Bw´£qvb AÅvGmvwmGqkb   Ebwesk kZvõxi w«¼ZxqvGaÆ fviZ DcgnvG`Gk ˆh Av^Æ-mvgvwRK cwieZÆb ˆ`Lv ˆ`q ‰es ivR‹bwZK mGPZbZvi weKvk NGU ZviB dj wnGmGe MwVZ cÉ^g ivR‹bwZK msMVb| meÆfviZxq Av`GkÆ I DGóGkÅ MwVZ ‰ cÉwZÓ¤vGbi evsjv bvg ‘fviZ mfv’| BGZvcƒGeÆ cÉv^wgK cÉGPÓ¡v wnGmGe KjKvZvq 25 ˆmG¶ŸÁ¼i 1875 mvGj Ag†Z evRvi cwòKv-i mÁ·v`K wkwki Kzgvi ˆNvl I Zuvi fvB gwZjvj ˆNvl ‘Bw´£qv jxM’ cÉwZÓ¤v KGib| R¯Ãj™² nGZ Bw´£qv jxM cÉvG`wkKZv I mvÁ·É`vwqKZvgyî× meÆfviZxq RbMGYi KjÅvY mvaGbi Av`kÆ I `†wÓ¡fwã wbGq KvhÆGÞGò AeZxYÆ nGqwQj| wK¯§ bvbv KviGY ˆbZ‡e†G±`i gvGS gZweGiva ˆ`Lv ˆ`q, dGj Bw´£qv jxM ˆewkw`b wUGK ^vGK wb| ‰i A͸w`b ciB 1876 mvGji 26 RyjvB KjKvZvq myGi±`Êbv^ eÅvbvRÆxi ˆbZ‡GZ½ Zuvi e®¬z Avb±`Ggvnb emy ‘Bw´£qvb AÅvGmvwmGqkb’ cÉwZÓ¤v KGib| ‰ msMVGbi mGã hyî× AbÅvbÅ ˆbZ‡e†±` wQGjb cw´£Z wkebv^ kvÕ¨x, gGbvGgvnb ˆNvl, K‡ú`vm cvj, gnvivRv bGi±`ÊK‡ú cÉgyL| ‰ `yB mfvi DGókÅ I KvhÆ-cÉYvjxi gvGS weGkl cv^ÆKÅ wQj bv| wkwÞZ gaÅweî ˆkÉYxi gGaÅ ivR‹bwZK ˆPZbv I RvZxq HKÅ cÉwZÓ¤v wQj DfGqi jÞÅ| R¯Ãj™² nGZ fviZ mfvi ivR‹bwZK DGókÅ wQj meÆfviZxq RbgZ MVb| fviZ mfv PviwU DGókÅ wbGq KvR KGi" h^v, (1) mviv ˆ`Gk RbgZ MVb Kiv, (2) ivR‹bwZK Õ¼vG^Æ fviGZi wewf®² AçGji AwaevmxG`i HKÅe«¬ Kiv, (3) RvwZ, agÆ, eYÆ wbweÆGkGl mKj ˆkÉYxi gGaÅ ˆmŒnv`ÆcƒYÆ mÁ·KÆ MGo ˆZvjv I fviGZi `yB cÉavb mÁ·É`vq wn±`y-gzmjgvGbi gGaÅ Šgòxi cÉmvi NUvGbv ‰es (4) ivR‹bwZK AvG±`vjGb ռ͸ wkwÞZ I mvaviY RbMY hvGZ ˆhvM ˆ`q Zvi eÅeÕ©v Kiv| fviZxqG`i mvweÆK KjÅvY, Õ¼v^ÆiÞv I RvZxq ˆPZbvGeva RvMiYB ‰ mfvi gyLÅ jÞÅ wQj|

myGi±`Êbv^ eÅvbvRÆx I Avb±`Ggvnb emyi gGZv D`vi gZvejÁ¼x ivR‹bwZK ˆbZ‡e†±` RvZxqZvev`GK msKxYÆ wn±`y RvZxqZvevG`i DGa»Æ ivLvi ˆPÓ¡v KGiwQGjb| ‰i wb`kÆbÕ¼i…c ‰ mfvi w«¼Zxq evwlÆK AwaGekGb bIqve gynÁÃ` Avjx mfvcwZi Avmb MÉnY KGib| ˆh ivR‹bwZK RvMiGYi dGj 1885 mvGj meÆfviZxq RvZxq KsGMÉm cÉwZwÓ¤Z nGqwQj fviZ mfvi cÉwZÓ¤vZv myGi±`Êbv^ eÅvbvRÆx ˆm K‡wZGZ½i cÉavb `vwe`vi| cÉK‡ZcGÞ fviZmfv ‰es myGi±`Êbv^ eÅvbRÆx wQGjb RvZxqZvevG`i AMÉ`ƒZ I cw^K‡r|

1876 mvGj weËwUk miKvi fviZxq wmwfj mwfÆm cixÞv^ÆxG`i eqm 21 eQi nGZ KwgGq 19 eQi KGi ˆh wewa cÉeZÆb KGi ZviB cÉwZev` w`Gq fviZ mfvi KvR ÷i‚ nq| ‰ wewa mviv fviGZ ‰K Mfxi AmG¯¦vGli m†wÓ¡ KGi| KviY 19 eQi eqGm ˆKvb fviZxq QvGòi cGÞ my`ƒi weGjGZ wMGq bZzb cwiGeGk wmwfj mvwfÆm cixÞvq DîxYÆ nIqv `yi…n nGq coGe| fviZ mfv myGi±`Ê bvG^i ˆbZ‡GZ½ ‰ AvG`Gki cÉwZev` KGi ‰es wmwfj mvwfÆmGK fviZxqKiGYi `vwe Rvbvq I AvG±`vjb MGo ˆZvGj| ‰Qvov ˆ`kxq gy`ËYh¯¨ AvBb, AÕ¨ AvBb, ÷Í•bxwZ cÉf‡wZi wei‚G«¬ AvG±`vjGb fviZ mfv ˆbZ‡Z½ ˆ`q| fviZ mfv AviI KGqKwU welGq ài‚Z½cƒYÆ f„wgKv cvjb KGi, h^v : 1| cÉwZwbwaZ½gƒjK kvmb-cwil` MVb 2| Õ¼vqZ½-kvmb cÉeZÆb, 3| cÉRvÕ¼Z½ AvBb cvm ‰es 4| g`Åcvb wbeviYKG͸ AvG±`vjb cwiPvjbv Kiv BZÅvw`| ‰ mKj AvG±`vjGbi dGj miKvi evaÅ nGq fviZxqG`i AbyK„Gj bZzb AvBb cvm ‰es ˆKvbI ˆKvbI ˆÞGò cyiGbv AvBb msGkvab KiGZ evaÅ nq| fviZ mfvi cGÞ myGi±`Êbv^ fviGZi AGbK ài‚Z½cƒYÆ kni ögY KGib I eîׇZvi gvaÅGg ivR‹bwZK HKÅ I fviZxq RvZxqZvevG`i exR ecb KGib|

fviZxq RvZxq KsGMÉm cÉwZÓ¤vi cƒGeÆB myGi±`Êbv^ ivR‹bwZK I mvgvwRK DGókÅ wbGq 1883 I 1885 mvGj KjKvZvq ‘Bw´£qvb bÅvkbvj KbdvGi´Ö’ bvGg ‰K gnvmfv Avn»vb KGib| meÆfviZxq KjÅvY I ivR‹bwZK HKÅ cÉwZÓ¤v wQj ‰ gnvmfvi DGókÅ| fviZ mfvi ˆbZ‡e†±` wQGjb ‰ gnvmGÁÃjGbi DG`Åvî×v| BGZvgGaÅ 1885 mvGj AÅvjvb AGÙwfqvb wnDg bvGg R‹bK fviZ`i`x AemicÉvµ¦ wmwfwjqvGbi DG`ÅvGM 28 wWGmÁ¼Gi ˆevÁ¼vBGZ fviZxq RvZxq KsGMÉm cÉwZwÓ¤Z nq| 1886 mvGj KjKvZvq KsGMÉGmi w«¼Zxq AwaGekb PjvKvGj fviZ mfv wbR KvhÆ cwiPvjbvi mGã mGã KsGMÉGmi KvhÆò×Ggi mGã ‰KvñZv ˆNvlYv KGi| 1888 mvGj fviZ mfvi DG`ÅvGM KjKvZv cÉ^g eãxq cÉvG`wkK mGÁÃjb AbywÓ¤Z nq| evsjv, wenvi I Avmvg nGZ eü cÉwZwbwa ‰GZ ˆhvM`vb KGib ‰es ‰ mKj cÉG`Gk fviZ mfvi kvLv mwgwZ Õ©vwcZ nq| ‰Uv mZÅ ˆh, KsGMÉm cÉwZÓ¤vi ci ‰es KsGMÉGmi KgÆKv´£ ò×gvMZ cÉmvGii dGj Bw´£qvb AÅvGmvwmGqkGbi ài‚Z½ wKQyUv nËvm cvq|

eãfãGK ˆK±`Ê KGi Õ¼G`kx AvG±`vjb ÷i‚ nGj fviZ mfv ˆm AvG±`vjGb mwò×q f„wgKv MÉnY KGi| Õ¼G`kx `ËeÅ eÅenvi I weG`kx cYÅ eRÆGbi RbÅ fviZ mfvi ˆbZ‡e†±` mviv ˆ`Gk Zzgyj AvG±`vjb MGo ˆZvGjb| fviZ mfvi cGÞÅ ‰KwU ‘RvZxq fvívi’ cÉwZwÓ¤Z nq| ‰i gyLÅ DGókÅ wQj `ywU K. wefî× cƒeÆ I cwøg eGãi ‰KZvi wb`kÆbÕ¼i…c ‰KwU wgjb gw±`i Õ©vcb; L. ˆ`kxq wk͸ cÉavbZ PiKv I ZvGZi eüj cÉmvi| fviZ mfvmn KsGMÉm ˆbZ‡e†G±`i cÉej AvG±`vjGbi dGj 1911 mvGji 12 wWGmÁ¼i weËwUk miKvi eãfã i` ˆNvlYv KGi| fviGZi ivRavbx KjKvZv nGZ w`wÍÏGZ Õ©vbv¯¦wiZ nq| AZtci fviZ mfv evsjvi D`vicw¯© I Pigcw¯© ivR‹bwZK `Gji wgjbGK±`Ê nGq IGV| 1921 mvGj gnvñv Mv®¬xi ˆbZ‡GZ½ AmnGhvM AvG±`vjGbi cƒeÆ chƯ¦ Dfq `j ‰KGhvGM cÉvG`wkK ivRbxwZ I mgvR D®²qbgƒjK KvGR iZ ^vGK| fviZ mfv miKvwi AbvPvi I wbhÆvZGbi ZxeË cÉwZev` KGi ‰es ivR‹bwZK I mvgvwRK D®²qbgƒjK miKvwi I ˆemiKvwi wewf®² KvhÆò×Ggi mGã mnGhvwMZv KGi| 1947-‰i ci ‘fviZ mfv’ wewf®² mgvR ˆmevgƒjK KvGR AvñwbGqvM KGi|  [‰.we.‰g gvngy`]