi ikx`, gnwmb kÕ¨cvwY, gvdi‚nv ˆPŒayix, gvwjnv LvZzb cÉgyL ‰ mgGqi KGqKRb LÅvwZgvb JcbÅvwmK|

Šmq` IqvjxDÍÏvni nvGZ evsjvG`Gki DcbÅvGmi ˆh Škw͸K mƒPbv nGqwQj, AvLZvi‚ävgvb BwjqvGm ‰Gm Zv cƒYÆZv jvf KGi| ZGe evsjvG`Gki DcbÅvGmi ‰B MwZcÉevn ˆ^Gg ˆbB| ‰Kwesk kZvõxGZ mÁ·ƒYÆ bZzb avivi DcbÅvGmi mƒòcvZ ˆh NUGe Zvi cƒeÆvfvm jwÞZ nGœQ|  [gnxeyj AvwRR]

Mɯ©cwé  kÉxKzgvi eG±`ÅvcvaÅvq, eã mvwnGZÅ DcbÅvGmi aviv, KwjKvZv, gWvYÆ eyK ‰GR´Öx, 1945; AGkvKKzgvi ˆ`, evsjv DcbÅvGmi Drm m®¬vGb, KwjKvZv, wRævmv, 1974; Šmq` AvKig ˆnvGmb, evsjvG`Gki mvwnZÅ I AbÅvbÅ cÉmã, evsjv ‰KvGWgx, XvKv, 1985; gynÁÃ` B`wim Avjx, AvgvG`i DcbÅvGm welq-ˆPZbv: wefvGMvîi Kvj, evsjv ‰KvGWgx, XvKv, 1988; wek¼wRr ˆNvl, evsjvG`Gki mvwnZÅ, evsjv ‰KvGWgx, XvKv, 1991; nvmvb AvwRRyj nK, K^vmvwnGZÅi K^KZv, mvwnZÅcÉKvk, XvKv, 1994|