Bqs ˆeãj  wn±`y KGjGRi QvòG`iGK mgmvgwqK KjKvZv mgvR KZ‡ÆK cÉ`î mvgvwRK eyw«¬ev`x ‰KwU Awfav weGkl| ‰uiv mevB wn±`y KGjR ‰i gyî×eyw«¬ hywî×ev`x wkÞK ˆnbix jyB wfwfqvb wWGivwRI-i Abymvix wQGjb| wn±`y KGjGR wWGivwRI-i KgÆKvj wQj 1826 mvj ˆ^GK 1831 mvj|

wWGivwRI Zuvi QvòG`iGK Rxeb I mgvR-cÉwò×qvi cÉwZ hywî×wm«¬ `†wÓ¡fwã MÉnY Kivi wkÞv w`GqwQGjb| wZwb wkwLGqwQGjb wK KGi mvgvwRK cÉwZÓ¤vbmgƒn MGo IGV I weKwkZ nq ‰es wK KGi gvbyl g†Z I ˆmGKGj aÅvb-aviYv I mgvR-msMVGbi e®¬Gb Ave«¬ nq| QvòG`iGK ævbvbyivMx nGZ ‰es ˆhGKvb A®¬wek¼vm cwiZÅvM KiGZ `xÞv w`GqwQGjb wWGivwRI| ‰ ˆÞGò `†Ó¡v¯¦ wQj BwZnvm Avi `kÆb| Zuvi cybive†î DcG`k wQj ‘mGZÅi RbÅ euvPv, mGZÅi RbÅ giv’|

wWGivwRI-i wcÉq wQGjb wn±`y KGjGRi ‰K`j eyw«¬`xµ¦ Qvò| ‰uG`i gGaÅ K‡úGgvnb eG±`ÅvcvaÅvq, iwmKK‡ú gwÍÏK, `wÞYviéb gyGLvcvaÅvq, ivgGMvcvj ˆNvl, gvaeP±`Ê gwÍÏK, ivgZby jvwnox, gGnkP±`Ê ˆNvl, wkeP±`Ê ˆ`e, niP±`Ê ˆNvl, ivavbv^ wkK`vi, ˆMvwe±`P±`Ê emvK, Ag†Zjvj wgò DGÍÏLGhvMÅ| ‰uiv mevB wQGjb gyî× wP¯¦v «¼viv DäxweZ| wn±`y mgvGRi we`Ågvb mvgvwRK I agÆxq KvVvGgv ‰uG`iGK weG`Ëvnx KGi ZzGjwQj|

cÉvPxb I Þwqúz cÉ^v Z^v agÆxq msÕ•vi I mvgvwRK k†›Ljgywî×i DGÍÏLGhvMÅ cÉqvm wnGmGe Bqs ˆeãj-‰i m`mÅMY ˆMv-gvsm fÞY I g`ÅcvGb Avb±`Geva KiGZb| wn±`yG`i KzmsÕ•vi Avi KwZcq wbÓ¤zi mvgvwRK I agÆxq AvPvGii wei‚G«¬ wLËÓ¡vb wgkbvwiMY ˆh mKj hywî× eÅenvi KiGZb, Bqs ˆeãj-‰i AGbK m`mÅ ˆmme hywî×GK MÉnYGhvMÅ weGePbv KiGZb| `wÞYviéb gyGLvcvaÅvq I K‡úGgvnb eG±`vcÅvaÅvGqi gGZv ‰uG`i AGbKB wn±`yagÆ ZÅvM KGi wLËÓ¡vb agÆ MÉnY KGib|

1828 mvGj wWGivwRI I Zuvi QvGòiv ‘AÅvKvGWwgK AÅvGmvwmGqkb’ MVb KGib| ‰ AÅvGmvwmGqkb wewf®² welGq weZKÆ AbyÓ¤vb KiZ| AÅvGmvwmGqkGbi mfvq cÉPzi RbmgvMg nGZv| gvGSgGaÅ ˆek KGqKRb wewkÓ¡ àYxRbI DcwÕ©Z nGZb| wWGivwRI-i QvGòiv fjGZqvi, wnDg, jK, Ugvm ˆcBb cÉgyGLi iPbvewj Mfxi AwfwbGeGk AaÅqb KiGZb ‰es weZKÆKvGj ‰uG`i iPbv cÉvqk D«¬‡Z KiGZb| 1838 mvGj ‰uG`iB Õ©vwcZ AvGiKwU msMVGbi bvg ‘ˆmvmvBwU di w` AÅvKzBwRkb Ae ˆRbvGij bGjR’| ZvivPuv` Pò×eZÆx wQGjb ‰ ˆmvmvBwU-i mfvcwZ ‰es cÅvixPuv` wgò I ivgZby jvwnox wQGjb ‰i mÁ·v`K|

wWGivwRI I Zuvi wkGlÅiv 1828 ‰es 1843 mvGji gGaÅ ˆek wKQy mvgwqKx cÉKvk KGib| ‰me cò-cwòKvi gGaÅ wQj cvG^Æbb, ˆnm&cvivm, ævbvG¯¼lY, ‰bGKvGqivi, wn±`y cvBIwbqvi, KzBj ‰es ˆeãj ˆÕ·GÙUi| cvG^Æbb-‰i ‰Kgvò msLÅv 1830 mvGj cÉKvwkZ nIqvi ci Zv e®¬ nGq hvq| wgkbvwiG`i «¼viv AbycÉvwYZ nGq Bqs ˆeãj ˆMvÓ¤x ZuvG`i aÅvb-aviYv cÉPvGii DGóGkÅ ævbvG¯¼lY cwòKvwU cÉKvk KGib| cwòKvwUi AvqyÓ•vj `xNÆZi nGqwQj; 1831 ˆ^GK 1844 mvj chƯ¦ ‰wU cÉKvwkZ nq| w«¼evwlÆK ‰ cwòKvi msMVK wQGjb iwmKK‡ú gwÍÏK| ‰i DGóGkÅ wQj kvmbcÉwò×qv I eÅenvikvGÕ¨ gvbylGK wkwÞZ KGi ˆZvjv| 1831 mvGj K‡úGgvnb ‰bGKvGqivi cwòKv cÉKvk ÷i‚ KGib; ‰GZ beÅ Pigcw¯©G`i wei‚G«¬ ‰KwòZ iÞYkxj mÁ·É`vqGK ZxeËfvGe mgvGjvPbv Kiv nq| Bqs ˆeãjG`i AGbKGKB mgvRPzÅZ Kivi cÉGPÓ¡v ‰es Pigc¯©v cwinvi Kivi RbÅ ZvG`i Ici cÉPí Pvc cÉGqvM Kiv nq| wn±`y cvBIwbqvi (1838 mvGj ÷i‚) cwòKvq cÉKvwkZ Bqs ˆeãj ˆMvÓ¤xi iPbvewj ˆ^GK ˆevSv hvq, ZuvG`i gGaÅ ivR‹bwZK ˆPZbvi weKvk NUGQ| ZvivPuv` Pò×eZÆx cÉKvwkZ KzBj cwòKvwUI miKvGii mgvGjvPbvq gyLi wQj| Bqs ˆeãj-‰i ˆjLvq BDGivcxq I fviZevmxi gGaÅKvi ivR‹bwZK ŠelgÅ wbGq nZvkv cÉKvk cvq| Bqs ˆeãj KZƆK cÉKvwkZ cwòKvmgƒGni gGaÅ mÁ¿eZ ˆeãj ˆÕ·GÙUi wQj meÆGkl| 1842 mvj ˆ^GK cÉKvwkZ ‰ cÉMwZev`x gvwmK cwòKvwU mgmvgwqK mvgvwRK, ivR‹bwZK I A^Æ‹bwZK mgmÅvewji Ici wewf®² ˆjLv cÉKvk KGi| ‰gbwK bvixwkÞv Z^v wn±`y weaevG`i cybweÆevn welqK AvGjvPbvI ‰GZ Õ©vb cvq| cwòKvwU ˆklvewa Š`wbGK i…cv¯¦wiZ nq|

wn±`y aGgÆi Ici Avò×gGYi cvkvcvwk Bqs ˆeãj JcwbGewkK miKvi mƒwPZ cvøvZÅKiY cÉwò×qvGKI ˆRvivGjvfvGe mg^Æb KGi| Bqs ˆeãj AvG±`vjbGK Dwbk kZGK evsjvi beRvMiGYi meÆvGcÞv weZwKÆZ AaÅvq wnGmGe wPwn×Z Kiv hvq| wb±`v I cÉksmv `yB-B Bqs ˆeãj-‰i m`mÅiv ˆcGqwQGjb| ‰G`Gk cvøvZÅ wPwKrmv kvGÕ¨i cÉPjGbi ˆcQGb ˆh DG`ÅvM KvR KGi ZvGZ Bqs ˆeãj mivmwi RwoZ wQj| ‰ cÉqvm ˆ^GKB 1835 mvGj KjKvZv ˆgwWKÅvj KGjR cÉwZwÓ¤Z nq| Bqs ˆeãj keeÅeGœQ` welGq cÉPwjZ msÕ•vi ˆfGO ˆdjvi RbÅ ˆgwWKÅvj KGjGRi QvòG`i DrmvwnZ KGi| ˆKvb ˆKvb cwíGZi gGZ Bqs ˆeãj-‰i weG`ËvnxivB evsjvi beRvMiGYi AMÉ`ƒZ| ‰ RvMiGY Bqs ˆeãj-‰i Ae`vb mskqvZxZ| Bqs ˆeãj BsGiwRGK Awdm-Av`vjGZi fvlv wnGmGe cÉeZÆGbi mg^ÆK wQj| KjKvZvq KwZcq MYcvVvMvi Õ©vcGbi welqwUGK Zviv Õ¼vMZ Rvbvq|

cvøvGZÅi cÉwZ A®¬ AvbyMZÅB wQj Bqs ˆeãj-‰i meGPGq eo `yeÆjZv| cÉvPÅ RxebPPÆvGK Zviv KzmsÕ•vivœQ®² gGb KiZ| ‰ wek¼vm ˆ^GK Zviv cvøvZÅ ixwZ-bxwZ AfÅvmGK webv cÉGk² MÉnY KGi, hw`I ‰-GÞGò Zviv meÆvsGk mdj nGZ cvGi wb| meGPGq eo K^v, cvøvZÅ cÉxwZi dGj Zviv ‰G`Gki mvaviY gvbyGli ˆPvGL, mGeÆvcwi ZvG`i AwffveKG`i ˆPvGL N†Yvi cvò nGq cGo|

gyî×wP¯¦v I ŠbeÅÆwî×K wRævmvi ZvrchÆ Abyaveb Kivi gGZv cwicÛZv Bqs ˆeãj-‰i wQj bv| cvøvZÅ mfÅZv mÁ·GKÆ AmÁ·ƒYÆ ævb ‰es cÉvPÅ msÕ•‡wZ mÁ·GKÆ AæZvi KviGY Zviv evsjvi K‡wÓ¡ I HwZnÅGK ˆnq cÉwZc®² KGiwQj| dGj mgmvgwqK RxeGbi AGbK fãyi w`GKi wei‚G«¬ avivGjv hywî× cÉGqvM KGiI Zviv wkwÞZ evOvwji mg^Æb Av`vq KiGZ cvGi wb| ‰-KviGY ZvG`i fvev`GkÆi AKvj g†ZzÅ NGU| ˆh ˆPZbv Bqs ˆeãjGK AbycÉvwYZ KGiwQj Zv ˆklvewa ÞwYK I AMfxi cÉZxqgvb nq; hZ `Ë‚Z Zvi AvwefÆve NGUwQj, wVK ZZUvB `Ë‚Z Zvi cwimgvwµ¦ NGU| Ewbk kZGKi ˆklw`GK ‰Gm Bqs ˆeãj mvgvwRK M͸-àRGei welqeÕ§GZ cwiYZ nq| [wmivRyj Bmjvg]