BwZnvm wjLbaviv

cÉvPxb hyM  DcgnvG`Gki AbÅvbÅ AsGki gGZv cÉvPxb evsjvi BwZnvGmiI Awf®² ŠewkÓ¡Å nGœQ cÉK‡Z BwZnvm mvwnGZÅi Afve| cÉvPxbKvGji wjLbmgƒGni gGaÅ m®¬ÅvKi b±`xi ivgPwiZg KveÅwUGKB ‰Kgvò HwZnvwmK Mɯ© wnGmGe DGÍÏL Kiv ˆhGZ cvGi| wK¯§ mgKvjxb ZvgË I cÉÕ¦i wjwcgvjv cÉvPxb evsjvi ivReskmgƒn I cw´£Z mgvGRi BwZnvm mGPZbZvi cÉgvY ˆ`q| mfvKwe, gnvGdRLvbvi Zî½veavqK ‰es KzjvPvhÆG`i «¼viv iwPZ ZvgËkvmb, wkjvwjwc I cÉkwÕ¦àwjGK (cÉksmvmgƒn) HwZnvwmK wjLGbi bgybv wnGmGe aGi ˆbIqv hvq| cÉvPxb evsjvi BwZnvm wjLGbi AbycwÕ©wZGK ˆKvbò×GgB ‰fvGe eÅvLÅv Kiv hvq bv ˆh, cieZÆx mgGqi Avò×gYKvixiv mewKQyB a»sm KGi w`GqwQj| «¼v`k kZvõxi ˆkGli w`GK ‰es òGqv`k kZvõxi cÉ^gw`GK evsjv I wenvGi hLb gymjgvbG`i Awfhvb cwiPvwjZ nq ZLb AGbK m®²Åvmx I cw´£Z agÆkvÕ¨, wPwKrmvkvÕ¨, hywî×we`Åv, ˆRÅvwZlwe`Åv, eÅvKiY ‰es mvwnGZÅi AGbK gƒjÅevb cvíywjwc mGã wbGq ˆbcvj I wZe»GZi w`GK cvwjGq hvb| wZe»Zxq Kvjvbyò×wgK NUbvcwémgƒGn ˆhgb, 1747 mvGj msKwjZ Sumpa Mkhanpo-‰i Pag Sam Zon Zang ‰es Tyangur KÅvUvjGM AGbK evOvwj cw´£Z I ZvG`i Mɯ©vw`i DGÍÏL cvIqv hvq| wK¯§ ‰Kgvò ivgPwiZg KveÅwUB ˆbcvGj cvIqv ˆMGQ| Avò×gYKvixiv wbøqB ZvG`i a»sGmi DcKiY wnGmGe ˆKej HwZnvwmK wjLbàwjGKB ˆeGQ ˆbb wb| ‰KBfvGe cÉvPxb evsjvi BwZnvm mvwnGZÅi ռ͸Zv welGq AvenvIqvRwbZ KviYwUGKB ‰Kgvò ev cÉavb wnGmGe `vqx Kiv PGj bv|

cÉvPxb hyGM fviGZi AbÅvbÅ AsGki gGZv evsjvqI ‘BwZnvm’ kõwU AwaKZi eÅvcK AG^Æ eÅen…Z nGZv ‰es ‰i gGaÅ cÉvPxb M͸, Kvwnbx, msMxZ I ˆjvK-ævb mÁ¼wjZ ˆcŒivwYK Kvwnbx A¯¦fÆyî× wQj| ‘BwZe†î’ ejGZ BwZnvm I gnvKveÅ ˆevSvGZv| ‘AvLÅvwqKv’ ejGZ cÉvPxb Kvwnbx ev M͸ ev ˆKvb AwZ-gvbexq ‰es gvbexq KgÆKví ˆevSvGZv| ‘D`vniY’ ejGZ weGkl M͸, Rxebx A^ev NUbvi DGÍÏL ˆevSvq| cÉvPxb AvBb mÁ·GKÆ ‰es eËvþYÅ aGgÆi AbymvixG`i w`K wbG`Ækbv ˆ`Iqv nGZv agÆkvGÕ¨i gvaÅGg| ‘A^ÆkvÕ¨’ wQj ivRbxwZ weævb| BwZnvGmi msævq axGi axGi ài‚Z½cƒYÆ cwieZÆb AvGm ‰es Zv wÕ©i nq AZxZ NUbvewji `wjj wnGmGe| hvGnvK, BwZnvGmi ‰ mbvZwb aviYv ˆMvUv cÉvPxb hyGMi mKj BwZnvm mvwnGZÅ cÉfve ˆdGjGQ|

msLÅvMZ ‰es welqMZ ài‚GZ½i wbixGL mePvBGZ DGÍÏLGhvMÅ HwZnvwmK wjLbàwj nGjv ivRv A^ev DœP ivRKgÆPvixG`i ZvgËkvmb, wkjvwjwc ‰es cÉkwÕ¦ Muv^v| ZvgËkvmGbi ˆkÏvK AsGk mgKvjxb ivRv ‰es ZvG`i esGki cƒeÆmƒwiG`i BwZnvm ewYÆZ AvGQ| ‰GZ ˆcŒivwYK I gnvKvGeÅi Pwiòmgƒn evi evi eYÆbv Kiv nGqGQ ‰es mvweÆKfvGe gGb nq ˆh, ‰àwj eËvþYÅ agÆx i…Gc cwieÅvµ¦| ‰àwjGZ ivRcyi‚lMY wek¼weGRZv wnGmGe DwÍÏwLZ nGqGQb ‰es ZvG`i kwî× I mgi cvi`wkÆZvi mGã Zzjbv Kiv nGqGQ ˆcŒivwYK I gnvKvGeÅi bvqK ˆhgb K‡ú, ARÆyb I KYÆ-‰i| ivRvG`iGK B±`Ê, wke, weúz ‰es ivYxG`iGK jßx, ˆivwnbx I ˆMŒox cÉgƒL ˆ`e-G`exG`i mvG^ Zzjbv Kiv nGqGQ| hywawÓ¤i, ivg, jßY, fxÓÃGK gGb nq gvbemyjf àYvejxi gƒZÆ cÉKvk| ZvgËkvmGbi ˆkÏvK Ask RyGo ^vKZ ˆivgvw´ŸwmwRg, exGii e±`bv, ˆcŒivwYK Kvwnbx I ˆjvKKvwnbx| ‰es ‰ mKj ˆkÏvK wQj mvaviYZ ivR cÉkwÕ¦gƒjK KveÅ| fvj àYàwj ivRvi RbÅ eÅenvi Kiv nGZv| ‰es hy«¬GÞGò Zvi exiZ½ Rvbv gGZ cÉvq mKj ˆ`GkB weRq eGq AvbZ ‰es DGÍÏL Kivi RbÅ àYvewj I ˆ`kmgƒn QG±`i Pvwn`v Abyhvqx wbaÆvwiZ nGZv| wK¯§ ‰ weGkl ŠewkÓ¡Åvewj ^vKv mGî½I ZvgËwjwc I cÉkwÕ¦mgƒn HwZnvwmK wjLb wnGmGe weGePbv Kiv hvq| KviY ‰àwj cÉvPxb evsjvi ivR‹bwZK I Av^Æ-mvgvwRK BwZnvm cybMÆVGb mnvqK wQj| cÉvPxb evOvwjG`i wP¯¦v avivq RvZxq ˆPZbv ejGZ wKQy wQj bv| ZvgËwjwcmgƒGn ˆh ivR‹bwZK BwZnvm wea†Z Zvi cÉK‡wZ wQj ivReskxq| wK¯§ ˆKvb wbw`ÆÓ¡ ivResGkj kvmGKi mvG^ mswkÏÓ¡ ˆKvb HwZnvwmK NUbv DGÍÏL Kivi mgq AbÅvbÅ ivResGkiI DGÍÏL Kiv nGZv| ‰ wjwcàwji eo ài‚Z½ wQj ‰LvGb ˆh, HwZnvwmKMY wjwcgvjvi Z^Åvw`i AvGjvGK we`Ågvb wewf®² ivResGki BwZnvm ZzjbvgƒjK wePvi KGi cÉvPxb evsjvi ‰KwU avivevwnK weeiY w`GZ mÞg nGqGQb|

f„wg `vb I ò×q-weò×Gqi `wjj ZvgËkvmGbi M`Å Ask nGZ cÉkvmwbK eÅeÕ©v ‰es Av^Æ-mvgvwRK AeÕ©vi AGbK Z^Å cvIqv hvq| eËvþY, eËvþYÅ msMVb, ˆeŒ«¬ wenvi I ˆeŒ«¬ m®²ÅvmxG`i DGóGk `vbK‡Z f„wgi mxgvbv wPwn×Z KiGZ wMGq ˆh weÕ¦†Z eYÆbv cÉ`vb Kiv nGZv ZvGZ A^Æ‹bwZK AeÕ©v ‰es cÉvPxb evsjvi A^ÆbxwZi gƒj ŠewkGÓ¡Åi cÉwZdjb NUGZv| ZvgËkvmb DrKxYÆKvixMY ‰ weÕ¦vwiZ Z^Å msMÉn KiGZb ivRKxq KgÆKZÆv I KgÆPvix ˆhgb, cyÕ¦cvj (f„wg msò×v¯¦ `wjjcò iÞYvGeÞYKvix), ˆÞòc (Pvlvev` I K‡wl msò×v¯¦ `vwqGZ½ wbGqvwRZ KgÆKZÆv), MÉvgcwZ (MÉvg cÉavb) cÉgƒGLi KvQ ˆ^GK| 

8g kZGKi ˆeŒ«¬ Mɯ© AvhÆgéykÉxgƒjK͸ cyivGYi gGZvB fwelÅZ ivR‹bwZK NUbvewj mÁ·GKÆ fvexK^Gbi QGj BwZnvm eYÆbv KiZ| ‰ MÉG¯© ˆh mKj ivRvi DGÍÏL iGqGQ ZvG`i mÁ·ƒYÆ bvg cvIqv hvq bv| ivRvG`i ˆÞGò ZvG`i bvGgi cÉ^g AÞi A^ev mgv^ÆK bvg eÅen…Z nGqGQ| ˆ`Lv hvq, ‰ MÉG¯© kkvsK I nlÆeaÆGbi gaÅKvi msNlÆ ‰es kkvsGKi g†ZzÅi ci ˆMŒo ivGRÅi A‹bKÅ I wek†›Ljv mÁ·GKÆ Z^Å wjwce«¬ AvGQ| wK¯§ AvhÆgéykÉxgƒjK͸ Mɯ©wU ˆeŒ«¬ RMGZ cÉPwjZ M͸ I HwZGnÅiB ÷ay msMÉn Mɯ© nIqvq ‰wUGK HwZnvwmK Kvjvbyò×wgK NUbvcwé wnGmGe AwfwnZ Kiv hvq bv|

ivgPwiZg ‰KwU AbbÅ HwZnvwmK `wjj| ‰i ˆ^GK HwZnvwmKMY evsjvi BwZnvGmi cÉvq ‰KkZ eQGii (Avby. 1075-1162 wLË:) weGkÏlYvZÄK weeiY ˆcGZ cvGib| m®¬ÅvKi b±`xi gGZ, Zuvi iwPZ ivgPwiZg ‘`yRb ivgG`Gei ˆMŒiegq K‡wZGZ½i `wjj; ‰KRb iNyesGki jWÆ ‰es AbÅRb ˆMŒGoi ivRv| m®¬ÅvKi b±`x Zuvi iwPZ Mɯ©GK Kwj hyGMi ivgvqY ‰es wbGRGK evÍÂxwK eGj AwfwnZ KGib| wK¯§ m®¬ÅvKi b±`x ivgcvGji cÉwZ cÞcvwZGZ½i KviGY KLbI KLbI NUbvi fzj Z^Å cwiGekb KGib ‰es Dî× mgGqi BwZnvGmi mvG^ ivgvqGYi ivGgi M͸ ˆgjvGZ wMGq NUbvi ò×gcwé AeGnjv KGiGQb| 

ivgPwiZg KvGeÅ cvjG`i esk e†îv¯¦ ÷i‚ nGqGQ agÆcvj ˆ^GK| ‰ici m®¬ÅvKi b±`x AbÅvbÅ cvj ivRvG`i ev` w`Gq Zuvi KvGeÅi bvqK ivgcvj ‰i wcZv Z‡Zxq weMÉncvGji bvg DGÍÏL KGib| ‰ici wZwb w«¼Zxq gnxcvj ‰i ivRZ½Kvj, Zvi fvB kƒicvj I ivgcvGji Kvive®¬b, weG`ËvnxG`i wei‚G«¬ hyG«¬ gnxcvGji g†ZzÅ ‰es ŠKeZÆ cÉavb w`GeÅi nvGZ cvjG`i wcZ‡ivRÅ eGi±`Êx (eGi±`Ê)-‰i cZb, Zuvi gvgv ivÓ¡ËK„U cÉavb g^bG`e I mvg¯¦G`i mnGhvwMZvq ivgcvj KZ‡ÆK eGi±`Êx cybi‚«¬vi, eGi±`ÊxGZ kvw¯¦ I k†sLjv cÉwZÓ¤v ‰es ‘ivgveZx’ bvGg ‰KwU bZzb kni cÉwZÓ¤v mÁ·GKÆ weeiY ˆ`b|

m®¬ÅvKi b±`x 27wU ˆkÏvK ‘eGi±`x’ ‰es 12wU ˆkÏvGK ‘ivgveZx’ mÁ·GKÆ eYÆbv cÉ`vb KGib| ivgveZx I eGi±`Êx mÁ·GKÆ cÉ`î Zuvi eYÆbv cÉvPxb evsjvi AwaevmxG`i Rxeb hvòv ‰es weGkl KGi Dîi evsjvi ˆfŒGMvwjK ŠewkÓ¡Åvewj, MvQcvjv, dj-gƒj, Rxe-R¯§ welGq meGPGq my±`i ‰KwU weeiY| ‰ weeiGY gvZ‡f„wg eGi±`Êxi cÉwZ Kwei Mfxi fvjevmv cÉKvk cvq| m®¬ÅvKi b±`x ivgcvGji Dîimƒwi weGklZ meGkl cvj ivRv wnGmGe cwiwPZ g`bcvj chƯ¦ mgGqi mswÞµ¦ eYÆbv ‰es mgmvgwqK AbÅvbÅ fviZxq ivRvG`i DGÍÏL Kivq ivgPwiZg ˆKej ivgcvGjiB BwZnvm bq, eis evsjv I wenvGi cvj kvmGbi ˆkl chÆvGqi BwZnvGm cwiYZ nGqGQ| wcZ‡f„wg cybi‚«¬vGii KvGR ivgcvGji hy«¬ cÉÕ§wZ ‰es hyG«¬i ˆcQGbi NUbvewj mÁ·GKÆ m®¬ÅvKi b±`xi weeiY ˆ^GK ‰ cÉgvY cvIqv hvq ˆh, Kwe Zuvi hyGMi ivR‹bwZK KvVvGgvi mvg¯¦ auvP mÁ·GKÆ hG^Ó¡ mGPZb wQGjb| hyG«¬i Kvwnbx eYÆbvq cÉZxqgvb nq ˆh, wZwb hy«¬ cwiK͸bvi Kjv-GKŒkj fvjfvGeB eySGZb| m®¬ÅvKi b±`xi bvqK ivgcvGji cÉavb kò‚ civwRZ cÞ ŠKeZÆ cÉavb fxg mÁ·GKÆ cÉksmv Kwei wbiGcÞZv ‰es mgKvjxb BwZnvGm Zuvi ŠbeÆÅwî×KZvGK ZzGj aGi| mÁ¿eZ wZwb mgmvgwqK fviZxq HwZnvwmK KjnY (whwb BwZnvGmi AvaywbK AG^ÆB cÉ^g fviZxq HwZnvwmK wQGjb) KZ‡ÆK cÉfvweZ nGqwQGjb|

cÉvPxb evsjvi Av^Æ-mvgvwRK BwZnvm cvIqv hvq msÕ•‡Z mvwnGZÅi `ywU msKjGb| `yRb evOvwj KZ‡ÆK msKwjZ ‰ Mɯ©`ywU nGjv myfvwlZiðGKvl ‰es m`ywî×KYÆvg†Z | msKjb `ywUGZ ˆh ˆkÏvK iGqGQ ZvGZ ivR‹bwZK BwZnvGmi ˆKvb cÉwZdjb ˆbB, eis ZvGZ AvGQ gvbe RxebKvwnbx, A^ÆbxwZ, mÁ·`, `vwi`ËÅ, agÆxq wek¼vm, Rxeb-`kÆb ‰es evsjvi FZz ŠewPGòi eYÆbv, evsjvi MÉvg I bMi Rxeb ‰es ‰i Dw«¿` I cÉvYxK„Gji weeiY|

ˆKvl KvGeÅi gGaÅ ˆMveaÆbvPvGhÆi AvhÆvmµ¦kZx Mɯ©I A¯¦fÆyî×| ‰GZ c†^KvKvGi cÉvq 700 ˆkÏvK ev KweZv iGqGQ| jßYGmb ‰i mfvKwe ˆMveaÆbvPvhÆ wQGjb «¼v`k kZGKi Kwe| AvhÆvmµ¦kZx cÉvPxb evsjvi mvgvwRK BwZnvGmi, weGkl KGi bvixG`i BwZnvGmi wPò ZzGj aGi| bvixiv wKfvGe eüMvgx I ˆhŒ^ cwievGi emevm KiZ, ZvG`i `ytL, ZvG`i wejvc, Õ¼vgxi Dci ZvG`i cƒYÆ wbfÆiZv ‰es ZvG`i Š`bw±`b Rxeb ‰me wKQyB AvhÆvmµ¦kZx KvGeÅ wea†Z nGqGQ| KwZcq ˆkÏvGK MÉvGgi gvV, kmÅ, kvKmewR, cvLx ‰es AbÅvbÅ RxeR¯§iI eYÆbv ˆ`Iqv nGqGQ|

cÉvPxb evsjvi BwZnvGmi Ici AvGjvKcvZ KGi wjwLZ HwZnvwmK wjLGbi msLÅv Lye ˆewk bq| ZGe ‰LbI we`Ågvb wjLbàwjGK cÉvPxb evsjvi AwaevmxG`i BwZnvm mGPZbZvi h^v^Æ cÉgvY wnGmGe weGePbv Kiv hvq|  [kvnvbviv ˆnvGmb]

Mɯ©cwé  RC Majumdar et al (ed) The Ramacaritam of Sandhyakaranandin, Rajshahi, 1939; CH Philips (ed), Historians of India, Pakistan and Ceylon, London, 1961; Daniel HH Ingalls (tr) An Anthology of Sanskrit Court Poetry, Vidyakara’s Subhasitatatnakosa, Harvard Oriental series, 44, 1965; Sures Chandra Banerji (ed), Saduktikarnamrta of Sridharadasa, Calcutta, 1965; RR Mukherji & SK Maity (ed), Corpus of Bengal Inscriptions, Calcutta, 1967.

gaÅhyM (1200-1765)  evsjvi gaÅhyM ejGZ ˆgvUvgywUfvGe òGqv`k kZvõxi cÉviGÁ¿ gymwjg kvmGbi ÷i‚ ˆ^GK gyMj mgËvU w«¼Zxq kvn Avjg KZ‡ÆK 1765 wLËÓ¡vGõ BÕ¡ Bw´£qv ˆKvÁcvwbGK myevn evsjvi `xDqvwb cÉ`vGbi gaÅeZÆx KvjGK eySvq| ‰ AvgGj evsjvi BwZnvm wjLb aviv wQj wewœQ®² I Amsj™² ‰es ‰i AwaKvskB ˆjLv nGqwQj evsjvi evBGi|

fviGZ gymwjg kvmb cÉwZÓ¤v fviZxq BwZnvm wjLGb ‰K bZzb hyGMi mƒPbv KGi| ‰GZ KGi fviZxq mvwnZÅ mÁ¿vGi hyî× nq BwZnvm mvwnZÅ| BwZnvm wjLb wQj eÕ§Z ’fviZxq msÕ•‡wZGZ gymjgvbG`i ‰K Awfbe Ae`vb‘| ZGe ‰ Ae`vb evsjvq ˆcuŒGQwQj eGj gGb nq bv|

ˆm AvgGji NUbvewj wjwce«¬ Kivi RbÅ BwZnvmKviG`i c†Ó¤GcvlK wnGmGe Bwjqvm kvnx ev ˆnvGmb kvnx myjZvbG`i gGZv ˆKvb ivRbÅeGMÆi DGÍÏL cvIqv hvq bv| gaÅhyGMi BwZnvm wjLGb m†Ó¡ ‰ kƒYÅZv eüjvsGk cƒiY nGqGQ evsjvi evBGii, cÉavbZ w`wÍÏi, HwZnvwmKG`i iPbv ‰es weG`kxG`i iwPZ wKQy weeiY «¼viv|

evsjvi evBGi iwPZ evsjv mÁcwKÆZ Z^Å mÁ¼wjZ BwZnvm Mɯ©àwji gGaÅ cÉ^g I cÉavb nGœQ wgbnvR-B-wmivR ‰i ZeKvZ-B-bvwmix | wZwb kvgmyóxb BjZzrwgk (1210-1236) I Zuvi DîivwaKvixG`i AaxGb DœP ivRcG` AwawÓ¤Z wQGjb| myjZvb bvwmi‚óxb gvngyG`i ivRZ½KvGj (1246-1266) wZwb ‰ Mɯ© iPbv KGib ‰es mÁ¿eZ Zuvi gGbvGhvM AvKlÆY I c†Ó¤GcvlKZv jvGfi Avkvq Zuvi bvgvbymvGi ‰ MÉG¯©i bvgKiY KGib|

ZeKvZ-B-bvwmix gymwjg weGk¼i ‰KwU mvaviY BwZnvm| ‰GZ 23wU ZeKvZ ev AaÅvq iGqGQ ‰es 22Zg ZeKvGZ wZwb gymjgvbG`i eã weRq ˆ^GK 1258 wLËÓ¡võ chƯ¦ mgqKvGji weeiY w`GqGQb| evsjvi evBGii HwZnvwmKG`i gGaÅ ˆKej wZwbB evsjvq mdi KGib (1242-1244)| evsjvi gymjgvbG`i BwZnvGmi Dcv`vb msMÉGn wZwb weGkl mZKÆZv AejÁ¼b KGib| weGklZ eLwZqvi LjRxi ˆeuGP ^vKv mãxG`i (ˆhgb R‹bK gyZvwgGóŒjv) KvQ ˆ^GK wZwb Z^Å msMÉn KGiwQGjb| KvGRB Zuvi weeiY nGPQ gymjgvbG`i cÉ^g eãweRq ‰es ‰i kvmbKZÆvG`i KgÆKvG´£i ‰Kgvò mgmvgwqK weeiY| Zuvi Z^Åvewj wek¼vm I wbfÆiGhvMÅ ‰es ‰àwj AvaywbKKvGj AvweÓ•‡Z gy`ËvZvwî½K I cÉðZvwî½K wb`kÆbvw` «¼viv mgw^ÆZ I cÉgvwYZ|

mgq I ài‚GZ½i w`K ˆ^GK ‰i cGiB wRqvDóxb eibxi ZvwiL-B-wdi‚Rkvnxi Õ©vb| eibx Zuvi BwZnvGm 1266 wLËÓ¡vGõ wMqvmDóxb ejeb ‰i w`wÍÏi wmsnvmbvGivnGYi mgq ˆ^GK wdi‚Rkvn ZzMjK ‰i ivRGZ½i lÓ¤ eQi (1357) chƯ¦ mgqKvGji NUbvewj eYÆbv KGiGQb| eibx wQGjb AwfRvZ esGkv«¿„Z| Zuvi wcZv I cƒeÆcyi‚liv w`wÍÏi `ievGi DœP ivRcG` AwawÓ¤Z wQGjb| wZwb wbGRI 17 eQi gynÁÃ` web ZzMjK ‰i bvwRg ev eÅwî×MZ KgÆKZÆv wQGjb| ejeb ‰es cÉ^g `yRb LjRx myjZvb mÁcGKÆ ZG^Åi RbÅ wZwb Zuvi Avñxq I DPPc`Õ© KgÆPvixG`i Ici wbfÆi KGiwQGjb| evwK mgqKvGji RbÅ wZwb wbGRB wQGjb Zuvi ewYÆZ NUbvewji mgKvjxb eÅwî×-Drm|

eibx KLbI evsjvq AvGmb wb| wZwb ‰ cÉG`k ˆ^GK cÉZÅvMZ ŠmwbKG`i (Zuvi gvZvgn wnkvgDóxb wQGjb ˆZgb ‰KRb)  ev w`wÍÏi ivR`ievGii `weiG`i (mwPe) KvQ ˆ^GK evsjv mÁcGKÆ Zuvi Z^Å msMÉn KGib| Zuvi ewYÆZ NUbvewji mgqKvGj (1266-1357) evsjvi cwiwÕ©wZ wQj AGbKUv AwbwøZ I Akv¯¦| KvGRB HKvw¯¦K BœQv mGZ½I ‰ ‰jvKv mÁcGKÆ weÕ¦vwiZ Z^Å msMÉn Kiv Zuvi cGÞ mÁ¿e wQj bv| wKQy wKQy ˆÞGò eÅwZò×g Qvov ZvwiL-B-wdi‚RkvnxGZ evsjvi NUbvewji weeiY AZů¦ mswÞµ¦ I AcÉZzj| ZGe ‰ mswÞµ¦ weeiGY NUbvi ˆZgb weK‡wZ ˆ`Lv hvq bv| AekÅ myjZvGbi c†Ó¤GcvlKZv jvf KivB wQj Zuvi BwZnvm iPbvi cÉavb DGókÅ| dGj weG`Ëvnx evsjvi cÉwZ Zuvi ˆKvb mnvbyf„wZB wQj bv; ‰GK wZwb ‘ejMvKcyi’ ev weG`ËvGni ˆ`k eGj AvLÅvwqZ KGi evsjvi Õ¼vaxb myjZvbG`i mÁcGKÆ AegvbbvKi g¯¦eÅ KGiGQb| Zv mGZ½I ZvwiL-B-wdi‚Rkvnx gaÅhyGMi evsjvi BwZnvGmi ‰K gƒjÅevb Drm|

LvRv Ave`yj gvwjK Bmvgxi dzZzn-Dm-mvjvZxb ‰ gaÅhyGMi evsjvi BwZnvm mÁcwKÆZ Z^Å iGqGQ| evngbx myjZvb AvjvDóxb nvmvGbi ivRZ½KvGj (1347-1358) wZwb 1349 wLËÓ¡vGõ `vwÞYvGZÅ Zuvi BwZnvmMɯ© iPbv KGib| Mɯ©wU cG`Å ˆjLv ‰es ‰KviGY AwZiéb-G`vl`yÓ¡ eGj cw´£Ziv gGb KGib| BmvgxI KLbI evsjvq AvGmb wb, ZGe ‰Uv weÕÃqKi ˆh evsjv mÁcGKÆ Zuvi MÉG¯© ‰gb wKQy Z^Å iGqGQ hv eibxi ZvwiL-B-wdi‚RkvnxGZ DGÍÏL Kiv nq wb| ‰ ˆ^GK aGi ˆbIqv hvq ˆh, (w`wÍÏi `†wÓ¡GZ) `ywU weG`Ëvnx ivGRÅi gGaÅ mymÁcKÆ we`Ågvb wQj ‰es `yG`Gki AwaevmxG`i gGaÅ ˆhvMvGhvM wQj| dGj Bmvgx gaÅhyGMi evsjv mÁcGKÆ Dcv`vb msMÉGn mÞg nb| AekÅ ZvwiL-B-wdi‚RkvnxGZ evsjvi NUbvewji ˆhgb weÕ¦vwiZ weeiY cvIqv hvq dzZzn-Dm-mvjvZxb-‰ ˆZgbwU ˆbB|

wdi‚Rkvn ZzMjGKi ivRZ½KvGji (1351-1388) NUbvewj eYÆbv KGi kvgm-B-wmivR Avwdd ZvwiL-B-wdi‚Rkvnx wkGivbvGg ‰KwU BwZnvmMɯ© iPbv KGib| ‰GZ wdi‚RkvGni evsjv-Awfhvbàwji (1353 I 1358) weeiY iGqGQ| ZGe ‰ AvgGj evsjv Õ¼vaxb ^vKvq ‰GZ AbÅ ˆKvb weÕ¦vwiZ Z^Å cvIqv hvq bv| Avwdd 1350 wLËÓ¡vGõ R¯ÃMÉnY KGib ‰es w`wÍÏi `ievGi wZwb DœPcG` AwawÓ¤Z wQGjb| dGj Õ¼fveZB wZwb Zuvi c†Ó¤GcvlK wdi‚RkvGni cÉwZ cÞcvwZZ½ KGiGQb ‰es evsjvi myjZvbG`i (Bwjqvm kvn I wmKv±`i kvn) wei‚G«¬ Zuvi myÕ·Ó¡ eÅ^ÆZvGK AvovGj ˆiGLGQb| wZwb w`wÍÏi myjZvGbi cÉwZ cÉksmv elÆY ‰es evsjvi myjZvbG`i weG`Ëvnxi…Gc wPwòZ KGiGQb| ZGe AbÅvbÅ welGq Zuvi weeiY wbfÆyj I mnvqK cÉgvwYZ nGqGQ| wdi‚Rkvn ZzMjGKi ivRZ½KvGji Aci ‰KwU BwZnvmMɯ© nGœQ AævZbvgv ˆjLGKi wmivZ-B-wdi‚Rkvnx| ‰GZ evsjv mÁcGKÆ AwZ mvgvbÅ Z^Å iGqGQ|

Bqvwnqv web Avng` web Ave`yÍÏvn wmiwnw±` w`wÍÏi myjZvb Šmq` ˆgveviK kvGni ivRZ½KvGj (1421-1434) Zuvi ZvwiL-B-gyeviKkvnx iPbv KGib| ‰ MÉG¯© wZwb gynÁÃ` Nyix ˆ^GK ÷i‚ KGi 1424 wLËÓ¡võ chƯ¦ w`wÍÏi myjZvbG`i BwZnvm eYÆbv KGiGQb| w`wÍÏi myjZvbG`i eYÆbvi cvkvcvwk wZwb wbfzÆjfvGe evsjvi NUbvewjI DGÍÏL KGiGQb|

Avgxi Lmi‚i wKivY-Dm-mv`vBb (`yB bÞGòi wgjb) wQj cÉ^g w`GK iwPZ Aci ‰KwU KveÅMɯ©| 1280 wLËÓ¡vGõ cÉ^gevi myjZvb ejeGbi evsjv AwfhvGbi mƒGò ‰es w«¼Zxqevi 1324-25 wLËÓ¡vGõ myjZvb wMqvmDóxb ZzMjK ‰i mGã Kwe ˆgvU `yevi evsjvq ‰GmwQGjb| ‰ `ywU ZvwiGLi gaÅeZÆx mgGq w`wÍÏi myjZvb gyBRyóxb KvqGKvev` 1289 wLËÓ¡vGõ Zvi wcZv I Z`vbx¯¦b evsjvi kvmK eyMiv Lvb ‰i wei‚G«¬ Awfhvb KiGj Avgxi Lmi‚ KvqGKvevG`i mnMvgx nb| miRy b`xi ZxGi `yB myjZvGbi wgjb ZvG`i gGaÅ cÉxwZKi mgGSvZvi m†wÓ¡ KGi| eÕ§Z ‰wU wQj evsjv I w`wÍÏi `yB mvjZvbvGZi AwÕ¦GZ½i AvbyÓ¤vwbK Õ¼xK‡wZ| gƒjZ  KveÅMɯ© nGjI ‰wU H àiƒZ½cƒYÆ NUbvi meÆGkÓ¤ mgmvgwqK `wjj| Mɯ©wU ˆmKvGji `ievGii ixwZbxwZ I AbyÓ¤vbvw` mÁcGKÆ eÅvcK AvGjvKcvZ KGi| Kvjvbyò×Ggi w`K ˆ^GK ‰ Mɯ© ‰Kw`GK ZeKvZ-B-bvwmixGZ ‰es AbÅw`GK `ywU ZvwiL-B-wdi‚RkvnxGZ AvGjvwPZ mgqKvGji gGaÅ ‰K aiGbi ˆhvMmƒò Õ©vcb KGiGQ|

Bwjqvmkvnx AvgGji e†nîi Ask ‰es mgMÉ ˆnvGmbkvnx AvgGj ‰gb ˆKvb BwZnvmMɯ© ˆbB hvGZ evsjvi NUbvewj DGÍÏwLZ nGqGQ, ‰gbwK w`wÍÏGKw±`ÊK ˆKvb Mɯ©I ˆbB| weG`kx chÆUKG`i weeiY ‰ kƒYÅZv wKQyUv cƒiY KGiGQ| ‰àwji gGaÅ weGklZ evsjvi mvgvwRK, A^Æ‹bwZK I mvsÕ•‡wZK BwZnvm cybMÆVGbi RbÅ BeGb eZzZv, gvüqvb, fvG^Ægv, I eviGevmvi weeiY àiƒZ½cƒYÆ|

BeGb eZzZv Zuvi ögYe†îvG¯¦ (ˆinjv) ZrKvjxb evsjvi (1346-47) ivR‹bwZK, A^ÆGbwZK I mvgvwRK AeÕ©vi DGÍÏL KGiGQb| ivR‹bwZK NUbvewj mÁcGKÆ Zuvi eü Z^Å fzj cÉgvwYZ nGjI mvgvwRK I A^Æ‹bwZK AeÕ©v mÁcGKÆ Zuvi weeiY AZů¦ gƒjÅevb| wZwb ˆh ‰jvKv mdi KGiGQb ˆmLvGb wbGRB wZwb ˆ`vKvb I evRvGi wMGqGQb ‰es wewf®² cGYÅi gƒjÅ wjwce«¬ KGiGQb|

wMqvmDóxb AvRg kvn ‰i ivRZ½KvGj (1390-1411) ŠPwbK ‰K cÉwZwbwa`Gji ˆ`vfvlx wnGmGe gvüqvb evsjvq AvGmb| evsjv mÁcGKÆ Zuvi weeiY Bs BqvB ˆks jvb bvgK cyÕ¦GK wjwce«¬ AvGQ| ZvGZ wZwb evsjvi mvgvwRK I A^Æ‹bwZK AeÕ©v eYÆbv KiGjI myjZvb ev ivRavbxi bvGgvGÍÏL KGib wb|

fvG^Ægv wQGjb BZvwji ‰K ewYK| 1503 ˆ^GK 1508 wLËÓ¡vGõi gaÅeZÆx mgGq wZwb fviZxq DcgnvG`k mdi KGib| wZwb evsjvqI AvGmb ‰es evãvjv bMix ˆ`GL gy™¬ nb| ‰GK wZwb eÅemv-evwYGRÅi ˆK±`Êi…Gc eYÆbv KGiGQb|

‰KB mgqKvGj eviGevmv bvGg ‰K cZzÆwMR ewYK evsjvq AvGmb| wZwbI ‘evãvjv’ bMixi DGÍÏL KGiGQb| Zvi weeiGY ZrKvjxb evsjvi A^Æ‹bwZK AeÕ©vi eYÆbv cvIqv hvq| ‰me eYÆbvq myjZvwb AvgGji (1338-1538) weGkl KGi ˆnvGmbkvnx AvgGji (1494-1538) mg†w«¬ I mÁcG`i cÉwZdjb ˆ`Lv hvq|

1538 wLËÓ¡vGõ ˆkikvn evsjv Rq KGib ‰es 1576 wLËÓ¡vGõ chƯ¦ evsjv AvdMvbG`i kvmbvaxb ^vGK| KGqKRb AvdMvb HwZnvwmK ‰ AvgGji AvdMvb myjZvbG`i BwZnvm iPbv KGib| ‰àwj nGœQ Ave»vm Lvb miIqvbxi ZvwiL-B-ˆkikvnx ev ˆZvndv-B-AvKeikvnx, LvRv wbqvgZDÍÏvni ZvwiL-B-Lvb Rvnvbx Iqv gvLRvb-B-AvdMvbx, Avng` Bqv`MvGii ZvwiL-B-kvnx ‰es Ave`yÍÏvni ZvwiL-B-`vD`x| ˆkGlvî× Mɯ©wU mÁ¿eZ `vD` Lvb Kiivbxi (1572-1576) `ievGi iwPZ ‰es ‰wUGK mgmvgwqK iPbv eGj aGi ˆbIqv hvq| Acivci Mɯ©àwj gyMj AvgGj iwPZ nGqwQj| Ave»vm Lvb miIqvbx I LvRv wbqvgZDÍÏvn h^vò×Gg AvKei I Rvnvãxi ‰i AaxGb PvKzwiGZ wbGqvwRZ wQGjb| evsjvq AvdMvbG`i BwZnvm cybMÆVGb ‰ BwZnvmMɯ©àwj AZů¦ gƒjÅevb Drm|

1576 wLËÓ¡võ cieZÆx mgGq miKvwi I ˆemiKvwi DG`ÅvGM iwPZ KGqKwU BwZnvmMÉG¯©i DGÍÏL cvIqv hvq| ‰àwj w`wÍÏGZ, wKQymsLÅK evsjvq ‰es gyMj mvgËvGRÅi AbÅvbÅ AsGk ev ‰i evBGi iwPZ nGqwQj| ‰àwj cÉavbZ gyMj mvgËvGRÅi mvaviY BwZnvm ‰es ‰GZ ÷ay gvGSgGaÅ evsjvi NUbvewji DGÍÏL iGqGQ| w`wÍÏ mvgËvGRÅi Õ¼v^Æ msiÞY I cÉGqvRb wgUvGbv wQj ‰me BwZnvmMÉG¯©i DGókÅ ‰es evsjvi NUbvewji eYÆbvq Mɯ©KviG`i mvgËvwRÅK gGbvfvGei cÉwZdjb NGUGQ| ˆklZ, ‰ cÉG`Gki AwaevmxG`i mÁcGKÆ cÉZÅÞ ævGbi AfvGe AGbK ˆÞGòB ZvG`i weeiY AevÕ¦e I AwZiwéZ eGj cÉgvwYZ nGqGQ|

mgËvU AvKeGii ivRZ½KvGj (1556-1605) wZbwU kxlÆÕ©vbxq Mɯ© iwPZ nGqwQj| ‰àwj nGœQ Aveyj dRGji AvKeibvgv, wbRvgDóxb Avng` eLkxi ZeKvZ-B-AvKeix ‰es ˆgvÍÏv Ave`yj Kvw`i e`vDbxi gybZvLve-Dr-ZvIqvwiL| ‰ Mɯ©àwjGZ Kiivbx myjZvbG`i (1564-1576) cZGbi weeiY I AvKeGii evsjv weRGqi Kvwnbx cvIqv hvq| ‰me MÉG¯© ewYÆZ Kvwnbx mgmvgwqK weeiY eGj weGePbv Kiv hvq| AvKeibvgv wZb LG´£ iwPZ, AvBb-B-AvKeix ‰i Z‡Zxq L´£| ‰wU AvKeGii mvgËvGRÅi cÉkvmwbK Z^Å mÁ¼wjZ ‰es cwimsLÅvb wfwîK ‰K aiGbi ˆMGRwUqvi| 1593 wLËÓ¡vGõ Mɯ©wU AvKeGii wbKU ˆck Kiv nq| ‰GZ evsjv mÁcGKÆ Aveyj dRGji Z^Åvewj me ˆÞGò wbfzÆj bq| mgMÉ evsjvGK wZwb Zuvi gwbGei AwaKvifzî× eGj aGi wbGqwQGjb hv ˆgvGUI mZÅ bq| ‰ici wZwb evsjvi ivRÕ¼ I cÉkvmwbK wefvMàwji eYÆbv w`GqGQb| AvcvZ `†wÓ¡GZ ‰ eYÆbv Lye mZKÆfvGe mw®²GewkZ eGj gGb nGjI ˆmàwj wQj Õ·Ó¡Z weövw¯¦Ki Z^Å I cwimsLÅvb| cƒeÆevsjvi evGiv fu„BqvG`i ˆbZv Cmv Lvb mÁcGKÆ Zvi eî×eÅI ciÕ·iweGivax I weövw¯¦Ki|

evsjvi BwZnvGmi `†wÓ¡GKvY ˆ^GK ZeKvZ-B-AvKeix AGbK ˆewk gƒjÅevb| 1592-93 wLËÓ¡vGõ Mɯ©wUi iPbv mgvµ¦ nq| cÉ^g w`GKi MRbx kvmKG`i Avgj ˆ^GK ÷i‚ KGi AvKeGii ivRZ½KvGji 36Zg eQi (1592) chƯ¦ mgGqi eÅwî×MZ DG`ÅvGM iwPZ ‰KwU mvaviY BwZnvmMɯ© nGjI ZeKvZ-B-AvKeixGZ cƒeÆZb iPbvi Ici wfwî KGi wjwLZ cÉvK-gyMj evsjvi gymwjg kvmKG`i mÁcGKÆ ‰KwU weGkl AaÅvq iGqGQ| ‰GZ `vD` Lvb Kiivbxi mGã AvKeGii hyG«¬i eYÆbvI Z^ÅwbfÆi I wbfzÆj| w`wÍÏi myjZvbG`i BwZnvm eYÆbv KiGZ wMGq e`vDbx Zuvi gybZvLve-Dr-ZvIqvwiL-‰ evsjvi NUbvewji DGÍÏL KGiGQb|

Aveyj Kvwmg wdwikZvi (1570-1623) ZvwiL-B-wdwikZvq evsjvi NUbvewj mÁcwKÆZ Z^Å AvGQ| wZwb weRvcyGii Beivwng Avw`j kvGni c†Ó¤GcvlKZvq `vwÞYvGZÅ Zuvi BwZnvmMɯ© iPbv KGiwQGjb (1594)| BwZnvGmi ˆgŒwjK Z^Å msMÉGni DGóGkÅ wdwikZv mviv fviZxq DcgnvG`Gk ögY KGib| Zuvi BwZnvmMɯ©wU ‰KwU f„wgKv, evGivwU AaÅvq I ‰KwU DcmsnvGi wefî×| mµ¦g AaÅvGq wZwb evsjv I wenvGii myjZvbG`i mÁcGKÆ AvGjvPbv KGiGQb| ‰ AçGji BwZnvm wjLGZ wMGq wdwikZv R‹bK nvRx gynÁÃ` mvdvnvwii cv´£zwjwci mvnvhÅ wbGqwQGjb eGj DGÍÏL iGqGQ|

evsjvq KgÆiZ KwZcq gyMj KgÆKZÆv eÅwî×MZ AwfæZv ˆ^GK ‰ cÉG`Gki Awaevmx I NUbvewj mÁcGKÆ Mɯ© iPbv KGib| ‰me BwZnvmMÉG¯©i KGqKwU wQj mvaviY BwZnvm, AbÅàwjGK cÉvG`wkK BwZnvmi…Gc wPwn×Z Kiv hvq| D`vniY Õ¼i…c ejv hvq ˆh, gynÁÃ` mvw`GKi mye-B-mvw`K MÉG¯© gyMj mvgËvRÅ mÁcGKÆ eÅvcK eYÆbvq evsjvi weeiY iGqGQ| ˆh mKj gyMj KgÆKZÆv evsjvq AeÕ©vb KGi Mɯ© iPbv KGib I evsjvi BwZnvGmi weÕ¦vwiZ weeiY w`GqGQb ZvG`i gGaÅ evnvwiÕ¦vb-B-MvGqexi iPwqZv wgRÆv bv^vb ‰es AvwRev-B-Mixev (dGZvqv-B-Bewiqv bvGgI cwiwPZ) I ZvwiL-B gyjK-Avmvg-‰i Mɯ©Kvi wknveDóxb ZvwjGki bvg DGÍÏLGhvMÅ|

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JcwbGewkK hyGM BwZnvm wjLbaviv  Kvj ‰es welq Dfq w`K ˆ^GK wePvi KiGj JcwbGewkK hyGMi BwZnvm wjLbavivGK wZbwU fvGM wefî× Kiv hvq| AvVvGiv kZGKi evwYwRÅK DcwbGekev`, Dwbk kZGKi ivR‹bwZK DcwbGekev` ‰es wek kZGKi mvsÕ•‡wZK DcwbGekev`|

evwYwRÅK DcwbGekevG`i BwZnvm wjLb  JcwbGewkK ivÓ¡Ë cÉwZÓ¤v chƯ¦ ˆKvÁ·vwbi KgÆKZÆviv BwZnvm welq evQvB KGiGQ ZvG`i wbGRG`i Av÷ Õ¼vG^Æi w`GK jÞÅ ˆiGL, ˆhgb eÅemv-evwYRÅ, ivRÕ¼, Õ©vbxq kvmKGkÉYxi mgmÅv I AeÕ©vb BZÅvw`| ‰ ŠewkGÓ¡Åi ˆjLvàwji gGaÅ cÉavbàwj nGjv William Watts-‰i Memoirs of the Revolution in Bengal (1764); J.A. Caillaud-‰i A Narrative of what happened in Bengal in 1760 (1764); Luke Scrafton-‰i Reflections on the Government of Indostan (1770); Alexander Dow-‰i History of Hindoostan, 3 vols. (1770-72); William Bolts-‰i Considerations of Indian Affairs (1772); Pattulu-‰i An Essay upon the cultivation of lands and improvement of the Revenues of Bengal (1772); Robert Orme-‰i Historical Fragments of the Mogul Empire (1782); James Grant-‰i Historical and Comparative Account of the Finances of Bengal (1786); F. Gladwin-‰i Transactions in Bengal (1791) ‰es Boughton Rous-‰i Dissertations concerning the Landed Property of Bengal ‰me ˆjLvi DGókÅ wQj evsjvi mÁ·` wbi…cY Kiv, ‰G`Gki mGã BÕ¡ Bw´£qv ˆKvÁ·vwbi eÅemv-evwYGRÅi mÁ¿vebv wePvi Kiv| ‰Qvov, JcwbGewkK ivÓ¡Ë cÉwZÓ¤vi mÁ¿veÅZv mgxÞvI wQj evwYwRÅK JcwbGewkK cGeÆi BwZnvm ˆjLvi AbÅZg DGókÅ| 

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mvsÕ•‡wZK DcwbGekevG`i BwZnvm wjLb  gnvb wmcvwn weµÏe PjwZ BwZnvm wjLGbi aviv cvGΟ ˆ`q| ‰ weG`Ëvn ‰Kw`GK ˆhgb fviGZi AvçwjK wewœQ®²Zvi Aemvb NUvGjv, Aciw`GK weËwUkG`i gGaÅI ‰KwU bxwZMZ cwieZÆb Avbj ‰ gGgÆ ˆh, fviZGK weËwUk mfÅZvi Av`Gj MGo ˆZvjvi ˆPÓ¡v e®¬ KGi ‰i wbRÕ¼ HwZGnÅ AMÉmi nIqvi myGhvM ˆ`Iqv ‰es fviZxq mfÅZvi weKvGk BwZevPK f„wgKv cvjb KGi weËwUGki cÉwZ fviZxqG`i mg^Æb I AvbyMZÅ Av`vq Kiv| ‰ bxwZi evÕ¦evqGb AGNvwlZfvGe JcwbGewkK miKvi ‰KwU ivR‹bwZK-mvsÕ•‡wZK bxwZ MÉnY KGi hvi gƒj jÞÅ wQj fviZGK ‰i wbRÕ¼ BwZnvm HwZGnÅi Ici DcÕ©vcb Kiv ‰es ‰KB mGã JcwbGewkK ivÓ¡ËGK fviZxqG`i wbKU MÉnYGhvMÅ KGi ˆZvjv| ‰ mvsÕ•‡wZK-mvgËvwRÅK bxwZi Aã wQj weËwUk I fviZxq mfÅZvi gGaÅ ‰KwU HwZnvwmK ˆmZze®¬b iPbv Kiv hv wKbv eÅwî×MZfvGe mÅvi DBwjqg ˆRvb&m Dcjwº¬ ‰es PPÆv KGiwQGjb JcwbGewkK ivÓ¡ËMVb cÉwò×qvi ÷i‚ ˆ^GKB|

mvsÕ•‡wZK-mvgËvwRÅK bxwZ evÕ¦evqb jGÞÅ miKvi ‰KwU Avjv`v Znwej MVb KGi| ˆ`Gki BwZnvm HwZnÅ MGelYv Kivi RbÅ weËwUk wmwfwjqbG`i DrmvwnZ Kiv nq| ejv nq ˆh, weËwUk I fviZxq mfÅZvi gGaÅ ˆKvb weGiva ˆbB| AviI ˆNvwlZ nq ˆh, mgMÉ gvbe RvwZi jÞÅ ‰K, c†w^exi mKj msÕ•‡wZ I mfÅZv Rvbv I msiÞY Kiv mKj mfÅ RvwZi KvgÅ| MGelYvi gvaÅGg fviZxq mfÅZvi wewf®² w`K DGÁÃvPGb hywî× cÉ`vb Kiv nq ˆh, weËwUkG`i cÉkvmb eÅeÕ©v, wbeÆvPb eÅeÕ©v, mvaviY gvbyGli KjÅvY mvab, KjÅvYKi wkÞv`vb cÉf‡wZ welGqi AwÕ¦Z½ cÉvPxb fviGZI eZÆgvb wQj| ‰ ˆnb aÅvb aviYv wQj ˆbnvZB JcwbGewkK gbMov m†wÓ¡ hvi A¯¦wbÆwnZ jÞÅ wQj `yB mfÅZvi mvsÕ•‡wZK mshywî×i gvaÅGg weËwUk ivR‹bwZK I mvsÕ•‡wZK AvwacZÅGK KvGqwg wfwîGZ Õ©vcb Kiv| ˆhgb ˆnbix ˆgBb Zuvi Lectures on the Early History of Institutions (1875) MÉG¯© hywî× ˆ`b ˆh, Õ©vbxq cÉkvmb c«¬wZ cÉvPxb fviGZ eZÆgvb wQj ‰es Zv ˆKvbò×GgB weËwUk Õ©vbxq kvmGbi ˆPGq Kg `Þ wQj bv| wZwb Zî½ ˆ`b ˆh, fviZxq c«¬wZGZ Õ©vbxq kvmb cwiPvjbv KiGZ cviGj ‰es ‰i gvaÅGg fviZxqG`iGK cÉkvmGb kwiK KivGZ cviGj weËwUk mvgËvGRÅi eywbqv` AviI kî×fvGe Õ©vwcZ nGZ cvGi| DGÍÏLÅ ˆh, ˆgBGbi AvgGji fviZxq RvZxqZvev`xiv ÷ay cÉkvmGb Askx`vwiZ½ ˆPGqwQj, Õ¼vaxbZv Pvq wb|

mvsÕ•‡wZK DcwbGekevG`i Ask wnGmGe bZzb BwZnvm ˆjLv ÷i‚ nGjv Dwbk kZGKi ˆklvGaÆ| cÉGZÅK ˆRjvi BwZnvm, msÕ•‡wZ, A^ÆbxwZ, ˆhvMvGhvM, ˆfŒGMvwjK cÉf‡wZ weeiY mÁ¼wjZ KGi ˆRjv ˆMGRwUqvi msKjb ‰es ˆRjv ˆMGRwUqviGK fviZ chÆvGq ŠZwi Kivi wekvj cÉK͸ wQj mvsÕ•‡wZK mvgËvRÅevG`i Aã| WweÐD.WweÐD. nv´Ÿvi ‰ cÉKG͸i ˆbZ‡Z½ ˆ`b| wek LGí A Statistical Account of Bengal ‰ cÉKG͸i ˆmiv wb`kÆb| ZGe nv´ŸvGii Statistical Account BwZnvGmi Dcv`vGbi welq, BwZnvm bq| h^v^Æ BwZnvm bv wjGL BwZnvGmi Dcv`vb DcKiGYi m®¬vb I msiÞY I BwZnvm cÉYqGbi cÉwZÓ¤vb ŠZwiI wQj H cÉKG͸i AbÅZg jÞÅ| nv´Ÿvi QvovI hviv ˆMGRwUqvi avivi BwZnvm cÉYqb KGib ZuvG`i gGaÅ DGÍÏLGhvMÅ ˆnbix wefvixR, ˆRgm ˆUji, we.wm. AÅvGjb, I’ˆgjx, ˆRK I mvKGm|

ˆRjv ˆMGRwUqviàwj ‰gb Z^ÅcƒYÆ I wbfÆiGhvMÅfvGe msKwjZ nGjv ˆh, ˆMGRwUqvi ˆjLKG`i cÉwZ ‰es ˆm myevGa, ‰gbwK weËwUk RvwZi cÉwZ, ˆ`kx wkwÞZ ˆjvKG`i kÉ«¬vfwî×i mçvi nGqGQ| ˆ`kx wkwÞZ mgvGRi kÉ«¬v KzovGZ meGPGq ˆewk mÞg nGqwQj miKvGii cyivZî½ I fvlvZî½ cÉK͸| ‰àwj wQj mvsÕ•‡wZK mvgËvRÅevG`i meGPGq eo cÉK͸| ˆ`Gki BwZnvm HwZnÅGK ZzGj aiGZ wewf®² welGq AGbK cÉK͸ evÕ¦evwqZ nq Dwbk kZGKi ˆklvGaÆ, ˆhgb, KvwbsnvGgi Archaeological Survey, MÉxqvmÆGbi Linguistic Survey, ˆWΟGbi Ethnological Survey, BZÅvw`| ZvQvov ivRÕ¼ Rwic, f„wg Rwic I Av`g÷gvwi cÉf‡wZ eÅeÕ©v ‰Kw`GK ˆhgb cÉkvmbGK D®²ZZi KGiwQj, Aciw`GK ‰me cÉwZGe`b ˆ`Gki BwZnvm cÉYqGbi ˆÞGòI ài‚Z½cƒYÆ Ae`vb ivGL| evOvwj f`ËmgvR ‰me eÅeÕ©vi ài‚Z½ Abyaveb KGi ‰es eÅvcKfvGe ‰mGei cÉksmv KGi hv wKbv wQj mvsÕ•‡wZK DcwbGekevG`i jÞÅ|

mvsÕ•‡wZK DcwbGekevG`i cÉfvGe Dwbk kZGKi ˆklvGaÆ BwZnvm ævbPPÆvi ‰KwU kvLv wnGmGe ‰i ‰KwU Avjv`v mîv wbGq AvwefƃZ nGjv| AbÅ K^vq H mgq BwZnvm weËwUk mvgwiK I ˆemvgwiK AvgjvG`i cÉfve ˆ^GK ˆewiGq ‰Gm BwZnvm ‰i AvaywbK msæv jvf Kij, cÉK‡Z BwZnvm ˆjLvi c^ myMg nGjv| bZzb BwZnvm ˆjLvi cw^K‡Z RvgÆvb cwíZ I KjKvZv gv`Ëvmvi AaÅvcK ˆnbix dvwWÆbv´£ eÐKgÅvb| AvaywbK HwZnvwmKi…Gc wZwbB cÉ^g gaÅhyMxq fviGZi BwZnvm ˆjLvi mƒòcvZ KGib| Zuvi cÉYxZ BwZnvm ˆckvMZ `ÞZv I wbiGcÞZv ARÆb KGiGQ| JcwbGewkK wmwfj-wgwjUvwi ˆjLKG`i cÉfve KvwUGq wZwbB meÆcÉ^g AvaywbK BwZnvm wjLb c«¬wZi wfwî Õ©vcb KGib| eÐKgÅvb Zuvi ˆckvMZ `ÞZv I ˆKŒkj cÉGqvM KGi AGbK gƒjÅevb dviwm HwZnvwmK cvíywjwc AvweÓ•vi KGib ‰es ‰àwji Ici wfwî KGi AvaywbK gvGbi ˆgŒwjK BwZnvm iPbv KGib| Zuvi MGelYvi evnb wQj cÉavbZ ‰wkqvwUK ˆmvmvBwU I ‰i cwòKv RvbÆvj Ae w` ‰wkqvwUK ˆmvmvBwU Ae ˆeãj ˆhLvb ˆ^GK Zuvi cÉavb cÉavb MGelYvKgÆàwj cÉKvwkZ nq| 1870-‰i `kGK ‰wkqvwUK ˆmvmvBwUi RvbÆvGji wewf®² BmyÅGZ Zuvi cÉKvkbvò×g BwZnvm wjLb c«¬wZGZ hyMv¯¦i Avbqb Kij| eÐKgÅvGbi MGelYv ˆ^GK Avgiv meÆcÉ^g gaÅhyMxq evsjvi BwZnvGmi, weGkl KGi gyMj evsjvi BwZnvGmi eÕ§wbÓ¤ wPò cvB| eÐKgÅvb BwZnvm wjLGb ˆh Nivbv ŠZwi KGib Zvi myGhvMÅ Dîimywi nGjb ivGR±`Êjvj wgò I AÞqKzgvi ŠgGòq|

mvsÕ•‡wZK DcwbGekevG`i ‰KwU mGPZb w`K wQj fviZxq mîvi cvkvcvwk cÉvG`wkK mîvGKI ZzGj aiv| ‰ bxwZi dGj ‰Kw`GK ˆhgb fviZ mîvi Ici BwZnvm ŠZwi nq, Aciw`GK cÉvG`wkK chÆvGqI BwZnvm ŠZixGZ DrmvwnZ Kiv nq ‰es ˆm BwZnvm cÉavbZ wjwLZ nq Õ©vbxq fvlvq| cÉvG`wkK BwZnvm wjLGbi ‰ avivi mvsÕ•‡wZK wfwî Õ©vcb KGib Ck¼iP±`Ê àµ¦, Ck¼iP±`Ê we`ÅvmvMi, wKGkvixPuv` wgò, méxeP±`Ê PGëvcvaÅvq ‰es ewÓ•gP±`Ê PGëvcvaÅvq| wK¯§ ZuvG`i ˆKDB BwZnvm wjLGbi AvaywbK c«¬wZ AbymiY KGib wb| ZuvG`i ˆjLvq ŠeævwbK HwZnvwmKZvi ˆPGq RvwZGeva cÉvavbÅ cvq| eÐKgÅvGbi c«¬wZ AbymiY KGi cÉ^g evsjv fvlvq evsjvi BwZnvm wjGLb ivGR±`Êjvj wgò I AÞqKzgvi ŠgGòq| ZuvG`i ˆjLvq evsjv fvlvq evsjvi BwZnvm ‰gbfvGe cÉwZfvZ nGjv ˆhb evsjv ‰KwU Õ¼Z¯¨ AwÕ¦Z½| cÉK‡ZB evsjv ‰KwU Õ¼Z¯¨ mîv hv wKbv JcwbGewkK KviGY fviZxq mîvi mGã wgwkGq ˆ`Iqvi cwiK͸bv ˆbIqv nGjv| ZGe ‰ cwiK͸bvi cÉwZ mnvbyf„wZkxj nGjI AÞqKzgvi ŠgòGqi Nivbvi ˆjLKMY eãf„wgi cÉwZI ZuvG`i AÁÏvb AvbyMZÅ ˆ`wLGqGQb|

evsjvq eãG`Gki BwZnvm ˆjLvi eo cÉeî×v AÞqKzgvi ŠgGòq| Zuvi iwPZ ˆMŒo ˆjLgvjv (1912) evsjvi BwZnvm wjLGb ‰KwU bZzb avivi cÉeZÆb Kij| ˆm avivwU nGœQ Drm I  fvlv msò×v¯¦, ˆKvb ˆfŒGMvwjK mxgvbv ev RvwZ msò×v¯¦ bq| ŠgGòq cwiÓ•vifvGe DœPviY KGib ˆh, mewKQyi gGZv BwZnvGmi ‰KwU `vwe AvGQ| ˆmwU nGjv BwZnvm nGZ nGe wbR f„wg I gvbyl mÁ·GKÆ wbR fvlvq ‰es wbR Dcv`vb DcKiGYi Ici wfwî KGi| ‰KB evYx DœPviY KGib ˆMŒo ivRgvjvi (1912) ˆjLK igvcÉmv` P±` ‰es evsjvi BwZnvm (1315 eãvõ)-‰i ˆjLK KvjxcÉm®² eG±`ÅvcvaÅvq| DfqB ‰KvavGi fviZxq RvZxqZvev`x I eãwcÉq| ‰KvavGi fviZxq I cÉG`k mGPZb nIqv wQj mvsÕ•‡wZK DcwbGekev`x bxwZi jÞÅ| ‰ bxwZi mGã myi wgwjGq ŠgGòq ˆMŒo ivRgvjv-‰i gyLeG®¬ ˆNvlYv KGib ˆh, AvçwjK BwZnvm ˆjLv gvGb AvçwjK nGq hvIqv bq| Zuvi gGZ AvçwjK BwZnvm wek¼ BwZnvGmiB Aã| evsjvi BwZnvm iPbv Škjxi cwicØZvi cÉgvY XvKv wek¼we`Åvjq KZ‡ÆK cÉKvwkZ I iGgkP±`Ê gRyg`vi I h`ybv^ miKvi KZƆK mÁ·vw`Z History of Bengal, 2 vols (1948)|

evsjv fvlvq evsjvi BwZnvm ˆjLvi avivGK ‰K behyGM wbGq AvmGjb ivLvj`vm eG±`ÅvcvaÅvq| Zuvi K‡Z evãvjvi BwZnvm (1915, 1917) JcwbGewkK BwZnvGmi avivGK PÅvGjé KiGjv| ivLvj`vGmi avivGK AbymiY KiGjb iGgkP±`Ê gRyg`vi, myKzgvi ˆmb, myLgq eG±`ÅvcvaÅvq, `xGbkP±`Ê ˆmb, h`ybv^ miKvi, gynÁÃ` ‰bvgyj nK, bxnviiéb ivq cÉgyL| 

‰ aviviB dmj ‰KB gvGbi AGbK AvçwjK BwZnvm| ˆhgb kZxlP±`Ê wgGòi hGkvni-Lyjbvi BwZnvm (1329 evs), ˆK`vibv^ gRyg`vi ‰i gqgbwmsGni BwZnvm (1906), hvwgbxGgvnb ivGqi XvKvi BwZnvm (1319 evs)|

1947 ˆ^GK gymwjg RvZxqZvevG`i wfwîGZ cvwKÕ¦vb ivGÓ¡Ëi D«¿e weMZKvGji BwZnvm wjLb avivGK jÞYxqfvGe NywiGq w`j| cvwKÕ¦vb AvgGj cvwKÕ¦vb RvZxqZvev`GK cøvGZ ˆiGL bvbv fwãgvq iwPZ nGqGQ ‘gymwjg’ evsjvi BwZnvm| weËwUk AvgGj hv wQj ‘gaÅhyMxq evsjv’, cvwKÕ¦vb AvgGj ‰iB wPòvqb nGqGQ ‘gymwjg evsjv’ bvGg| ˆhgb, Ave`yj KwiGgi Social History of the Muslims of Bengal (1959), ‰d.‰. LvGbi Muslim Architecture (1965), Avng` nvmvb `vbxi Muslim Architecture in Bengal (1961), gynÁÃ` ‰bvgyj nGKi Muslim Bangla Sahitya (1957), mywdqv AvnGgG`i Muslim Community in Bengal (1974).

wK¯§ 1960-‰i `kK ˆ^GK evOvwj RvZxqZvevG`i DGÁÃl NGU ‰es ‰i mvG^ gymwjg RvZxqZvev`wfwîK BwZnvm wjLGb fvUv ˆ`Lv hvq| Pig Wvbcw¯© MGelK Qvov AbÅ me HwZnvwmKGK ˆ`Lv hvq agÆwbiGcÞfvGe BwZnvm PPÆvq wjµ¦ nGZ| ‰ mgGq ivR‹bwZK welGqi ˆPGq mvgvwRK, A^Æ‹bwZK, mvsÕ•‡wZK welqàwj HwZnvwmKG`i `†wÓ¡ AvKlÆY KGi| BwZnvm wjLGbi ‰ aviv ˆ^GKB D«¿„Z nq evOvwj RvZxqZvev`x ˆPZbvi BwZnvm| RvZxqZvev`x  avivi cÉK‡Ó¡ D`vniY nvi‚Y-Ai-iwkG`i Foreshadowing of Bangladesh (1987) I  evsjvG`k ‰wkqvwUK ˆmvmvBwU-i History of Bangladesh 1704-1971 (1991, 1997)|

me mgvR, me RvwZiB BwZnvm iGqGQ| ‰KwU Õ¼vaxb RvwZ wnGmGe evsjvG`GkiI ˆZgwb BwZnvm iGqGQ| wK¯§ wKfvGe wjLv nq ˆm BwZnvm? ejv nGq ^vGK ˆh, me BwZnvmB AvmGj mgKvjxb BwZnvm| BwZnvGmi gƒj myi ŠZix eZÆgvGbi evÕ¦eZv, aÅvbaviYvGK ˆK±`Ê KGi| ˆh RbÅ ‰K hyGMi BwZnvm wjLb aviv AvGiK hyGM APj| HwZnvwmK AZxGZi BwZnvm iPbv KGib eZÆgvGb eGm| AZ‰e eZÆgvGbi cÉGqvRb, Av`kÆ, ivR‹bwZK AeÕ©vb HwZnvwmKGK AGbKUv AeGPZbfvGeB cÉfvweZ KGi AZxGZi BwZnvm eZÆgvGbi gGZv KGi wjLGZ| AZ‰e, ‰Uv ˆgvGUB weÕÃGqi welq bq ˆh, ‰KB NUbvGK JcwbGewkK hyM, DcwbGek Dîi hyM ‰es cvwKÕ¦vb Dîi hyGMi HwZnvwmKMY wbR wbR hyM Abyhvqx KGi eÅvLÅv weGkÏlY KGiGQb|  [wmivRyj Bmjvg]