Bivwb
(RvwZ) ZzwKÆMY evsjvq gymwjg kvmGbi
cÉwZÓ¤vZv| ZzwKÆ G`i cGi kvmK wnGmGe evsjvq AvGmb h^vò×Gg AvdMvb
I gyMjMY| Bivb hw`I evsjvi wbKUÕ© ˆ`k bq ‰es Bivwbiv ‰G`Gk kvmb KvGqGgi
ˆKvb myGhvM cvq wb, Z^vwc evsjvi mgvR Rxeb I msÕ•‡wZGZ BivwbG`i cÉfve
weGklfvGe cwijwÞZ| ZvG`i fvlv A^Ævr ‘dviwm’ mviv gymjgvb AvgGj evsjvi
miKvwi fvlv wQj ‰es dviwm mvwnZÅ cÉejfvGe evsjv mvwnZÅGK cÉfvweZ KGiwQj|
ˆ`Lv hvq, eü dviwm kõ evsjv fvlvq wgGk ˆMGQ| ‰me kõ Õ©vb KGi wbGqGQ
mvwnGZÅ, miKvwi `wjGj, ˆKvGUÆi bw^cGò ‰es wbZÅw`Gbi cÉPwjZ fvlvq| gymwjg
weRGqi avivevwnKZvq eümsLÅK Bivwb Awaevmxi evsjvq AwfevmGbi dGjB evsjv
fvlv I mvwnGZÅ dviwm kGõi wgkÉY mÁ¿e nGqwQj|
Bivwbiv
‰G`Gk ‰Gm wewf®² ˆckvq A^ev ˆmbvevwnbxGZ wKsev cÉkvmGb wbGRG`iGK wbGqvwRZ
KGib| cÉ^g ˆkÉYxfzî×G`i gGaÅ wQGjb Djvgv, gvkvGqL, wkÞK I Kwe|
myevn`vi, bvwRg, `xDqvb, ZvG`i AbyPi I AaxbÕ©iv wQGjb
w«¼Zxq ˆkÉYxfzî×| gymjgvb kvmGbi ÷i‚GZ BivGbi we«¼vb I cwíZ eÅwî×MY
evsjvq AvMgb KGib| cÉ^g ˆh `yRb Bivwb eLwZqvi LjRx ‰i mGã ‰G`Gk
AvGmb, ZuvG`i ‰KRGbi bvg evev ˆKvZIqvj BÕ·vnvwb ‰es AbÅRb KvRx i‚Kbyóxb
mgiKw±`| cÉ^g Rb wQGjb jLGbŒwZ ‰i ˆKvGZvqvj| eLwZqvi
LjRxi mG±`nfvRb Lybx wnGmGe wPwn×Z KGi Avjx g`Ævb LjRxGK Zuvi
cÉnivq ivLv nq| cGii Rb myjZvb AvjvDóxb Avjx g`Ævb LjRxi AaxGb jLGbŒwZi
KvRx wQGjb| mydx I AvGjg KvRx i‚Kbyóxb wQGjb nvbvwd kvÕ¨æ| wZwb
wKZveyj Bikv` cÉYqb KGib ‰es AwÕ¦-bvwÕ¦gƒjK kvÕ¨ Avj-wLjvwd
Iqvj-Rv`j cÉwZÓ¤v KGib| jLGbŒwZGZ AeÕ©vbKvGj wZwb ˆfvRi eËvþY bvgK
R‹bK Kvgi…Gci ˆhvMxGK agÆv¯¦wiZ KGib| ‰ ˆhvMx KvRxGK Ag†ZKzí wkGivbvGg
msÕ•‡Z fvlvq ˆjLv ˆhvMkvGÕ¨i ‰KwU Mɯ© Dcnvi ˆ`b| Mɯ©wU KvRx nvDRyj
nvqvZ bvGg Aviwe fvlvq ‰es evni-Dj-nvqvZ
bvGg dviwm fvlvq Abyev` KGib|
myjZvb
wMqvmDóxb BIR LjRx ‰i ivRZ½KvGj 1221 wLËÓ¡vGõ ‰KRb Bivwb cwøgeGãi
exif„Gg ‰KwU LvbKvn wbgÆvY KGib| Zuvi bvg eZÆgvGb nvwiGq ˆMGQ,
ZGe wZwb wQGjb gynÁÃ` Avj-gvivwMi cyò (gvivMv AvaywbK BivGbi AvRvievBRvGbi
A¯¦MÆZ)| cÉvq mgmvgwqK KvGj weLÅvZ `iGek ˆkL Rvjvjyóxb ZvewiwR
evsjvq AvMgb KGib| evsjvi `ywU Õ©vGb ˆkL RvjvjDóxb ZvewiwRi ÕÆwZ msiwÞZ
AvGQ| ‰i ‰KwU cvíyqv myjZvwb AvgGj wdi‚Rvev` bvGg evsjvi ivRavbx
wQj ‰es AbÅwU cvíyqv ˆ^GK cGbGiv gvBj DîGi AewÕ©Z ˆ`IZjv| cvíyqvq `iGeGki
gvhvi ewo `iMvn bvGg cwiwPZ| ˆkL bƒi KzZze Avjg bvgK
AvGiKRb `iGeGki gvhviI ˆmLvGb AvGQ| ‰wU ˆQvwU `iMvn bvGg cwiwPZ|
ˆkL ZvewiwRi mÁÃvGb ˆ`IZjvi bvg cwieZÆb KGi ZvewiRvev` ivLv nq| Zuvi
ÕÆwZ iÞvG^Æ ˆLvw`Z ˆek wKQy wjwc ‰ `ywU Õ©vb ˆ^GK AvweÓ•‡Z nq| ˆkL
RvjvjDóxb ZvewiwR 1226 A^ev 1244 wLËÓ¡vGõ g†ZzÅeiY KGib ‰es mÁ¿eZ ZuvGK
ˆ`IZjv IiGd ZvewiRvevG` mgvwaÕ© Kiv nq|
KvRx
wgbnvRDóxb Dmgvb web wmivRDóxb Avj RyiRvwb wQGjb ‰KRb cÉLÅvZ AvGjg|
wZwb DP& ‰es w`wÍÏ Dfq Õ©vGbiB KvRxi cG` wbhyî× wQGjb| HwZnvwmK
wnGmGe AwaKZi LÅvZ ‰ KvRx 1242 wLËÓ¡vGõ evsjvi MfbÆi BäDóxb ZzMij ZzMvb
LvGbi mGã evsjvq AvGmb ‰es `yeQi ci Zuvi mGã wdGi hvb| KvRx wgbnvR-B-wmivR
evsjvq AeÕ©vbKvGj gymjgvbG`i cÉ^g eãweRq msò×v¯¦ Z^Å msMÉn KGib| Z`ycwi
w`wÍÏGZ ^vKvKvjxb mgGq kvmKGkÉYxi mGã PjvGdivi myevG` wZwb w`wÍÏ mvgËvGRÅi
A¯¦fzÆî× cÉG`k evsjv mÁ·GKÆ `ievi ˆ^GKI Z^Å msMÉGni myGhvM jvf KGib|
wgbnvR-B-wmivGRi ZeKvZ-B-bvwmix gymjgvb KZƆK evsjv weRGqi
ci evsjvq gymjgvb kvmGbi AaÆ kZGKi BwZnvGmi gƒj Drm wnGmGe weGewPZ|
cieZÆx
chÆvGq BivGbi ˆh weLÅvZ AvGjg I mydx evsjvi mvsÕ•‡wZK BwZnvGm Ae`vb
ivGLb Zuvi bvg gIjvbv kidzóxb Avey ZvIqvgv|
wZwb eyLvivq R¯ÃMÉnY KGib| ˆZi kZGKi ˆklw`GK wZwb evsjvq ‰Gm ˆmvbviMuvI ‰ ‰KwU gv`Ëvmv I LvbKvn cÉwZÓ¤v KGib| wZwb ‰LvGbB mgvwnZ| Zuvi Mɯ© gvKvgvZ-B-ZvmvIIqvd
mgKvjxb cwíZ gnGj RbwcÉq wQj| bvg-B-nK bvGg wdKvn kvGÕ¨i AvGiKwU Mɯ© ˆm hyGM mycwiwPZ wQj hvi cÉGYZv
wZwb A^ev Zuvi ˆKvb wklÅ| Mɯ©wU eZÆgvb KvGjI cwiwPZ| myjZvb bvwmi‚óxb
bymiZ kvn ‰i (1519-1532) ivRZ½KvGj Šmq` Rvgvjyóxb bvgK ‰KRb we`™¬ eÅwî× mvZMuvI ‰ ‰KwU gmwR` wbgÆvY KGib| wZwb wQGjb Šmq` dLi‚óxb Avgywji (Avgyj
KvwÕ·qvb mvMGii ZxGi AewÕ©Z ‰KwU kni) cyò| myjZvwb AvgGji AviI AGbK
AvGjg I mydx-mvaK Z^v ævbxàYx eÅwî×i bvg iGqGQ BwZnvGm, ZGe ZvG`i gaÅ
ˆ^GK BivwbG`i kbvî× Kiv mnRmvaÅ bq| AekÅ wKQy wKQy bvg ˆ^GK BivwbG`i
mÁ¼G®¬ wbwøZ nIqv hvq| myZivs ‰K^v Õ·Ó¡ ˆh, cÉvK-gyMj hyGMB evsjvq BivwbG`i
AvMgb NGU ‰es Zuviv mgvGR kvw¯¦cÉwZÓ¤vq wbGqvwRZ wQGjb| ‰iv mKGjB wQGjb
we«¼vb I mydx-mvaK ‰es Zuviv ‰ ˆ`Gk wkÞv weÕ¦vi KGib|
gyMj
hyGMI BivwbG`i evsjvq AvMgb AeÅvnZ ^vGK A^Ævr eü msLÅK AvGjg, mydx I
Kwe ‰LvGb AvGmb| wK¯§ ‰ mgq Bivwbiv ivÓ¡Ëxq KvGR cÉvavbÅ jvf KGib| KGqKRb
AZů¦ mdj myevn`vi I c`Õ© KgÆKZÆv wQGjb Bivwb esGkv«¿„Z| cvimÅG`kxq
KweMY ŠmbÅ`Gji mGã hy«¬GÞGò Mgb KiGZb ‰es weRGqi Mv^v iPbv KiGZb hv
Rãbvgv bvGg AwfwnZ| KweMY myevn`vi I AbÅvbÅ DœPc`Õ© KgÆKZÆvG`i c†Ó¤GcvlKZv
jvf KiGZb| mgËvU Rvnvãxi ‰i ivRZ½KvGj Kvwmg Lvb RyBwb bvGg
‰KRb LvRvwç wQGjb| cieZÆxKvGj mgËvU kvnRvnvb ‰i AvgGj wZwb myevn`vi wbhyî× nb| Zuvi wcZv ‰GmwQGjb LyivmvGbi Rywqb
kni ˆ^GK| wZwb wbGRI wQGjb Kwe ‰es Zuvi KweZv (`xDqvb) ‰LbI we`Ågvb|
wZwb AbÅvbÅ cvimÅG`kxq KweG`i Drmvn w`GZb ‰es ZuvG`i Dchyî× cG` wbGqvM
jvGf mvnvhÅ KiGZb| Zuvi AvgGj gynÁÃ` mvw`K evsjvq AvGmb ‰es gyMjG`i
AaxGb PvKwi MÉnY KGib| ZGe Kwe wnGmGeB wZwb AwaK ài‚Z½ ˆcGqwQGjb| myen-B-mvw`K
bvGg wZwb ‰KwU Mɯ© iPbv KGib| ‰ MÉG¯© evsjvq AeÕ©vbKvix BivwbG`imn
AviI AGbK Bivwb Kwei bvg cvIqv hvq| gynÁÃ` mvw`K I Zuvi wcZv gynÁÃ`
mvwjn BÕ·vnvwb ZuvG`i RxeGbi ‰KUv Ask evsjvq AwZevwnZ KGib| gynÁÃ` mvw`K
wZbRb myevn`vi Kvwmg Lvb, Avhg Lvb I Bmjvg Lvb gvknvw` ‰i AaxGb evsjvq PvKwiiZ wQGjb| LvRv gynÁÃ` kixd XvKvi ‰KRb
LÅvZbvgv Kwe wQGjb| wZwb abvXÅ cvimÅ eÅemvqx LvRv nvmvb ÷m&Zvwii
cyò| giwgevG` Awfæ Šmq` gynÁÃ` ZvKx `vn`vi Avwgb cG`, gyLGjm
Lvb ZvewiwR bvGg ‰KRb Kwe eLkx cG` ‰es nvmvb ˆeM MÉvbx bvGg AvGiKRb
Kwe ˆbŒ wefvGMi eLkx cG` wbhyî× wQGjb| Kvwmg LvGbi mgGqi AbÅvbÅ
cvimÅ KweG`i gGaÅ wQGjb ˆgvÍÏv `iGek nviwe, ˆgvÍÏv IqvdvB gviwe, ˆgvÍÏv
nvwKg wmivwR, wgi Ave`yj KvBqyg cÉgyL| Kvwmg LvGbi DîivwaKvix myevn`vi
AvRg LvbI KweG`i c†Ó¤GcvlK wQGjb| Zuvi mgGq LÅvwZgvb nGq IGVb i‚üÍÏvn
gvRvb`vivwb bvGg ‰KRb Kwe I MwYZæ ‰es wRqvDóxb BDmyd ZvewiwR I gxi gvmyg
Kvwk bvgK `yRb weLÅZ Kwe| myevn`vi Bmjvg Lvb gvknvw`i AvgGji DGÍÏLGhvMÅ
Kwe wQGjb gxi i‚wR, gynÁÃ` kixd ZvjIqvwb I gynÁÃ` üGmb gvknvw`| gxi
i‚wR wQGjb Avey Zzive gvknvw`i cyò| Zuvi Q«Âbvg wQj `vwbk|
myevn`vi
kvn myRv ‰i AvgGj AGbK Bivwb Kwe I cwíZ evsjvq ‰Gm XvKv I ivRgnGj
Õ©vqxfvGe emwZ Õ©vcb KGib| Zuviv kvnRv`vi KvQ ˆ^GK Drmvn jvf KGiwQGjb|
gynÁÃ` üGmb KvRwfwb bvGg ‰KRb Kwe I nÕ¦wjwc wk͸x kvn myRvi mgGq PvKwiGZ
wbhyî× wQGjb| AvÍÏvgv gxi Šmq` bƒi‚ÍÏvn gviMvwki wZb cyò Aveyj gvwj,
AvjvDj gyjK ‰es AvjvDGóŒjv wQGjb cwikxwjZ Kwe I cwíZ| Aveyj gvwj wZbwU
MÉG¯©i iPwqZv| Mɯ©àwj nGœQ Zvdmxi-B-myivn BLjvm, gvbRvd-Dj-Djyg
‰es dviwm KweZvi ‰KwU msKjb| kvnRv`v myRvGK wkÞv`vGbi `vwqZ½ bÅÕ¦ wQj
AvjvDj gyjK-‰i Ici| Zuvi Mɯ©àwji gGaÅ wQj gvnväve wdj-gvbwdK,
AvbIqvi-Dj-ü`v wd Bjg-B-Bjvnx ‰es wmivZ-Dj-Iqvwdj AvmevZ-Dj-gvIqvwRe|
övZ‡òGqi Z‡Zxq RbI wQGjb Kwe| wgRÆv kvn evKx IqvR`x wmivwR ‰es AviI
KGqKRb DuPzgvGbi Kwe kvn myRv I Zuvi KgÆKZÆvG`i AaxGb KvR KiGZb| cieZÆx
myevn`vi gxiRygjv, kvGqÕ¦v Lvb , Beivwng Lvb,
gywkÆ`Kzjx Lvb cÉgyL myevn`vGii wbKU ˆ^GKI Bivwb Kwe I cwíZMY
c†Ó¤GcvlKZv jvf KGib|
AvIiãGRe ‰i
ˆcŒò I evsjvi bvwRg kvnRv`v AvwRgyóxb wQGjb Bivwb KweG`i ‰KRb
c†Ó¤GcvlK| wZwb ZuvG`i mGã KweZv cvGVi AvmGi ˆhvM w`GZb| ZuvG`i meGPGq
wcÉq eB wQj gIjvbv Rvjvjyóxb i‚gxi gmbex| AvVvGiv kZGK weGkl
KGi gywkÆ`Kzjx LvGbi c†Ó¤GcvlKZvq eü wkqv gymjgvb Bivb ˆ^GK evsjvq ‰Gm
emwZ Õ©vcb KGib| w«¼Zxq gywkÆ`Kzjx Lvb i‚Õ¦g Rã bvGg cwiwPZ wgRÆv jyrdzÍÏvn
wQGjb ‰KRb àYx Kwe| Zuvi Q«Âbvg wQj gvLbƒi| Šmq` ˆMvjvg ˆnvGmb
ZevZevC iwPZ wmqvi-Dj-gyZvL&GLixb ‰i gGZv mgKvjxb HwZnvwmK
mvwnGZÅ AviI AGbK wkqv gymjgvb cwíZ I KweG`i bvg cvIqv hvq|
cwíZ
I KweMY eÅZxZ Bivwb esGkv«¿„Z AviI eü ˆjvK gyMj hyGM cÉkvmwbK KvGR ˆhvM
ˆ`b| ˆek KGqKRb my`Þ I mdj myevn`vi ‰es bvwRg wQGjb Bivwb esGkv«¿„Z|
gyRvddi Lvb ZzieZx cÉ^g hyGMi evsjvi ‰KRb gyMj myevn`vi wQGjb| LyivmvGbi
ZzieZ ˆMvòfzî× wQGjb eGj ZuvGK ZzieZx ejv nGZv| wZwb ivRÕ¼ welGq
weGklæ wQGjb ‰es `xDqvGbi cG` D®²xZ nb| 1579 wLËÓ¡vGõ mgËvU AvKei
ZuvGK evsjvi myevn`vi wbhyî× KGib| wK¯§ wZwb gyMj weG`ËvnxG`i nvGZ wbnZ
nb| ˆgGni‚G®²mvi (bƒiRvnvb) mGã mgËvU Rvnvãxi ‰i weevGni ci mgËvæxi
wcZv wgRÆv wMqvm ˆeM BwZgv`-D`-G`Œjvi cwievi cÉfvekvjx nGq IGV| wkqv
mÁ·É`vGqi ‰ cwievi Bivb ˆ^GK ‰G`Gk AvGm| bƒiRvnvGbi fvB Beivwng Lvb
dGZn-Rã 1617 wLËÓ¡vGõ evsjvi myevn`vi cG` wbhyî× nGq ‰K`j wkqv AbyPimn
XvKv AvMgb KGib| ˆm mgq Beivwng LvGbi övZzÕ·yò wgRÆv Avng` ˆeMI Zuvi
mGã ‰GmwQGjb| mgËvU RvnvãxGii ivRZ½KvGj gyMj KgÆKZÆvG`i AGbGKB wQGjb
Bivwb ‰es wkqv| evsjvq gyMj kvmb KvGqGg AviI `yRb Bivwbi f„wgKv DGÍÏLGhvMÅ|
Zuviv nGjb: gxi-B-eni BnwZgvg Lvb ‰es Zuvi cyò evnvwiÕ¦vb-B-MvGqex MÉG¯©i iPwqZv wgRÆv bv^vb| Beivwng LvGbi cGi
gne»Z Lvb evsjvi myevn`vi nb| Zuvi cwievi BivGbi wmivR bvgK Õ©vb ˆ^GK
‰GmwQj| wZwb Zuvi cyò I cÉwZwbwa LvbRv` LvGbi gvaÅGg ռ͸ mgGqi RbÅ
evsjv kvmb KGib| kvnRvnvGbi AvgGj evsjvi `yRb myevn`vi Kvwmg Lvb Rywqwb
I Bmjvg Lvb gvknvw`I wQGjb Bivwb|
Bivwb
wkqv KgÆKZÆvMY, AwfRvZeMÆ, Kwe I cwíZMY KZƆK cieZÆx myevn`vi kvnRv`v
kvn myRv cwiGewÓ¡Z wQGjb| Zuvi PviRb cÉfvekvjx AwfRvZ wQGjb Bivwb| Zviv
nGjb DwolÅvi bvGqe bvwRg gynÁÃ` Rvgvb ˆZnivwb, XvKvi bvGqe bvwRg gxi
Aveyj-Kvwmg Avj-Gnvmvqwb-Avj ZevZevC Avj-wmgbvbx, myRvi wkÞK gxi AvjvDj
gyjK ‰es Zuvi ˆiKve iÞK gxi i‚Kb Avjx| ˆh mKj Kwe I cwíZ Zuvi `ievi
Ajâ‡Z KGiwQGjb ‰es huviv Zuvi AaxGb wbGqvwRZ wQGjb ZuvG`i AwaKvskB wQGjb
wkqv ‰es Bivwb esGkv«¿„Z| Zuvi gvZv wQGjb ‰KRb wkqv gwnjv ‰es Zuvi `yB
Õ¨xI (hvG`i wZwb ‰GKi ci AbÅRbGK weevn KGiwQGjb) wQGjb wkqv cwievGii|
Kw^Z AvGQ ˆh, kvnRv`v myRv Zuvi mGã wZb kZ wkqv AwfRvZ eÅwî×GK wbGq
‰GmwQGjb| myRvi eÅwî×MZ cwiPviK ‰es ZvwiL-B-kvn myRvB
MÉG¯©i iPwqZv gxi gvmygI wQGjb Bivwb| gvmyg I Zuvi wcZv nvmvb `yRGbB
evsjvq PvKwi KiGZb|
cieZÆx
`yB myevn`vi gxi gynÁÃ` Šmq` gyqvGäg Lvb LvbLvbvb, BwZnvGm whwb Zuvi
c`we gxi Rygjv bvGgB mgwaK cwiwPZ ‰es Avwgi-Dj-Dgiv kvGqÕ¦v Lvb wQGjb
Bivwb esGkv«¿„Z| gxi Rygjv BivGbi ‰KKvGji ivRavbx BÕ·vnvGbi Aviw`Õ¦vGb
‰K `wi`Ë Šmq` cwievGi R¯ÃMÉnY KGib| wKQy ˆjLvcov wkGL wZwb ‰K ewYGKi
AaxGb ˆKivwb wbhyî× nb| ‰ PvKwii mƒGò Zuvi ˆMvjKzív Avmvi myGhvM NGU|
ˆMvjKzív wQj nxiK Lwbi RbÅ weLÅvZ| AmvaviY cwikÉg I ˆgavi eGj wZwb nxiK
eÅemvqxGZ cwiYZ nb| ‰Qvov wZwb ˆbŒevwYGRÅ wbGRGK wbGqvwRZ KGib ‰es Av¯¦RÆvwZK
eÅemvqx I BDGivcxq ewYK ˆKvÁ·vwbàwji msÕ·GkÆ AvGmb| AZ:ci wZwb ˆMvjKzívi
myjZvGbi DwRi cG` ˆhvM ˆ`b ‰es myjZvGbi cGÞ KYÆvUK Rq KGib|
wK¯§ KYÆvUGKi `Lj wbGq myjZvGbi mGã Zuvi weGiva ˆ`Lv ˆ`q ‰es gxi Rygjv
Õ¼xq wbivcîvi RbÅ gyMj kvnRv`v AvIiãGRGei mGã ˆhvMvGhvM cÉwZÓ¤v KGib|
AvIiãGRe wQGjb ZLb `vwÞYvGZÅi myevn`vi| gxi Rygjv mgËvU kvnRvnvGbi AaxGb
PvKwi MÉnY KGib| mgËvU kvnRvnvb ZuvGK AvbyK„jÅ I Dcvwa cÉ`vb KGib| kvnRvnvGbi
ivRZ½KvGji ˆkl KGqK eQGi mvgËvGRÅi DîivwaKvi hyG«¬ gxi Rygjv AvIiãGRGei
cÞ AejÁ¼b KGi kvn myRvi wei‚G«¬ hy«¬ KGib| hyG«¬ kvn myRv civÕ¦ nGq
AvivKvGb cvwjGq hvb| 1660 wLËÓ¡vGõ gxi Rygjv evsjvi myevn`vi wbhyî×
nb| evsjvq Zuvi myevn`vwi AvgGj gxi Rygjv KzPwenvi, Kvgi…c
I AvmvGg mdjfvGe Awfhvb cwiPvjbv KGib| Avmvg Awfhvb ˆkGl ˆ`Gk cÉZÅveZÆbKvGj
gxi Rygjv 1663 wLËÓ¡vGõi 30 gvPÆ wLwRicyi (AvaywbK bvivqYMGéi
KvGQ) `yGMÆi A`ƒGi ˆbŒKvq g†ZzÅeiY KGib| gxi Rygjvi ÕÆwZi mvÞÅ enb
KiGQ `ywU moK I `ywU ˆmZz| eZÆgvGb gqgbwmsn moK bvGg cwiwPZ XvKv-Uwã
moK ‰es AbÅwU XvKv-bvivqYMé moK| ˆmZz `ywUi ‰KwU bvivqYMé moGKi Dci
cvMjv ˆmZz ‰es AbÅwU ZzivM b`xi Dci Uwã ˆmZz|
Avgxi-Dj-Dgiv
kvGqÕ¦v Lvb wQGjb Avmd LvGbi cyò| Avmd Lvb wQGjb wgRÆv wMqvm ˆeM BwZgv`DGóŒjvi
cyò ‰es bƒiRvnvGbi övZv| AZ‰e wZwb wQGjb AvIiãGRGei gvZzj| gxi Rygjvi
ci kvGqÕ¦v Lvb myevn`vi nb ‰es 1664 wLËÓ¡vGõi ˆklw`GK wZwb XvKv AvMgb
KGib| kvGqզv Lvb `yevi evsjv kvmb KGib| gGaŠռ͸Kvjxb weiwZ ev` w`Gq
Zuvi cƒYÆ kvmbKvj wQj 22 eQi| cÉkvmwbK KvGR ZuvGK mnvqZv KiGZb Zuvi
myGhvMÅ cyòMY| Zuviv nGjb eyhyMÆ Dgx` Lvb, AvwK`vZ Lvb, Rvdi
Lvb, Avey bmi Lvb ‰es Biv`vZ Lvb| ‰uiv cÉGZÅGKB ‰K ‰KwU ˆRjvi `vwqGZ½
wbhyî× wQGjb| eyhyMÆ Dgx` Lvb 1666 wLËÓ¡vGõ Zuvi wcZvi cGÞ PëMÉvg Rq
KGib| kvGqÕ¦v Lvb Zuvi Õ©vcZÅKGgÆi RbÅ weLÅvZ| wZwb wbGR ‰KRb dviwm
Kwe wQGjb ‰es AbÅvbÅ KweG`i weGklZ Bivwb esGkv«¿„Z wkqv KweG`i AbycÉvwYZ
KiGZb| Bivwb esGkv«¿„Z cieZÆx weLÅvZ myevn`vi Avjx g`Ævb LvGbi cyò Beivwng
Lvb| evsjvq AvMgGbi mgq wZwb wQGjb e†«¬ I `yeÆj| wK¯§ dviwm Mɯ©cvGV
Zuvi Mfxi AvMÉn wQj| Zuvi AvgGj ˆkvfv wmsn bvGg ‰KRb Rwg`vi
AvdMvb ˆbZv iwng LvGbi mGã wgwjZ nGq ˆgw`bxcyi, eaÆgvb, üMwj
I wbKUeZÆx ‰jvKvq weG`Ëvn KGib| Beivwng Lvb ZLb wbwÓ˜q wQGjb| mgËvGUi
wbG`ÆGk Zuvi cyò Rei`Õ¦ Lvb weG`ËvnxG`i wei‚G«¬ AMÉmi nb ‰es fxlY ÞwZmvab
KGi ZvG`i nwUGq ˆ`b|
AvIiãGRGei
g†ZzÅi ci gyMj mvgËvGRÅi meÆò ˆMvjGhvM ˆ`Lv ˆ`q| ˆm cwiwÕ©wZGZ gywkÆ`Kzjx
Lvb AZů¦ `ÞZv I ˆKŒkGj evsjvi kvmbÞgZv AvqGî ivLGZ mÞg nb| gywkÆ`Kzjx
Lvb Bivwb esGki wQGjb bv| wZwb `wÞY fviGZi ‰K eËvþGYi m¯¦vb wQGjb| nvRx
kwd bvgK ‰KRb Bivwb gyMj KgÆKZÆvi wbKU ZuvGK wewò× Kiv nq| nvRx kwd
ZuvGK Bivwb Kvq`vq jvjb cvjb KGi ˆZvGjb| Zuvi agÆwcZvi gGZv wZwbI wkqv
gZvejÁ¼x wQGjb ‰es cG`v®²wZi mGã mGã wZwb wbR mÁ·É`vGqi ˆjvKG`i NwbÓ¤
mvw®²aÅ jvf KGib| Zuvi mgq ˆ^GK Bivwb esGkv«¿„Z wkqv mÁ·É`vGqi wkÞK,
wPwKrmK, wk͸x, Djvgv I gvkvGqLMY evsjvi ài‚Z½cƒYÆ kni gywkÆ`vev`,
XvKv, üMwj cÉf‡wZ Õ©vGb LÅvwZ ARÆb KGib| ‰ AeÕ©v gyMj kvmbvgGji
ˆkl Aewa weivRgvb ^vGK| hLbB ˆKvb ‰KRb Bivwb KgÆKZÆv evsjvq AvmGZb,
Zuvi mGã ^vKZ AmsLÅ AbyMZ I mg^ÆK| ‰fvGeB Bivwb esGkv«¿„ZG`i msLÅv evoGZ
^vGK| ZuvG`i ˆKD ˆKD ‰G`kGKB Õ¼G`k wnGmGe MÉnY KGi ‰LvGb emwZ Õ©vcb
KGib ‰es ‰G`GkB g†ZzÅeiY KGib| Avevi ˆKD ˆKD wbGRi ˆ`Gk wKsev Dîi fviGZ
PGj hvb|
mvaviYfvGe g¯¦eÅ Kiv hvq ˆh, evsjvq gymwjg kvmGbi
cÉ^g w`GK Bivwbiv ‰G`Gk AvGmb fvGMÅi D®²wZi RbÅ| ZuvG`i ˆKD ˆKD miKvwi
PvKwiGZ ˆhvM ˆ`b, ZGe AwaKvskB wQGjb wkÞK, Djvgv I gvkvGqL| Zuviv wkÞKZv
ˆckvq wbGqvwRZ wQGjb ‰es ˆ`keÅvcx wkÞv I ævGbi cÉmvi NwUGqGQb| ‰Qvov
ˆKD ˆKD eÅemv ev AbÅvbÅ ˆckv MÉnY KGib| gyMj AvgGj BivwbG`i msLÅv AviI
e†w«¬ cvq| Zuviv fvGMÅi D®²wZi RbÅ ‰G`Gk AvmGjI cÉkvmwbK KvGRI Zuviv
ài‚Z½cƒYÆ Ae`vb ivGLb| myevn`vi, `xDqvb I AbÅvbÅ KgÆKZÆv ‰es ˆmbvevwnbxi
gGaÅ AwaKvskB wQGjb Bivb ˆ^GK AvMZ wKsev Bivwb esGkv«¿„Z| [Avõyj Kwig]
Mɯ©cwé Sarkar, J N (ed.), History of Bengal,
II, Dhaka University, Dhaka, 1948; Karim, A, Social History of the Muslims in Bengal, Dhaka,
1959; Karim, A, History
of Bengal, Mughal perioed, I, II, Rajshahi, 1992, 1995; Karim, A, Murshid Quli Khan and His
Times, Dhaka, 1964.