D®²qb
A^ÆmsÕ©vb D®²qb A^ÆbxwZi weGkl kvLv wnGmGe D®²qb A^ÆmsÕ©vb eZÆgvGb bxwZ-wbaÆviY
I cwiK͸bvq wbGqvwRZ weGklæ, ivÓ¡ËcwiPvjbvq wbGqvwRZ mKj gnj, Avgjv
I cÉkvmKG`i RbÅ ‰KwU ài‚Z½cƒYÆ welq| D®²qb A^ÆmsÕ©vGbi AvIZvq cGo mÁ·G`i
cwiK͸bv I Ave¥Ÿb, wewbGqvM wm«¬v¯¦ I wewbGqvM ˆKŒkj evQvB, ˆ`kxq I
weG`kx Drm ˆ^GK cvIqv A^ÆmÁ·G`i eÅeÕ©vcbv, Afů¦ixY I ewneÆvwYRÅ
A^Ævqb ‰es ˆjbG`b fvimvgÅ I Av¯¦RÆvwZK gy`ËvbxwZ msò×v¯¦ wewf®² welq| evsjvG`Gk D®²qb
A^ÆmsÕ©vb-‰i KgÆZrciZv gƒjZ cçevwlÆK cwiK͸bv ‰es evwlÆK D®²qb KgÆmƒwPi gvaÅGg cwiPvwjZ nq| `xNÆw`b aGi ˆ`Gk cÉwZeQi `ywU
evGRU cÉYqGbi ixwZ PGj AvmGQ: ‰KwU ivRÕ¼ evGRU, AciwU D®²qb evGRU| ivRÕ¼
evGRGU ˆ`Gki mKj LvGZ wbqwgZ KgÆKvíwfwîK Avq-eÅGqi wnmve ^vGK Avi D®²qb
evGRGU wbw`ÆÓ¡ eQGi ˆ`Gk ˆhme bZzb D®²qb cÉK͸/KvhÆò×g nvGZ ˆbIqv nGe
ˆmàwj ‰es Pvjy cÉK͸/KvhÆò×gmgƒGn LvZIqvix Avw^ÆK eivó I ˆKv^v ˆ^GK
‰me eÅq wbeÆvn Kiv nGe Zvi weeiY ^vGK|
1990-‰i cƒGeÆ ˆ`Gki ivRÕ¼ evGRGU
cÉvq KLbI D®²qb evGRGUi A^Æ ˆhvMvGbvi gGZv ˆKvb D«¼†î cvIqv hvq wb|
dGj D®²qb evGRGUi mÁ·ƒYÆUvB wQj ˆgvUvgywU ŠeG`wkK mvnvhÅ wbfÆi|
ˆ`Gki Ki eÅeÕ©v `yeÆj ^vKvi KviGY Afů¦ixY Drm ˆ^GK AwRÆZ ivRÕ¼ wQj
LyeB Kg ‰es ˆm KviGYB `xNÆw`b aGi D®²qGbi eÅq ˆgUvGbvi RGbÅ ˆ`Gk wbRÕ¼
A^Æ msMÉGni mgmÅv wQj cÉKU| evsjvG`Gki Ki eÅeÕ©vi `xNÆGgqvw` KGqKwU
mgmÅv nGjv mxwgZ Kiwfwî, Ki wÕ©wZÕ©vcKZvi wbÁ²nvi ‰es `yeÆj Ki cÉkvmb|
wewf®² iKg Ki AeÅvnwZi myevG` ˆ`Gki eÅemvqx, wk͸cwZ, DG`Åvî×vMY ivRÕ¼GÞGò
miKvwi cÉGYv`bvi hG^œQ eÅvLÅv cÉGqvM KGi ˆmmGei evowZ myweav ˆfvM KGi|
‰B mgmÅv QvovI mvaviYfvGe KibxwZ ŠelgÅgƒjK ‰es AwaK AvGqi RbGMvÓ¤xB
‰i ˆewk myweav wbGZ mÞg| dGj miKvi eÅvcK cwigvY Ki-Avq ˆ^GK ewçZ nq|
ˆ`Gki ˆgvU Ki-AvGqi Pvi-cçgvskB AvGm cYÅ I ˆmevi IcGi cGivÞ Ki wnGmGe|
‰i gGaÅ Avevi ŠeG`wkK evwYRÅ LvGZ cYÅ I ˆmev, ewnt÷Í• I weò×q
Ki (gƒjÅ msGhvRb Ki ev fÅvU)-‰i cwigvYB wmsnfvM Avi RvZxq Ki-AvGqi
ˆgvU cwigvGYi cÉvq AGaÆKB AvGm weG`kx mvnvGhÅi A^Æ ˆ^GK| ZGe evsjvG`Gk
Avg`vwbi cwigvY wbaÆvwiZ jÞÅgvòvi ˆPGq ˆewk nvGi e†w«¬ ˆcGjI ÷Í•GhvMÅ
Avg`vwbi cwigvY cÉvq ‰KB ^vKvq ‰es WjvGii wecixGZ UvKvi gƒjÅnËvm NUvq
weG`kx mvnvhÅwfwîK ‰ RvZxq Ki-AvGqi cwigvY mgGqi eÅeavGb ˆZgb ˆewk e†w«¬
cvq wb|
ˆ`Gki Ki-ivRGÕ¼i ‰K-cçgvsk
AvGm AvqKi wnGmGe| ‰K wnmve Abyhvqx AvqKi ˆ`Iqv DwPZ ‰gb ˆjvKG`i AGaÆGKiI
ˆewk AvqKi wiUvbÆ Rgv ˆ`q bv, KLbI AvqKi cwiGkvaI KGi bv| Afů¦ixY mÁ·`
msMÉGni ˆÞGò miKvGii Lvivc AeÕ©vGbi AvGiK KviY ivÓ¡Ëvqî LvGZi wk͸-cÉwZÓ¤vbmgƒGni
Lvivc Avw^ÆK cwiwÕ©wZ| ‰àwji e†n`vskB ivÓ¡Ëxq ˆKvlvMvGi gybvdv Rgv ˆ`Iqvi
e`Gj wbGRG`i ˆjvKmvb ˆgUvGbvi RGbÅ miKvwi Znwej ˆ^GK A^Æ wbGq ^vGK|
RvZxq mçq wÕ•g, WvKNi mçq AvgvbZ, WvKNi Rxebexgv wÕ•g, miKvwi KgÆPvixG`i
fwelÅr Znwej, Õ©vbxq dv´£ ‰es miKvwi wewf®² wefvGM AvgvbZ Rgv ˆ^GK ˆh
bxU gƒjab ŠZwi nq Zv w`Gq ˆ`Gki A^Æ‹bwZK D®²qGbi RbÅ cÉGqvRbxq A^ÆmsÕ©vGbi
msKzjvb nq bv|
evsjvG`Gki D®²qb A^ÆmsÕ©vGbi aviv ˆ^GK cÉZxqgvb nq
ˆh miKvGii evwlÆK ivRÕ¼ AvGqi cwiKw͸Z jÞÅgvòv ˆKvb eQGiB AwRÆZ nq bv|
cÞv¯¦Gi, cÉK‡Z ivRÕ¼ eÅq NGU cwiKw͸Z eÅq AGcÞv ˆewk| ‰i wecixZ ‰KwU
aviv ŠZwi KGi D®²qb A^ÆmsÕ©vGbi RbÅ AwaK nvGi Afů¦ixY DrGmi Znwej ˆRvUvGZ
nGj cÉGqvRb A^ÆbxwZi DœP cÉe†w«¬ nvi ARÆb Kiv ‰es wk͸, ˆmev, wbgÆvY,
M†nvqY, eÅemvq I AbÅvbÅ me LvZ ˆ^GKB AwaKZi cwigvGY Ki cÉvwµ¦| Acivci
ài‚Z½cƒYÆ KvR nGœQ ivÓ¡Ëvqî LvGZ ˆjvKmvb ˆVKvGbv, Abyrcv`bkxj ivRÕ¼
eÅq KgvGbv, ‰es A^Æ‹bwZK ZrciZvmgƒGni ‰gb eÅeÕ©vcbv hvGZ RbMGYi AvqcÉevn
mylg nq ‰es Ki cÉ`vGbi Dchyî× mKj eÅwî× I cÉwZÓ¤vb h^vh^fvGe Zv cwiGkva
KGi|
D®²qb A^ÆmsÕ©vGbi cÉavb Drm
wnGmGe ŠeG`wkK mvnvhÅ ˆ`Gki evwYRÅ I mçq eÅeavb (trade and savings gap) cƒiY KGi ‰es h¯¨miévg, wk͸KviLvbvi KvuPvgvj, R¾vjvwb I KvwiMwi
cÉhywî× Avg`vwbi eÅq ˆgUvq| weG`kx mvnvhÅ ˆ`kxq mÁ·`mgƒGni myÓ¤z ev
AwaKZi DcGhvwMZvgƒjK eÅenvi wbwøZKiGY f„wgKv ivGL| D®²qb A^ÆmsÕ©vGb
weG`kx mvnvGhÅi Ici evsjvG`Gki eÅvcK wbfÆikxjZvi `xNÆKvjxb avivq mÁcÉwZ
wKQy cwieZÆb ‰GmGQ| KGqK eQi aGi evwlÆK D®²qb KgÆmƒwPi A^ÆmsÕ©vGb Afů¦ixY
Drm ˆ^GK cvIqv AG^Æi fvM wKQy wKQy KGi evoGQ ‰es 1999-2000 mvGj ‰B fvGMi
cwigvY wQj D®²qb LvGZ ˆ`Gki ˆgvU cwiKw͸Z eÅq eivGói 50.5%|
1970-‰i `kGK evsjvG`k ˆgvU
ˆh cwigvY ŠeG`wkK mvnvhÅ ˆcGqwQj ZvGZ Lv`Å mvnvGhÅi cwigvY wQj meGPGq
ˆewk ‰es cwigvYMZfvGe w«¼Zxq I Z‡Zxq Õ©vGb wQj h^vò×Gg cYÅ I cÉK͸ mvnvhÅ|
‰B KvVvGgv ˆm mgq ˆ`Gki ˆfvMÅcYÅ Pvwn`v ˆgUvGZŠeG`wkK mvnvGhÅi Ici AwaKZi
wbfÆikxjZviB cwiPvqK| evsjvG`Gki RbÅ ŠeG`wkK mvnvGhÅi ‰ KvVvGgv cwieZÆGb
`vZv ˆ`k I msÕ©vmgƒGniI ˆZgb wKQy Kivi wQj bv| ZGe axGi axGi ‰ AeÕ©vi
cwieZÆb NGU| 1971-90 mvGj evsjvG`k ˆgvU ˆh cwigvY ŠeG`wkK mvnvhÅ ˆcGqGQ
Zvi 21.4% wQj Lv`Å mvnvhÅ, 31.8% wQj cYÅ mvnvhÅ ‰es 43.8% wQj cÉK͸
mvnvhÅ| cÞv¯¦Gi, 1999-2000 mvGj evsjvG`k ˆgvU ˆh cwigvY ŠeG`wkK mvnvhÅ
cvq Zvi 84% wQj cÉK͸ mvnvhÅ, 12% wQj cYÅ mvnvhÅ ‰es gvò 4% wQj Lv`Å
mvnvhÅ| A^Ævr ŠeG`wkK mvnvGhÅi wmsnfvMB evsjvG`k ‰Lb eÅq KGi D®²qb Pvwn`v
cƒiGY| cÉK͸ mvnvGhÅi cÉvq mÁ·ƒYÆUv D®²qb A^ÆmsÕ©vb ‰es cYÅ mvnvGhÅiI
`yB-Z‡Zxqvsk eÅq nq wk͸ I K‡wli D®²qb ZrciZvgƒjK KgÆKvGí| Lv`Å mvnvGhÅiI
DGÍÏLGhvMÅ Ask KvGRi wewbgGq Lv`Å, Lvj Lbb, cÍÏx iÞYvGeÞY cÉK͸,
Õ©vbxq DG`ÅvM KvhÆò×g BZÅvw` D®²qbgƒjK KvGR wbGqvwRZ kÉwgKG`i gRywi
wnGmGe eÅq nq| cYÅ I Lv`Å mvnvGhÅi eivGói wewbgGq Rgv UvKv-ZnwejI D®²qGbi
KvGRB eÅq nq|
evsjvG`Gk D®²qb KgÆKví eüjvsGkB
cçevwlÆK cwiK͸bvi jÞÅ I DGókÅvewji wfwîGZ cÉYxZ evwlÆK D®²qb KgÆmƒwPi
AaxGb wewf®² cÉK͸ I KvhÆò×Ggi gvaÅGg cwiPvwjZ nq| ‰ KviGY `vwi`ËÅ
weGgvPb, Rxebhvòvi gvb D®²qb ‰es A^ÆbxwZi wewf®² LvGZ Drcv`bkxjZv e†w«¬mn
D®²qb A^ÆmsÕ©vGbi AfxÓ¡ jÞÅ ARÆGb mvdjÅ AGbKUvB wbfÆi KGi cÉK͸ eÅeÕ©vcbvi
mvdjZvi Ici| cÉK͸ eÅeÕ©vcbvi ˆÞGò evsjvG`Gk ˆhme mgmÅv cÉavb eGj wPwn×Z
ˆmàwj nGœQ ivÓ¡Ëxq bxwZi avivevwnKZvi Afve, RvZxq D®²qb ˆKŒkGj ciÕ·iweGivax
wewf®² wm«¬v¯¦ I c`GÞc, cÉK͸ cÉYqGb I evÕ¦evqGb bvbv `yeÆjZv ‰es cÉK͸
cÉYqb, AbyGgv`b, evÕ¦evqb, cwiexÞY I gƒjÅvqGb wejÁ¼|
ivÓ¡Ëxq KZ‡ÆcGÞi mGeÆvœP chÆvGq
D®²qb A^ÆbxwZ-welqK KgÆKví mg¯¼q KGi cwiK͸bv Kwgkb, A^Æ g¯¨Yvjq ‰es
A^Æ‹bwZK mÁ·KÆ wefvM| ˆ`Gki gy`Ëv evRvi I gƒjab evRvi ‰i
D®²qb wbq¯¨Y KGi evsjvG`k eÅvsK I wmwKDwiwUR AÅv´£ ‰ÝGPé Kwgkb| ‰B LvGZ
ˆhme cÉwZÓ¤vb mwò×q f„wgKv ivGL ˆmàwj nGœQ wewf®² evwYwRÅK eÅvsK, BbGfÕ¡Gg´Ÿ
KGcÆvGikb Ae evsjvG`k, Õ¡K ‰ÝGPé ‰es gvGPÆ´Ÿ eÅvsK I mgevq eÅvsKmgƒn|
ˆ`Gki weGklvwqZ D®²qb A^ÆmsÕ©vb cÉwZÓ¤vbmgƒGni gGaÅ iGqGQ evsjvG`k nvDR
wewΣs dvBbÅv´Ö KGcÆvGikb, evsjvG`k wk͸ eÅvsK, evsjvG`k wk͸ FY msÕ©v,
evsjvG`k Þz`Ë I KzwUi wk͸ msÕ©v, evsjvG`k K‡wl eÅvsK, ivRkvnx K‡wl
D®²qb eÅvsK, evsjvG`k mgevq eÅvsK, Avbmvi-wfwWwc D®²qb eÅvsK ‰es UÇvÕ¡
eÅvsK| ‰B cÉwZÓ¤vbàwj meB ivÓ¡Ëvqî LvGZi| ZGe ˆemiKvwi LvGZI ‰Lb D®²qb
msÕ©vGb KvhÆKi f„wgKv ivGL ‰gb AGbK cÉwZÓ¤vb MGo DGVGQ, ˆhgb, ˆWΟv
eËÅvK nvDwRs dvBbÅv´Ö KGcÆvGikb, bÅvkbvj nvDwRs wdbÅv´Ö AÅv´£ BbGfÕ¡Gg´Ÿ,
ˆmŒw`-evsjvG`k B´£ÈvwÕ¡Ëqvj AÅv´£ ‰wMÉKvjPvivj ˆKvÁ·vwb (mvwebGKv),
gvBGò×v B´£vwÕ¡ËR ˆWGfjcGg´Ÿ AÅvwmGÕ¡´Ö ˆmvmvBwU (gvBWvm), B´£vwÕ¡Ëqvj
cÉGgvkb AÅv´£ ˆWGfjcGg´Ÿ ˆKvÁ·vwb (AvBwcwWwm), BD‰B-evsjvG`k
BbGfÕ¡Gg´Ÿ ˆKvÁ·vwb, cÉvBg wdbÅv´Ö AÅv´£ BbGfÕ¡Gg´Ÿ, wR‰mwc wdbÅv´Ö
ˆKvÁ·vwb ‰es ewYK evsjvG`k| D®²qb A^ÆmsÕ©vb cÉwZÓ¤vbmgƒGni ZvwjKvq ˆekwKQy
wjwRs ˆKvÁ·vwbi bvgI DGÍÏLGhvMÅ| ‰àwj nGœQ, B´£vwÕ¡Ëqvj ˆWGfjcGg´Ÿ wjwRs
ˆKvÁ·vwb (AvBwW‰jwm), BDbvBGUW wjwRs ˆKvÁ·vwb, dwbÝ wjwRs ˆKvÁ·vwb,
ˆe wjwRs AÅv´£ BbGfÕ¡Gg´Ÿ, B´ŸvibÅvkbvj wjwRs AÅv´£ wdbÅvw´Öqvj mvwfÆGmm|
‰QvovI AvGQ wewf®² exgv ˆKvÁ·vwb ˆhgb, evsjvG`k ˆRbvGij B´ÖyGi´Ö ˆKvÁ·vwb,
wMÉb-GWΟv B´ÖyGi´Ö ˆKvÁ·vwb, wccjm B´ÖyGi´Ö ˆKvÁ·vwb, RbZv B´ÖyGi´Ö
ˆKvÁ·vwb ‰es BÕ¡jÅv´£ B´ÖyGi´Ö ˆKvÁ·vwb|
evsjvG`Gk D®²qb A^ÆmsÕ©vb cÉwZÓ¤vbmgƒGni
gGaÅ ‰bwRIG`i ‰KwU weGkl f„wgKv AvGQ| eÅvcKmsLÅK ‰bwRI ‰Lb Þz`ËFY
KgÆmƒwP cwiPvjbv KiGQ ‰es ZvG`i ‰ KgÆmƒwP RbMGYi Av^Æ-mvgvwRK D®²wZmvaGbi
jGÞÅ RbMGYi mGPZbZv e†w«¬, `wi`Ë I weGkl KGi gwnjvG`i ÞgZvqb, mvÞiZv
e†w«¬, Õ¼vÕ©ÅwelqK wkÞv`vb I cÉv^wgK Õ¼vÕ©ÅGmev wbwøZKiY, cwievi cwiK͸bvi cÉmvi ‰es cwiGek
cÉwZiÞv-msò×v¯¦ KvhÆò×gmn mgw¯¼ZfvGe cwiPvwjZ nGœQ| ‰bwRImgƒGni Þz`ËFY
KgÆmƒwP `wi`ËG`i RbÅ gƒjaGbi Drm wnGmGe KvR KGi| `wi`Ë RbGMvÓ¤x ‰àwj
ˆ^GK Õ¼KgÆmsÕ©vb I DcvRÆbgƒjK KgÆKvGíi RbÅ ŠelwqK RvgvbZ QvovB FY ˆcGZ
cvGi| ‰i…c A^ÆmsÕ©vb `wi`ËG`iGK wbGRG`i Avq evovGZ mvnvhÅ KGi ‰es ‰KBmGã,
bvbv aiGbi Þz`Ë eÅemvq, Þz`Ë I KzwUi wk͸ RvZxq K‡wl-ewnfƃZ KgÆZrciZv
weKvGk f„wgKv ivGL|
‰bwRImgƒGni D®²qb A^ÆmsÕ©vGbi
KGqKwU ŠewkÓ¡Å AvGQ, ˆhgb, ‰iv Z‡Ygƒj chÆvGq KvR KGi, `wi`ËG`i ˆ`viGMvovq
A^ÆmsÕ©vb ˆcuŒwQGq ˆ`q ‰es gƒjab mieivGni mGã mGã ˆek KGqKwU weGkl ˆmevI
w`Gq ^vGK| ‰i dGj FYMÉnxZvG`i mvgvwRK mGPZbv e†w«¬ cvq, Zviv eÅemvGq
D«¼y«¬ nq, ZvG`i AvÕ©v evGo ‰es Zviv A͸weÕ¦i KvwiMwi `ÞZv ARÆb KGi|
‰bwRIàwj Õ©vbxq mÁ·` eÅenvi KGiB ZvG`i D®²qb KgÆKví cwiPvjbvi h^vmvaÅ
ˆPÓ¡v KGi eGj ‰KUv aviYv cÉPwjZ ^vKGjI eÕ§Z eo ‰bwRIàwji cÉvq mevB ‰es
ˆQvUàwjiI ‰KwU wecyj msLÅv weG`kx mvnvhÅ wbGqB wbRÕ¼ KvhÆò×g cwiPvjbv
KGi| ‰bwRIàwj AGbK mgq miKvGii Dc-wVKv`vi wnGmGe miKvwi mÁ·` wbGq miKvwi
ˆmev RbMGYi wbKU ˆcuŒwQGq ˆ`Iqvi ‰GR´Ÿ i…Gc KvR KGi| ‰bwRIG`i RbÅ ‰i…c
Dc-wVKv`vwi LvZ nGœQ Õ¼vÕ©Å I cwievi cwiK͸bv, ˆgŒwjK wkÞv, DcvbyÓ¤vwbK wkÞv, Õ¼KgÆmsÕ©vb I DcvRÆbgƒjK KgÆKví, mvgvwRK ebvqb ‰es cwiGek
msiÞY| ‰KAG^Æ ‰me mwò×q KgÆKvGíi RbÅ ‰bwRImgƒn D®²qb A^ÆmsÕ©vb I D®²qb
KvGR miKvGii mnGhvMx I mÁ·ƒiK f„wgKvB cvjb KiGQ|
[‰m.‰g gvndzRyi ingvb]