BÕ¡ Bw´£qv ˆKvÁ·vwb ivbx cÉ^g ‰wjRvGe^ cÉ`î mbG`i (1600 wLË.) gvaÅGg m†Ó¡ weËwUk ˆbŒ-msMVbwU cÉvGPÅi RjcG^ ‰KGPwUqv evwYRÅ Kivi AwaKvi jvf KGi ‰es cieZÆxmgGq fviGZ JcwbGewkK ivÓ¡Ë cÉwZÓ¤v KGi| cç`k I ˆlvok kZvõxGZ Av¯¦tgnvmvMixq ˆhvMvGhvM D¯Ãî× nIqvi ci cwøg BDGivGci ˆbŒ-RvwZmgƒn ewnG`ÆGk DcwbGek mÁ·ÉmviGYi myGhvM cvq|

cÉwZÓ¤v ‰es weKvk  1600 wLËÓ¡vGõ ivbx ‰wjRvGe^ cÉ`î mbG`i gvaÅGg m†Ó¡ ˆKvÁ·vwbi cÉv^wgK bvg wQj ‘The Governor and Company of Merchants of London Trading into the East Indies’. AGbK eQi chƯ¦ cÉvGPÅ mgy`Ëhvòvi AvGqvRb eÅwî×MZfvGe wewbGqvMKvix wbGRB KiZ| 1608 wLËÓ¡vGõ ‰gwb ‰KwU mgy`Ë hvòv myivGU ˆcŒuQvGjI ˆKvb cYÅ Av`vb-cÉ`vb nqwb| cZzÆwMGRiv ZvG`iGK ‰jvKv ˆ^GK ZvwoGq ˆ`q| 1612 wLËÓ¡vGõ gyMj cÉkvmb ˆ^GK ˆKvÁ·vwb myivGU evwYRÅ Kivi AwaKvi jvf KGi| ZLb cZzÆwMR kwî×GK cvΟv kwî× «¼viv ˆgvKvGejv Kiv nq| 1615 wLËÓ¡vGõ ivRv cÉ^g ˆRgm& mÅvi Ugvm ˆiv’ˆK mgËvU Rvnvãxi ‰i `ievGi `ƒZ wnGmGe ˆcÉiY KGib| ˆiv KZƆK mgËvUGK ivRvi cÞ ˆ^GK DcGXŒKb cÉ`vb ‰es Zuvi eÅwî×MZ eÅenvi mgËvUGK m¯§Ó¡ KGi| djkÉ‚wZGZ `ƒZ hv cÉv^Æbv KGiwQGjb Zv mgËvU géyi KGib| wZwb evwYRÅ Kivi AbygwZ ˆPGq Zv jvf KGib| ‰fvGe ˆKvÁ·vwb `wÞY fviGZi cwøg I cƒeÆ DcK„Gj evwYRÅ ˆK±`Ê Õ©vcb KiGZ ÷i‚ KGi ˆhàwjGK Zuviv ‘dÅvÙwi’ ev evwYRÅKzwV eGj AvLÅvwqZ KGiwQj| 1639 wLËÓ¡vGõ ˆKvÁ·vwb Iqvw´£Iqvk ‰i Õ©vbxq cÉkvmGKi KvQ ˆ^GK ‰KwU AbygwZ jvf KGi| ‰i gvaÅGg ˆKvÁ·vwb gv`ËvGR ‰KwU `yMÆ cÉwZÓ¤vi ÞgZv jvf KGi ‰es ‰ Õ©vGb wbGRG`i f„LG´£i bÅvq kvmb Kivi AwaKvi cvq| gv`ËvGR ˆdvUÆ ˆm´Ÿ RRÆ wbgÆvGYi ci ‰wU fviGZ ˆKvÁ·vwb evwYGRÅi `dZGi cwiYZ nq|

gnvb`x e«¼xGci nwinicyGi 1633 wLËÓ¡vGõ ‰KwU dÅvÙwi Õ©vcGbi gvaÅGg BÕ¡ Bw´£qv ˆKvÁ·vwb evsjvq cÉGek KGi| ˆdeË‚qvwi gvGmi 02 ZvwiGL BsGiRMY mgËvU kvn Avjg ˆ^GK evsjvq eÅemv-evwYRÅ Kivi AbygwZ mÁ¼wjZ ‰KwU digvb jvf KGi| ˆKvÁ·vwb evsjvi myevn`vi kvn myRv ‰i KvQ ˆ^GK meGPGq ài‚Z½cƒYÆ myweav cvq| myevn`vi BsGiRG`iGK evwlÆK bvggvò 3000 UvKvi wewbgGq evsjvq webv÷GÍ• evwYRÅ Kivi AwaKvi cÉ`vb KGib| ‰ myweavwU cieZÆx mgGq ˆKvÁ·vwbGK evsjvi ivR‹bwZK AvwacZÅ weÕ¦vGi mnvqZv KGi| ‰KB eQGi BsGiRiv üMwjGZ ZvG`i dÅvÙwi ÕKGi| 1658 wLËÓ¡vGõ Zviv KvwmgevRvi ‰ AviI ‰KwU dÅvÙwi Õ©vcb KGi| 1668 wLËÓ¡vGõ evsjvi ivRavbx XvKvq ‰KwU bZzb dÅvÙwi Õ©vwcZ nq| Re PvYÆK KZ‡ÆK 1690 wLËÓ¡vGõ KjKvZv knGii cîb nIqvi gvaÅGg dÅvÙwi eÅeÕ©v cƒYÆZv cvq| ‰i ci ˆ^GK evsjvq ˆKvÁ·vwb AvwacZÅ weÕ¦vGii cÉwò×qv ÷i‚ nq|

ˆKvÁ·vwb myevn evãvjvq ZvG`i bvbv `vwe ARÆb me mgq AvBbMZ AwaKvi wnGmGe ˆ`GLGQ| ‰fvGe ˆKvÁ·vwb mgËvU ˆ^GK ‰KwU bZzb digvb jvf KGi| ‰ digvGbi «¼viv ˆKvÁ·vwb evwlÆK wZb nvRvi UvKv cwiGkvGai gvaÅGg evsjvq webv ÷GÍ• evwYRÅ Kivi AwaKvi cvq| 1696 wLËÓ¡vGõ ˆkvfv wms ‰i weG`Ëvn ˆKvÁ·vwbGK ‰i KjKvZv emwZi wbRÕ¼ cÉwZiÞv ŠZwi Kivi myGhvM KGi ˆ`q| myevn`vi ‰i mvgwiK ZvrchÆ Abyaveb bv KGiB ˆKvÁ·vwbGK AbygwZ cÉ`vb KGib| ˆKvÁ·vwbi cÉfve weÕ¦vGii cieZÆx c`GÞc wQj KjKvZv, myZvbwU I ˆMvwe±`cyGii Rwg`vwi ò×q Kiv hvi gvaÅGg ‰KwU kwî×i wfwî bxiGe iwPZ nq| 1698 wLËÓ¡vGõ ˆKvÁ·vwbi cÉwZ«¼±«¼x Aci ‰KwU ˆKvÁ·vwb MwVZ nq ‰es ‰wU “General Society Trading for the East Indies” bvGg msm`xq fvGe Aãxf„Z nq| ‰ NUbv mgƒGni ci KjKvZvq ˆdvUÆ DBwjqg Õ©vwcZ nq ‰es 1700 mvGj ‰wU ‰KwU Õ¼vaxb ˆcÉwmGWw´ÖGZ i…cv¯¦wiZ nq| 1702 mvGj `ycÉwZ«¼±«¼x ‘East India Companies’ ‰KwU bZzb mbG`i gvaÅGg ‰Kxf„Z nq ‰es bZzb bvg ‘The United Company of Merchants of England Trading to the East Indies’ MÉnY KGi| hw`I ˆKvÁ·vwbi ˆkl mgq chƯ¦ ‰wUi cÉPwjZ bvg BÕ¡ Bw´£qv ˆKvÁ·vwb envj wQj| AÓ¡v`k kZvõxi ÷i‚ ˆ^GKB ˆKvÁ·vwb evsjvq ZvG`i ò×gewaÆúz evwYGRÅi w`GK bRi ˆ`q| evsjvq AvMgbKvix RvnvGRi msLÅv cÉwZ eQi evoGZ ^vGK| ‰ mgqwU wQj evsjvi weLÅvZ cÉkvmK gywkÆ`Kzjx LvGbi kvmbvgj| Zvi mgGq evsjvi eÅemv-evwYGRÅ weGkl KGi ŠeG`wkK evwYGRÅ eÅcK D®²wZ ˆ`Lv hvq| 1707 wLËÓ¡vGõ AvIiãGRe ‰i g†ZzÅi ci ˆKG±`Êi `yeÆjZvi myGhvM MÉnY Kivi RbÅ ˆKvÁ·vwb ˆPÓ¡v KGi| wK¯§ gywkÆ`Kzjx Lvb `†pfvGe bZzb myGhvM myweav cÉ`vGbi weGivwaZv KGib ‰es cyiGbv myweavw` KovKwofvGe wbq¯¨Y KGib| ˆPŒwK ev KvÕ¡g nvDm àwjGZ ˆKvÁ·vwb KgÆKZÆvG`i nqivwbi welqwU ˆKvÁ·vwbGK ˆek Am¯§Ó¡ KGi| KgÆKZÆvG`i eÅwî×MZ eÅemv ˆKvÁ·vwbi `Õ¦K eÅenvGii gvaÅGg webv ÷GÍ• Kivi ˆPÓ¡v cÉvqk weGivGai m†wÓ¡ KGi| mwVKfvGe gvjvgvj hvPvB Kivi RbÅ cÉvqB ˆKvÁ·vwbi ˆbŒKvmgƒn ^vgvGbv nGZv| gywkÆKK„jx Lvb ˆKvÁ·vwbi bZzb myweav cÉ`vGbi `vwei cÉwZ KLbI bZ nb wb| ZLb KjKvZv KvDw´Öj Rb mvigÅvb ‰i ˆbZ‡GZ½ cÉPzi DcGXŒKbmn ‰KwU cÉwZwbwa `j mgËvU dii‚L wmqvi ‰i wbKU ˆcÉiY KGi| mvigÅvb cÉwZwbwa `jGK mgËvU Dú AfÅ^Æbv Rvbvb ‰es n…Ó¡wPGî ‰KwU digvb cÉ`vb KGib| ‰wU mvaviYZ 1717 mvGji dii‚L wmqvGii digvb wnGmGe cwiwPZ| (digvGb ewYÆZ ZvwiLwU wQj wWGm. 30, 1716) evsjvi myevn`viGK ‰ digvGbi gvaÅGg ˆKvÁ·vwbGK wbGÁ²vî× myweav cÉ`vGbi wbG`Æk ˆ`qv nq:

1.    ˆKvÁ·vwbi eZÆgvb myweavw`i AwZwiî× wnGmGe KjKvZv emwZi cvk¼eZÆx 38wU ˆgŒRvi Rwg`vwi ˆ`Iqv ˆnvK|

2.    ˆKvÁ·vwb ‰es AbÅvbÅ BsGiRG`i ˆKvb cYÅ Pzwi ˆMGj, Pzwi nGq hvIqv cYÅmgƒn D«¬vGii eÅeÕ©v AekÅB wbGZ nGe| cYÅ D«¬vGi eÅ^Æ nGj ÞwZcƒiY AekÅB cÉ`vb KiGZ nGe|

3.    myivU gvGbi gv`ËvwR UvKvi AegƒjÅvqb bv KGi evsjvq AekÅB Pvjy KiGZ nGe|

4.    gƒj mb` cÉ`kÆGbi RbÅ AekÅB `vwe Kiv hvGebv|

5.    ˆKvÁ·vwbi KvGQ `vqe«¬ ev FYMÉÕ¦ nGZ cvGi ‰gb me eÅwî×G`iGK dÅvÙwi cÉavGbi KvGQ nÕ¦v¯¦i KiGZ nGe|

6.    dÅvÙwi cÉavb KZ‡ÆK cÉ`î `Õ¦KcÉvµ¦ cYÅ ˆPŒwK «¼viv ^vgvGbv ev cixÞv Kiv hvGebv|

7.    gykÆx`vev` UvKkvj ˆ^GK UvKv cÉPjb Kivi welGq myevn`vi ˆKvÁ·vwbGK AbygwZ w`Ge|

ˆKvÁ·vwb myevn`viGK fvj KGiB RvbZ ˆh, wZwb ‰ mb` «¼viv cÉvµ¦ AwaKvimgƒn nqZ gvbGZ PvBGeb bv| KviY ‰ mb`wU Afvex mgËvU ˆ^GK AG^Æi wewbgGq ò×q Kiv nq hv ivGRÅi mveÆGfŒgZ½GK gvivñKfvGe ÞwZMÉÕ¦ KGiwQj| wK¯§ Zuviv ‰UvI RvbZ ˆh, evsjvq Rei`wÕ¦gƒjK eÅemv-evwYRÅ Kivi RbÅ wZwb ZvG`iGK wKQy AvBbMZ wfwî w`GqwQGjb ‰es AvBbMZfvGe hy«¬ KGi myweav Av`vGqi myGhvM w`GqwQGjb| digvGb `dvmgƒn weÕ¦vwiZ fvGe ejv nqwb hv `Õ¦GKi AvIZvaxb wQj| myZivs bIqvGei ˆPŒwKmgƒn ‰es ˆKvÁ·vwbi KgÆKZÆvMY ‰ welGq nZeyw«¬ nGq cGo| ‰i dGj cwiwÕ©wZ cÉvqkB weGivacƒYÆ nGq cGo hv L´£ hyG«¬ i…c ˆbq| hLb ˆKvÁ·vwb KgÆKZÆvMY jÞ KGi ˆh, bIqve wbGRB AvBbfãKvixG`i A¯¦ixY I ˆMÉdZvi Kivi RbÅ wbG`Æk w`GœQb ZLb ˆKvÁ·vwb cvΟv eÅeÕ©v ˆbIqvi ügwK ˆ`q| wK¯§ gywkÆ`Kzjx Lvb cÉZÅÞ msNlÆ cwinvi KGib|

1727 mvGj gywkÆ`Kzjx LvGbi g†ZzÅi cieZÆx mgGq myRvDóxb Lvb KZ‡ÆK ÞgZv `Lj ˆKvÁ·vwbi `vwe mgƒn Av`vGqi myGhvM ‰Gb ˆ`q| weGkl KGi 38wU MÉvGgi Dci ˆKvÁ·vwbi KZ‡ÆZ½ cvIqvi AwaKvi Av`vGqi welqwU ‰LvGb DGÍÏLGhvMÅ| myRv Lvb Zuvi cƒeÆmƒwii c`vâ KgGewk AbymiY KGib ‰es AZů¦ mZKÆZvi mGã idZvwb evwYGRÅi cÉevn wbivc` ivLvi ˆPÓ¡v KGib| ‰KB mGã ˆKvÁ·vwbi mGã ˆh ˆKvb aiGbi weGiva cwinvi KGi PGjb| wK¯§ jeY evwYRÅ wbGq ˆKvÁ·vwb I myevn`vGii gGaÅ weGiva m†wÓ¡ nq| ˆKvÁ·vwb jeYˆK ‰KwU ÷Í• gyî× cYÅ Avi bIqve ‰UvGK ÷Í• hyî× cYÅ gGb Kivq `ycGÞi gGaÅ hy«¬ ÷i‚ nIqvi mÁ¿vebv ˆ`Lv ˆ`q| ‰ AeÕ©vq ˆhfvGeB ˆnvK RMr ˆkV wnGmGe cwiwPZ dGZn Puv` gaÅÕ©Zv KGi hy«¬veÕ©vi Aemvb NUvq| cÉkvmb ‰es ˆKvÁ·vwbi wek¼vmfGãi cÉavb KviY wQj `Õ¦K ‰i AveiGY ˆKvÁ·vwb KgÆKZÆvG`i eÅwî×MZ eÅemv evwYRÅ cwiPvjbv| ˆKvÁ·vwb KgÆKZÆvG`i eÅwî×MZ eÅemv `Õ¦GKi myweav MÉnY KGi eÅcKfvGe cwiPvwjZ nGZ ^vGK| ˆKvÁ·vwb gvjevnx ˆbŒKvmgƒnGK cixÞv Kivi RbÅ ˆPŒwK àwjGK ˆKvb myGhvM ˆ`qwb ‰ hywî×GZ ˆh 1717 mvGji ivRKxq digvb ZvG`iGK ‰ cixÞv ˆ^GK AeÅvnwZ w`GqGQ|

myRvDóxb LvGbi AvgGj (1727-1739) BÕ¡ Bw´£qv ˆKvÁ·vwbi evwYRÅ AmvaviYfvGe ˆeGo hvq| bIqvGei mGã BsGiRG`i mÁ·KÆ AZů¦ kxZj nIqv mGî½I evwYGRÅ ‰ aiGbi cÉe†w«¬ NGU| eÅemv-evwYRÅ cÉmvGii mGã mGã evsjvi cÉwZ ˆKvÁ·vwbi AvMÉn e†w«¬ cvq| ˆKvÁ·vwbi cÉwZ mnvbyf„wZkxj ‰KRb bIqve hvGZ gywkÆ`vevG`i ÞgZvq Avmxb ^vGK ‰gb aiGbi bxwZ ˆKvÁ·vwb AbymiY KGi| Avjxe`Æx LvGbi kvmbvgGj (1740-1753) ‰gb aiGbi ‰KwU myGhvM ˆKvÁ·vwb AcivGai gvaÅGg ARÆb KGi| gvivVvG`i «¼viv evi evi Avò×gGYi Õ¼xKvi nGq Avjxe`Æx Lvb Abyaveb KGib ˆh, BÕ¡ Bw´£qv ˆKvÁ·vwbi `ybÆxwZ ‰es evovevwoi wei‚G«¬ Kov eÅeÕ©v MÉnGYi gvaňg AviI ‰KwU hyy«¬ ˆÞò DGÁÃvPb Kiv mgxwPb nGebv| wK¯§ gywkÆ`vev` ‰i gmbG` wmivRDGóŒjv Avmxb nIqvi ci gvivVvG`i Avò×gY e®¬ nGq hvq| evsjvq eÅemv-evwYRÅ cwiPvjbv Kivi BœQv BsGiRMY hw` ˆcvlY KGi ZvnGj wZbwU kZÆ ˆgGb Pjvi RbÅ wmivRDGóŒjv BsGiRG`i wbG`Æk ˆ`b| (K) KjKvZvi A‹ea cÉwZiÞv Õ©vcbv ˆfGã ˆdjGZ nGe, (L) BsGiRMY AekÅB `Õ¦GKi AceÅenvi e®¬ KiGe ‰es (M) ZuvG`i ‰G`Gki AvBb ˆgGb PjGZ nGe| ˆdvUÆ DBwjqg KvDw´Öj bIqvGei wbG`Æk AgvbÅ Kivq AcgvwbZ bIqve KjKvZv Avò×gY KGib ‰es BsGiRMY Z½wir MwZGZ üMwj b`xi fvwUGZ cvwjGq hvq| ‰ weRqGK D`hvwcZ Kivi RbÅ wmivRDGóŒjv KjKvZvi bvg Zuvi gvZvgGni bvgvbymvGi ivGLb AvjxbMi| DGÍÏLÅ ˆh, Avjxe`Æx Lvb, BsGiRG`i wek¼vmNvZKZv bxiGe ˆgGb wbGqwQGjb| BsGiRG`i wei‚G«¬ wmivRDGóŒjvi ‰ Avò×gGYi cÉwZ divwmG`i ŠbwZK mg^Æb wQj|

‰ mgq BDGivGc mµ¦elÆxq hy«¬ PjwQj| weËwUkG`i KvGQ wmivRDGóŒjvi AvjxbMi c`GÞcwU ‰KvwaK civRGqi mgvb eGj MYÅ nq| cÉ^gZ Õ©vbxq bIqvGei KvGQ ‰es w«¼ZxqZ divwmG`i KvGQ hviv bIqveGK mg^Æb KGiwQj| kxNËB gv`ËvR ˆ^GK ievUÆ KÑvBGfi ˆbZ‡GZ½ bZzb ŠmbÅ`j AvGm| KÑvBf KjKvZv cyb`ÆLj KGib ‰es üMwj ‰i gyMj e±`i a»sm KGib| Zi‚Y bIqvGei weGivax gykx`Ævev` `ievGii ‰KwU Dc`Gji mGã msjvc ÷i‚ nq| RMZ ˆkV ‰ Dc`Gji ˆbZ‡GZ½ wQGjb| ‰ici ‰KwU ˆMvcb Pzwî× mÁ·w`Z nq| ‰i gvaÅGg loh¯¨KvixMY BsGiRG`i mKj myGhvM-myweav I ÞwZcƒiY cÉ`vGbi wbøqZv ˆ`q| bIqvGei mÁ·ÉwZ eiLvÕ¦K‡Z eLkx gxiRvdiGK evsjvi bIqve wnGmGe wbw`ÆÓ¡ Kiv nq| Pzwî×i kZÆ Abyhvqx 23 Ryb 1757 mvGj cjvkxGZ ‰KwU bvggvò hy«¬ AbywÓ¤Z nq| bIqvGei AwaKvsk ŠmbÅ gxiRvdi I AbÅvbÅ loh¯¨KvixG`i bÅvq wbøj `uvwoGq ^vGK| wmivRDGóŒjv civwRZ nb ‰es gxiRvdGii cyò gxib KZ‡ÆK wbnZ nb|

ˆKvÁ·vwb AvgGji mgvwµ¦ mswkÏÓ¡ NUbv mgƒn  1773 mvGji ˆiàGjwUs AÅvÙ `ywU mgv¯¦ivj welGqi R¯Ã ˆ`q ˆKvÁ·vwb eÅeÕ©vcbvq axGi axGi miKvwi (weËwUk) wbq¯¨Y cÉGek KGi ‰es 1858 mvGj ˆKvÁ·vwbi mÁ·ƒYÆ wejywµ¦ nIqv chƯ¦ mgGq ˆKvÁ·vwbi ÞgZv ò×gv¯¼Gq nËvm cvIqv| ˆKvÁ·vwbi eÅeÕ©vcbv I bZzb ivGÓ¡Ëi cÉkvmb cwiPvjbv wKfvGe PjGe ˆm welGq ˆiàGjwUs AÅvGÙ eÅvLÅv ˆ`Iqv nq| ˆKvÁ·vwb eÅeÕ©vcbvq miKvi cÉGqvRbGevGa ˆh ˆKvb mgq nÕ¦GÞc Kivi AwaKvi msiÞY KGi| 1784 mvGj miKvi nÕ¦GÞc Kivi cÉGqvRb Abyfe KGi ‰es fviGZ ˆKvÁ·vwb eÅeÕ©vcbv wbq¯¨GYi ‰KwU wek` AvBb ŠZwi KGi| ˆKvÁ·vwb eÅeÕ©vcbv Z`viwK Kivi RbÅ ‰KwU Õ©vqx msm`xq KwgwU ˆevWÆ Ae KG´ŸÈvj MVb Kiv nq| ˆevWÆ Ae WvBGiÙiG`i ˆKvb m`mÅ «¼viv evsjvi wmwfj mvwfÆGmi m`mÅ nIqvi RbÅ gGbvbxZ KÅvGWUG`i KvQ ˆ^GK ˆKvb DcGXŒKb ev Dcnvi MÉnGYi ˆÞGò wbGlavæv Rvwi Kiv nq| KYÆIqvwjmGK weGkl wKQy wbG`Æk evÕ¦evwqZ Kivi RbÅ ‰KRb MfbÆi ˆRbvGij wnGmGe mivmwi wbGqvM ˆ`Iqv nq| ˆKvÁ·vwbi weGkl Amyweav mGî½I KYÆIqvwjm ‰KwU JcwbGewkK ivGÓ¡Ëi kvmb KvVvGgv ŠZwi KGib| DcGXŒKb MÉnY Kiv ‰es eÅwî×MZ eÅemv-evwYRÅ Kivi welGq KgÆKZÆvG`i Ici mÁ·ƒYÆ wbGlavæv Rvwi Kiv nq|

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