Bmjvg  ‘wmj&g’ avZz nGZ Drc®²| ‰i avZzMZ A^Æ kvw¯¦, AvGcvl, weGiva cwinvi| Õ¼iwPGn×i ZviZGgÅ wewf®² AvKvGi cÉvq ‰KB AG^Æ cweò KziAvGb ‰ avZz nGZ wbÓ·®² KGqKwU kGõi eÅenvi ˆ`Lv hvq, h^v: hy«¬weiwZi RbÅ kvw¯¦i cÉÕ¦ve (8:61), Bmjvgx weavb (2:208),  hy«¬ cwinvGii cÉÕ¦ve (4; 90:91), kvw¯¦ (10:25) A^ev kvw¯¦ KvgbvgƒjK Bmjvgx Awfev`b (51:25)|

wmj&g avZz nGZ KZ‡ÆKviGK gymwjg Bmjvg MÉnYKvix ‰es eüePGb gymwjgƒb I gymwjgxb eÅen…Z nq| BmjvGgi cwifvlvMZ A^Æ (1) ‰K Aw«¼Zxq AvÍÏvni KvGQ AvZÄmgcÆY Kiv (2:112), (2) kvw¯¦Õ©vcb Z^v weGiva cwinvi Kiv| Bmjvg ‰KwU ‘`xb’ (3:18), ‰KwU cƒYÆvã Rxeb eÅeÕ©v|

BmjvGgi Drm `yBwU: (1) KziAvb- `xb BmjvGgi cÉ^g, cÉavb I gƒj Drm hv nGZ BmjvGgi ˆgŒwjK weavbmgƒn M†nxZ nGqGQ ‰es (2) nv`xm- BmjvGgi w«¼Zxq I gvaÅwgK Drm hv nGZ BmjvGgi wkÞvmgƒn MÉnY Kiv nGqGQ|

Bmjvg AbÅvbÅ aGgÆi bÅvq gƒLÅZ AvaÅvwZÄK ‰es cvw^Æe Rxeb-`kÆb I KwZcq AvPvi-AbyÓ¤vb meÆÕ¼ agÆ bq, eis ‰wU ‰KwU mvgwMÉK Rxeb eÅeÕ©v, hv RxeGbi mKj ˆÞò I hveZxq KvhÆKjvcGK wbq¯¨Y KGi|  Bmjvg gvbyGli wPi¯¦b agÆ (3:18)| ‰i gƒj K^v nGœQ: (K) AvÍÏvni ‰KZ½ I Aw«¼ZxqGZ½ wek¼vm, (L) wdwikZvMGYi cÉwZ wek¼vm, (M) Avmgvbx wKZvemgƒGni cÉwZ wek¼vm, (N) mKj bex ivmƒGji cÉwZ wek¼vm, (O) AvwLivZ ev ciKvGji cÉwZ wek¼vm, (P) AvÍÏvni meÆgq wbq¯¨Y (ZvK`xi)-‰ wek¼vm, (Q) g†ZzÅci cybi‚ïvb I wePvivG¯¦ Ab¯¦ ciRxeGb wek¼vm, (R) Avgvj mvwjn ev mrKGgÆ AvZÄwbGqvM|

BmjvGgi wfwî ev Õ¦Á¿ cuvPwU: (1) Cgvb: AvÍÏvn Qvov ˆKvb gv‘ey` (DcvmÅ) ˆbB ‰es gynvÁÃv` (mt) AvÍÏvni ev±`v I ivmƒj gGgÆ mvÞÅ ˆ`Iqv; (2) mvjvZ (bvgvh) cÉwZÓ¤v; (3) hvKvZ cÉ`vb: abxi mÁ·G` wbaÆGbi AwaKvi Õ¼xK‡wZgƒjK AcwinvhÆ ‰es wbw`ÆÓ¡ cwigvY `vb; (4) nvä cvjb Kiv: gØvi Kv‘ev I Zrmw®²wnZ Õ©vbmgƒGn wbw`ÆÓ¡ mgGq cÉGZÅK myÕ© I mÁ·®² gymwjGgi cGÞ RxeGb A¯¦Z ‰Kevi ‰KwU evwlÆK wek¼ gnvmGÁÃjGb ˆhvM`vb ‰es AvbyÓ¤vwbK ‘Bev`vZ mgvcb; (5) ivgv`vb gvGmi mvIg (ˆivhv) cvjb (eyLvix: wKZvey‘j Cgvb)|

‘Avgvj mvwjn msò×v¯¦ weavb c«¬wZi mgwÓ¡ KziAvGb wki‘Av ‰es wgbnvR bvGg (5:48) ev kvix‘Av (45:18) bvGg AwfwnZ| wki‘Av ‰es kvix‘Av ‰KB avZz nGZ D«¿„Z I ‰Kv^ÆGevaK| Õ©vb-Kvj cvòGfG` bexG`i cÉvµ¦ I cÉPvwiZ kvix‘Av-i gGaÅ wKQyUv Zdvr wQj| bexG`i cÉPvi I msMÉvGgi mswÞµ¦ BwZK^v eYÆbvi ˆÞGò KziAvGb bƒn (Avt) I Zuvi KvIGgi weG`ËvGni K^v meÆvGMÉ wewf®² mƒivq ewYÆZ nGqGQ (7:59); (10:71)|

kvix‘Av-i welqeÕ§ nGjv: (K) gvbyl ‰es AvÍÏvni gvGS ‘Ave`-gvey` mÁ·KÆ wbYÆq I wbq¯¨Y; (L) gvbyGli mvG^ Aci gvbyl I RxGei mÁ·KÆ wbaÆviY I wbq¯¨Y ‰es ‰ `yBGqi cwiGcÉwÞGZ, (M) AvÍÏvni m†Ó¡ ‰es AvÍÏvn KZƆK RxGei KjÅvGY wbGqvwRZ hveZxq mvgMÉxi eÅenvi I e¥Ÿb BZÅvw`i bxwZgvjv| bexMY hyGMvcGhvMx kvix‘Av jvf KGiwQGjb| Õ¼vfvweKfvGeB cƒeÆeZÆx I cieZÆx bexG`i kvix‘AvGZ wKQy cÉGf` wQj, wK¯§ ZvInx`, AvwLivZ I Avgvj mvwjn ‰ wZbwU ˆgŒwjK welGq ˆKvb cwieZÆb nqwb| kvix‘Av `xGbi A¯¦fÆyî×| `xb wPi¯¦b wK¯§ kvix‘Av weeZÆbkxj|

Bmjvg I gymwjg cvwifvwlK eÅenvi: KziAvGb Bmjvg I gymwjg kõ«¼Gqi cvwifvwlK eÅenvi cÉeZÆb nq| bƒn (Avt)-‰i AbÅZg cÉwm«¬ eskai Be&ivnxg (Avt) AGcÞvK‡Z D®²Z kvix‘AvGZi cÉvcK wnGmGe LÅvwZ jvf KGiwQGjb| Be&ivnxg (Avt)-‰i `yB cyò Bm&gvCj ‰es Bm&nvK (Avt) DfqB bex; DfGqi esGk AvGiv bex R¯ÃMÉnY KGiwQGjb| Bm&gvCj-‰i kvLvq gynvÁÃv` (mt)-‰i R¯Ã, Bm&nvK-‰i kvLvq evbx Bm&ivCj (qv‘KzGei Aci bvg) eskxq bexG`i D«¿e nq| ˆhgb gƒmv I Cmv (Avt)| myZivs ZuvG`i mKGji E«¬ÆZb wcZ‡cyi‚l wQGjb Be&ivnxg (Avt) ‰es Bmjvg ZuvG`i mKGjiB cweò DîivwaKvi| KziAvGb ˆNvlYv nq: ˆZvgvG`i wcZ‡cyi‚l Be&ivnxg-‰i `xb ev wgÍÏvZ| wZwbB ˆZvgvG`iGK ‘gymwjg’ bvGg AwfwnZ KGiwQGjb (22:28)| cGi ZuvG`i AbymvwiMY bexi bvGg (qvü`v nGZ qvü`x, ò×vBÓ¡ nGZ LËxÓ¡vb BZÅvw`) wbGRG`i bvgKiY KGib ‰es Dfq `j Be&ivnxg (Avt)-ˆK ZuvG`i Õ¼agÆvejÁ¼x eGj `vwe KGib| KziAvGbi wRævmv, ‘ˆZvgiv wK ejGZ PvI Be&ivnxg, Bm&gvCj, BmnvK, qv’Kze ‰es ZuvG`i eskaiMY qvü`x wKsev bvmviv (wLËÓ¡vb) wQGjb? ˆZvgiv wK AvÍÏvn AGcÞv AwaKZi ævbx’ (2:140)? KziAvb «¼Å^ÆnxbfvGe ˆNvlYv KGi, ‘eis Be&ivnxg wQGjb nvbxd (cig wbÓ¤evb) gymwjg, wZwb gykwiK wQGjb bv’|

ˆkl bex gynvÁÃv` (mt)-‰i byeyIqvGZ KziAvGbi gvaÅGg Bmjvgx kvix‘Av cƒYÆZ½ jvf KGi (5:3)| cƒeÆeZÆx bexG`i kvix‘AvGZi ˆh weavbàGjv cÉksmvevG`i mvG^ A^ev wei‚«¬ g¯¦eÅ Qvov KziAvGb DGÍÏwLZ nGqGQ Zv Bmjvgx Avix‘Av-‰i Aãi…Gc MYÅ nGqGQ| h^v: wRnv` (3:145), wKmvm (5:45); cÞv¯¦Gi wb±`vevG`i mvG^ DGÍÏwLZ cƒeÆeZÆx DÁÃvni wò×qvKgÆ Bmjvg ewnfƃZ nGqGQ| h^v: AÕ¼vfvweK c¯©vq ˆhŒbKgÆ (7:81) ‰es AbÅvqfvGe AwRÆZ A^Æ, my`, Nyl (5:63)| myZivs Bmjvg mÁ·ƒYÆ bZzb ev Awfbe `xb bq, eis ‰KwU mgw¯¼Z ò×gweeZÆbRvZ Rxeb eÅeÕ©v hvGZ Awfbe hywî×wbfÆi AGbK weavGbi msGhvRb nGqGQ|

Bmjvgx weavGbi Drmi PviwU:  (1) KziAvb: gnvbex (mt)-‰i ˆZBk eQGii byeyIqvZKvGj AeZxYÆ meÆGkl, meÆGkÉÓ¤, mveÆRbxb Avmgvbx agÆMɯ©|  (2) nv`xm: bex Kvixg (mt), Zuvi mvnvex I Zvwe‘qxMGYi K^v, KvR ‰es AbyGgv`b mÁ·KÆxq eYÆbv| (3) BRgv’: mwVK ˆhvMÅZv mÁ·®² I bÅvqwbÓ¤ AvGjgxG`i kvix‘AvGZi weavGbi ˆKvb welGq KziAvb I nv`xGmi AvGjvGK HKgZÅ I meÆmÁÃZ wm«¬v¯¦| (4) wKqvm; ˆh welq mÁ·GKÆ KziAvb I nv`xGm ˆKvb Õ·Ó¡ wewawbGla ˆbB ˆmGÞGò KziAvb I my®²vni gGaÅ cÉ`î Abyi…c cÉGk²i gxgvsmvGK wfwî KGi hywî× cÉGqvGMi gvaÅGg wm«¬v¯¦MÉnY| BRgv I wKqvm eÅeÕ©vcK cÉwò×qvi weavbmÁÃZ i…c cwiMÉn Kivi KviGY Bmjvg MwZkxjZv ARÆb KGiGQ| Bmjvg hywî×en Rxeb weavb| ‰GZ A®¬ wek¼vGmi Õ©vb ˆbB|

BmjvgGK gvbe BwZnvGmi meÆGkÉÓ¤ weµÏei…Gc AgymwjgivI Õ¼xK‡wZ cÉ`vb KGiGQ| Rev. Bosworth Smith-‰i fvlvq, ‘Islam is the most sudden, most complete and the most extra ordinary revolution that has ever come any nation on earth.’ [Av b g Ave`yj gv®²vb Lvb]

Mɯ©cwé  Rev. Bosworth Smith, Mohammed and Mohammedanism, London, 1875, p. 251; Avj-KziAvb; mvnxn Avj eyLvix; BmjvwgK dvDG´£kb, Bmjvgx wek¼GKvl|

Bmjvg (evsjvq)  ZzjbvgƒjKfvGe wejGÁ¼ evsjvq BmjvGgi AvMgb NGU| AvwefÆvGei ˆgvUvgywU ‰ÉKk eQGii gGaÅB Dîi-cwøg fviGZ BmjvGgi AbycÉGek NGU ‰es Avie ewYKiv evsjvmn fviGZi DcK„jeZÆx AçGji msÕ·GkÆ AvGm| wK¯§ evsjvq gymjgvbG`i ivR‹bwZK ÞgZv cÉwZÓ¤vi RbÅ AviI cÉvq cuvPk eQi ˆjGM hvq| Amgw^ÆZ cÉPwjZ Kvwnbx gGZ, gymjgvbG`i ivR‹bwZK weRGqi AvGMB wKQymsLÅK mydx-mvaK evsjvq ‰GmwQGjb| wK¯§ cÉK‡ZcGÞ òGqv`k kZvõxi ÷i‚GZ ZzwKÆ weRGqi gaÅ w`GqB Bmjvg cƒYÆ kwî×GZ ‰LvGb cÉGek KGi| eZÆgvGb evsjvG`k gymwjg msLÅvMwiÓ¤ ˆ`k| ‰i RbmsLÅvi cÉvq 90% Bmjvg aGgÆi Abymvix|

cÉ^g cÉvq wZbk eQi evsjv LjRx, Bjevwi I KGiŒbvn ZzwKÆG`i «¼viv kvwmZ nGqwQj| cç`k kZvõxi ˆkl w`GK nvekx ò×xZ`vGmiv KGqK eQGii RbÅ evsjvi wmsnvmb `Lj KGib| ‰icGi ci ci ÞgZvq AvGmb Šmq`, AvdMvb I gyMjiv| KvGRB mvaviYfvGe ejv hvq ˆh, evsjvi gymwjg kvmKiv wQGjb ZzwKÆ, AvdMvb I gyMj ‰ wZb RvwZfzî×| ˆkGlvî×wU wQj gƒjZ ZzwKÆG`i mGã mÁ·†î×|

Õ©j I Rj Dfq cG^B evsjvq BmjvGgi AbycÉGek NGU| Õ©jcG^ ZzwKÆ weGRZviv ZvG`i agÆ, msÕ•‡wZ I kvmb c«¬wZi aviYv wbGq ‰G`Gk AvGm| cÞv¯¦Gi Avie ewYKiv RjcG^ AvGm ZvG`i evwYwRÅK KgÆKvGíi mƒò aGi| ZvivI ZvG`i agÆ I msÕ•‡wZ wbGq ‰GmwQj, wK¯§ ZvG`i DGókÅ wQj ZzwKÆG`i ˆPGq wf®²Zi| weGklZ DcK„jeZÆx PëMÉvg Açjmn evsjvi wKQy AsGk AvieG`i cÉfve ˆjvK KvwnbxGZ wea†Z iGqGQ| wK¯§ Avieiv mÁ¿eZ ZzwKÆ weGRZvG`i gZ ‰Z MfxifvGe mgvRGK cÉfvweZ KGiwb| ZzwKÆiv ivR‹bwZK ÞgZv cÉwZÓ¤vi DGókÅ wbGqB ‰G`Gk ‰GmwQj| Avieiv AvmZ evwYRÅ ˆgŒmyGg eÅemv-evwYGRÅi DGóGkÅ ‰es ˆgŒmyg ˆkGl Zviv wdGi ˆhZ| wK¯§ ZzwKÆ weGRZvG`i ˆÞGò cwiwÕ©wZ wQj wf®²Zi| Zviv ˆh Açj Rq KGiGQ, ˆmLvGb cÉwZÓ¤v KGiGQ ZvG`i kvmb ‰es wbGRG`i AeÕ©vb gReyZ Kivi RbÅ cÉGqvRbxq Acivci c`GÞc MÉnY KGiGQ| evsjvq gymwjg ivRÅ cÉwZÓ¤vi mgq ˆ^GKB ‰G`Gk ò×gvMZ gymjgvbG`i AvMgb NGU| ivR‹bwZK ÞgZvi cÉavb AejÁ¼b wnGmGe AvGm ŠmbÅiv; agÆcÉPvGii RbÅ AvMgb NGU Šmq`, Djvgv I gvkvGqLG`i gZ agÆkvÕ¨æG`i; ivRbxwZ, A^ÆeÅeÕ©v I kvmbKvGhÆ `Þ ˆemvgwiK miKvwi KgÆPvix ‰es eÅemvqx I `Þ KvwiMiG`i| Zviv mevB ‰GmwQj PvKwi A^ev D®²ZZi RxweKvi m®¬vGb| òGqv`k kZvõxGZ ˆgvãjG`i nvGZ evM`vG`i wLjvdGZi a»sGmi dGj gaÅ ‰kxq gymjgvbG`i eÅvcK Õ©vbPzÅwZ NGU ‰es Zviv ivRavbx w`wÍÏ I jßYveZxGZ AvkÉq ˆbq| ‰gbwK Zviv cÉZů¦ ‰jvKvqI QwoGq cGo| gaÅ ‰wkqvi mvsÕ•‡wZK ˆK±`Êàwj ˆ^GK AvMZ gymjgvbG`i mv`Gi MÉnY Kiv nq| Zviv ‘AvBäv’ ev mÁÃvwbZi…Gc cwiwPZ nq ‰es ZvG`i Dchyî× PvKwi ev ghÆv`v cÉ`vb Kiv nq|

jLGbŒwZGZ hLb gymwjg ivRÅ cÉwZwÓ¤Z nq ZLb A¯¦Z Zvwî½KfvGe nGjI Zv wQj Ave»vmxq wLjvdGZi Ask| Lwjdvi ÞgZv nËvm ˆcGjI meÆòB ZuvGK myw®² gymjgvbG`i mGeÆvœP AvaÅvwñK cÉavbi…Gc MYÅ Kiv nGZv| evsjvi gymjgvbivI wQj ‰ gGZi Abymvix ‰es evsjvi cÉ^g w`GKi KGqKRb myjZvb eÕ§Z ZvG`i gy`Ëvq Ave»vmxq LwjdvG`i bvg DrKxYÆ KGiwQGjb| Aci ˆKvb ˆKvb myjZvb eÕ§Z Lwjdvi bvg DrKxYÆ bv KiGjI ZvG`i gy`Ëvq wLjvdGZi cÉwZ AvbyMZÅ wbG`ÆkK Dcvwa MÉnY KGiwQGjb| ˆm hvB ˆnvK, cÉvK-gyMj AvgGj evsjvi gymwjg ivRÅ wQj cÉK‡ZcGÞ ‰KwU Õ¼vaxb ivRÅ| ‰ ˆMvUv AvgGjB evsjvi kvmKiv myjZvb Dcvwa MÉnY KGib ‰es ‰ KGi ZuvG`i ivRÅGK mvjZvbvGZi ŠewkÓ¡ `vGbi ˆNvlYv ˆ`b| evsjvi ˆKvb ˆKvb myjZvb wbGRivB ‘Lwjdv’ Dcvwa aviY KGiwQGjb| fviGZ (ev evsjvq) gyMj kvmb cÉwZÓ¤vi eü AvGMB evM`vG`i wLjvdGZi Aemvb NGUwQj| KvGRB wLjvdZ cÉwZÓ¤vGbi eÅvcvGi ZvG`i KiYxq wKQy wQj bv| gyMjiv ‘kvnxbkvn’ (ivRvwaivR) Dcvwa MÉnY KGib ‰es kvnRv`vG`i ‘myjZvb’ Dcvwa cÉ`vb KGib| evsjv ev myevn evãvjvn eiveiB wQj gyMj mvgËvGRÅi ‰KwU cÉG`k|

ZzwKÆ weRGqi mGã mGã fviGZ BmjvGgi AbycÉGek NGU ‰es axGi axGi Zv evsjvi mvgvwRK-agÆxq i…c cvGΟ ˆ`q| ivR‹bwZKfvGe Zv gymwjg kvmGbi exR ecb KGi, wK¯§ mvgvwRKfvGe MGo ˆZvGj ‰KwU gymwjg mgvR, hvi dGj Z`vbx¯¦b gymwjg weGk¼i wecyjmsLÅK AwfevmxG`i RbÅ evsjvi «¼vi D¯Ãyî× nGq hvq| ‰ AeÕ©v ZrKvjxb mgvGRi Ici eÅvcK cÉfve ˆdGj| evsjvq BmjvGgi cÉmvi wQj ‰K my`xNÆ cÉwò×qv|

eLwZqvi LjRx-‰i ivRÅ wQj gymwjg AwaKvGii ˆK±`ÊÕ©j| ˆMvUv evsjvGK ZvG`i wbq¯¨GY AvbGZ gymjgvbG`i `yk eQGiiI ˆewk mgq ˆjGMwQj| 1338 wLËÓ¡vGõ dLi‚óxb gyeviK kvn ‰i AaxGb evsjvq Õ¼vaxb mvjZvbvGZi mƒPbv nq| ‰ mgq ˆ^GK `yk eQi aGi evsjv wQj Õ¼vaxb| ivR‹bwZK I mvsÕ•‡wZK Dfq ˆÞGòB ‰Uv wQj ˆ`Gki mvgwMÉK D®²qGbi Kvj| ‰ hyGMi meGPGq ài‚Z½cƒYÆ AMÉMwZ nGjv ‰B ˆh, ‰ mgqB ‰ ˆ`k cÉ^g evãvjvn bvg cwiMÉn KGi| ‰i AvGM evsjvi ˆKvb ˆfŒGMvwjK ALíZv wQj bv ‰es mgMÉ ˆ`Gki RbÅ ˆKvb ‰KK bvGgiI D«¿e nq wb| ˆMŒo, ivp, eã, cÉavbZ ‰ wZbwU ‰jvKvi bvGgB evsjv cwiwPZ wQj| myjZvb kvgmyóxb Bwjqvm kvn ‰ wZbwU Açj Rq KGi Zuvi AaxGb mgMÉ evsjvGK HKÅe«¬ Kivi ciB evãvjvn bvGgi D«¿e nq| wZwb ‘kvn-B-evãvjvn’ ‰es ‘myjZvb-B-evãvjvn’ Dcvwa jvf KGib| ZLb ˆ^GK evsjvi gymwjg ivRÅ evãvjvn ivRÅi…Gc cwiwPZ nq| HwZnvwmKiv ‰ ivRÅGK jLGbŒwZi cwieGZÆ evãvjvn ivRÅ i…Gc AwfwnZ KiGZ ^vGKb| weG`kxivI ‰ bvg eÅenvi KGi hv ˆ^GK cieZÆx mgGq gyMj myevn evãvjvn I weËwUk AvgGji evsjv cÉG`Gki bvgKiY nq|

Õ¼vaxb myjZvwb AvgGj DîGi Kvgi…c cƒGeÆ wòcyiv ‰es `wÞGY eGãvcmvMi chƯ¦ ˆ`Gki meÆò gymwjg AwaKvi weÕ¦‡Z nq| dLi‚óxb gyeviK kvn (1338-1349) PëMÉvg Rq KGib, Rvjvjyóxb gynÁÃ` kvn (1415-1432) dwi`cyi Rq KGi ‰i bZzb bvgKiY KGib dGZnvev`| bvwmi‚óxb gvngy` kvn ‰i ivRZ½KvGj (1435-1459) Lvb Rvnvb Lyjbv-hGkvi ‰jvKv gymwjg kvmbvaxGb AvGbb ‰es i‚Kbyóxb evieK kvn (1459-1474) evGKiMé Rq KGib| ‰ mgq evsjvq cyGivcywi gymwjg AwaKvi cÉwZwÓ¤Z nq ‰es eLwZqvi LjRx cÉwZwÓ¤Z jLGbŒwZi gymwjg ivRÅ evsjvi gymwjg ivGRÅ cwiYZ nq| gyMjiv ‰ ivGRÅi Ici ZvG`i wbq¯¨Y AÞzY³ ˆiGLwQj| AvIiãGRe ‰i g†ZzÅi ci gyMj kwî×i cZb hyGM mvgËvGRÅi AbÅvbÅ cÉG`Gki gZ evsjvI bIqveG`i «¼viv ˆgvUvgywU Õ¼vaxbfvGe kvwmZ nq| ‰ AeÕ©v 1757 mvGji cjvkxi hy«¬ chƯ¦ AeÅvnZ wQj|

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Mɯ©cwé  J.N Sarkar, Islam in Bengal, Calcutta, 1972; A Karim, Social History of the Muslims in Bengal, 2nd edition, Chittagong, 1985; M Titus, Indian Islam, London, 1930; Richard M Eaton, The Rise of Islam and the Bengal Frontier, 1204-1760, OUP, 1994; James Wise, ‘The Muhammadans of Eastern Bengal’, Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, vol. 63, 1894, pp. 28-63; Abdul Momin Chowdhury, ‘Conversion to Islam in Bengal: An Exploration’, Islam in Bangladesh (ed. Rafiuddin Ahmad), Dhaka 1983; Rahim M Abdur, Social and Cultural History of Bengal, vol. I, Karachi, 1963; Asim Ray, The Islamic Syncretistic Tradition in Bengal, 1983; Akbar Ali Khan, Discovery of Bangladesh: An Explorations into the Dynamics of a Hidden Nation, 1997.