BwZnvm

cÉvPxb hyM  ZG^Åi ռ͸Zvi KviGY gymwjg-cƒeÆ hyGMi evsjvi BwZnvm cybMÆVb `yi…n| ‰ Amyweav ˆewk KGi Abyf„Z nq cÉvPxbKvGji BwZnvm iPbvq, A^Ævr cÉvPxbZg Kvj ˆ^GK wLËÓ¡xq PZz^Æ kZvõxGZ evsjvq ൦ kvmb cÉwZÓ¤v chƯ¦| ‰ hyGMi BwZnvGmi Dcv`vGbi RbÅ AvgvG`i wbfÆi KiGZ nq Šew`K, gnvKvweÅK I ˆcŒivwYK mvwnGZÅi AcÉZzj Z^Å ‰es cÉðZvwî½K wb`kÆbvw`i Ici| ൦hyM ˆ^GK cieZÆx mgGq Avgiv wjwc I mvwnZÅvKvGi wjwLZ Z^Å cvB| ‰me wjwc I mvwnZÅ-KGgÆ iGqGQ evsjv AçGji BwZnvGmi Dcv`vb|

cUf„wg  meÆcÉvPxb hyGM evsjvq wewf®² RbGMvÓ¤xi emevm wQj eGj Rvbv hvq| ˆh AçGj ˆh RbGMvÓ¤x evm KiZ ˆm AçGji mGã ˆmB weGkl RbGMvÓ¤xi bvg mÁ·†î× nGq cGo| ‰fvGe eã, cyíË, ivp I ˆMŒo bvgK cÉvPxb Rbc`mgƒn ‰ me bvGgi AbvhÆ RbGMvÓ¤xi «¼viv AayÅwlZ Açj wnGmGe Õ¼xK‡Z nq| evsjvG`Gki `wÞY-cƒeÆ AsGk ˆgNbvi IcvGi mgZU (KzwgÍÏv-ˆbvqvLvjx Açj) wQj ‰KUv ài‚Z½cƒYÆ Rbc`| ‰ RbcG`i bvg cyGivcywi eYÆbvñK ‰es RbGMvÓ¤xi mswkÏÓ¡Zv ewRÆZ| PëMÉvg I Zrmw®²wnZ Açj nwiGKj bvGg cwiwPZ wQj| cieZÆx Šew`K mvwnZÅ ˆ^GK AbvhÆ RbGMvÓ¤x AayÅwlZ Açj wnGmGe ‰ mKj RbcG`i K^v Rvbv hvq|

wLËÓ¡cƒeÆ w«¼Zxq mnmËvGõi gaÅfvGM cÉvPxb fviGZi Dîi-cwøgvçGj AvhÆ-cÉfve Abyf„Z nq| DcgnvG`Gki cƒeÆcÉvG¯¦ ˆcuŒQvGZ AvhÆG`i AviI ˆewk mgq jvGM| ZvB evsjvi AwaevmxMY AvhÆvqGbi ˆmËvZaviv ˆek ˆ`wiGZB Dcjwº¬ KGi| wLËÓ¡cƒeÆ cçg kZvõx ˆ^GK cwøgvçj w`Gq evsjvq AvhÆG`i AbycÉGek NGU ‰es mgMÉ evsjvGK AvhÆvwqZ KiGZ ZvG`i cÉvq ‰K nvRvi eQi ˆjGM hvq| Dîi fviGZ ‰ `xNÆ hvòvKvGj AvhÆ-cÉfve Õ¼vfvweKfvGeB AGbKUv ÞxY nGq cGowQj| ZZw`Gb evsjvi AwaevmxG`i msÕ•‡wZGZ AbvhÆ Dcv`vb `†pfvGe cÉwZwÓ¤Z nIqvi mgq cvq ‰es AvhÆ-cÉfve mGî½I AvhÆ-cƒeÆ Rxeb ŠewkGÓ¡Åi AGbK Dcv`vbB eRvq ^vGK|

cv^Gii ŠZix h¯¨cvwZ I nvwZqviB nGœQ gvbe emwZi meÆcÉvPxb wb`kÆb| cwøgeGãi ˆgw`bxcyi, euvKzov I eaÆgvb ˆRjvq cÉv‹MwZnvwmK hyGMi cv^Gii ŠZix h¯¨cvwZ I nvwZqvi AvweÓ•‡Z nGqGQ| ‰ nvwZqvi eÅenviKvix RbGMvÓ¤x KLb cÉ^g evsjvq emwZ Õ©vcb KGiwQj Zv h^v^ÆfvGe, ‰gbwK AbygvGbI wbaÆviY Kiv KwVb| ‰Uv mÁ¿eZ NGUwQj `k nvRvi eQi (ev ZviI) AvGM| wblv` ev AwÕ¡ËK wKsev AGÕ¡Ëv-‰kxq ˆMvÓ¤xi AbvhÆ ˆjvGKivB ‰Z`çGji Avw` evwm±`v| AvRGKi ˆKvj, wfj, muvIZvj, kei, cywj±` cÉf‡wZ Avw`g Awaevmxiv ZvG`i cÉwZwbwaZ½ KiGQ| cieZÆxKvGj `Ëvweo I wZe»wZ-ewgÆ fvlvfvlx AviI `ywU RvwZ evsjvq emwZ Õ©vcb KGi|

1960-‰i `kGKi cÉðZvwî½K AvweÓ•vi ˆ^GK cÉgvwYZ nq ˆh, evsjvi ˆKv^vI ˆKv^vI wLËÓ¡cƒeÆ cÉ^g mnmËvGõi ÷i‚GZ, mÁ¿eZ ZviI AvGM, AGcÞvK‡Z AGbK D®²Z ‰K mfÅZv MGo DGVwQj| ARq bG`i DcZÅKvq eaÆgvb ˆRjvi cv´£z ivRvi wXwe (ˆevjcyGii mw®²KGU) ‰es ARq, Kzbvi I ˆKvcvB b`xi ZxieZÆx AbÅvbÅ cÉð ‰jvKvq cÉvµ¦ wb`kÆbvw` evsjvi cÉv‹MwZnvwmK hyM mÁ·GKÆ bZzb aviYvi R¯Ã w`GqGQ|

‘cvíy ivRvi wXwe’ ‰KwU evwYwRÅK knGii a»smveGkl| fviGZi Afů¦ixY AçGji mGã ÷ay bq, f„gaÅmvMixq AçGji ˆ`kmgƒGni mGãI ‰i evwYwRÅK mÁ·KÆ wQj| Šew`K mvwnZÅ ˆ^GK myÕ·Ó¡fvGe Rvbv hvq ˆh, AvhÆiv evsjvi Avw` AwaevmxG`i eeÆi gGb KiZ| wK¯§ cwøgeGã ˆh D®²Z eÕ§MZ msÕ•‡wZi m®¬vb cvIqv ˆMGQ Zv wbtmG±`Gn AvhÆ-gGbvfvGei AmviZv cÉgvY KGi| AekÅ `xNÆw`b aGi AvhÆ-emwZ Õ©vcb MfxifvGe evsjvi msÕ•‡wZGK cÉfvweZ KGiGQ| ò×gv¯¼Gq AvhÆvqb cÉwò×qv ‰Z`&çGji cieZÆx BwZnvGmi gƒj cÉwZcv`Å| wLËÓ¡xq PZz^Æ kZvõx ˆ^GK evsjvi BwZnvm AvgvG`i wbKU ˆgvUvgywU Õ·Ó¡fvGeB cÉwZfvZ nq| ivR‹bwZK I mvsÕ•‡wZK Dfq `†wÓ¡GKvY ˆ^GKB ‰ BwZnvm AvhÆ-cÉvavbÅ cÉwZÓ¤vi BwZnvm|

MÉxK I jÅvwUb Drm ˆ^GK (wLËÓ¡cƒeÆ 3q kZvõx ˆ^GK wLËÓ¡xq 1g kZvõx) ‘MãvwiwW’ (MÉxK) ev MãvwiWvB (jÅvwUb) bvgK cƒeÆ fviGZi ‰KwU kwî×kvjx ivGRÅi K^v Rvbv hvq| ‰ ivRÅ mvgwiK w`K ˆ^GK LyeB kwî×kvjx wQj| cwíZMY evsjvi `wÞY I `wÞY-cƒeÆvçGj Mãvi (fvMxi^x I c«Âv) ˆgvnbvi KvGQ MãvwiWvB-i AeÕ©vb wbG`Æk KGib|

eàov ˆRjvi gnvÕ©vbMo ‰i a»smveGkl cÉvPxb cy´£ÈbMi wnGmGe wPwn×Z| Lbb KvGRi dGj ‰LvGb eËvþx niGd ˆjLv ‰KwU ˆÞvw`Z wjwc cvIqv ˆMGQ| ‰ wjwc evsjvi Ask weGkGli Dci ˆgŒhÆ kvmGbi (wLËÕ¡cƒeÆ 3q kZvõx) cÉgvY enb KGi| evsjvq cÉvµ¦ cÉvPxbZg ‰ wjwc «¼viv cÉgvwYZ nq ˆh, cy´£ÈbMi eàov ˆRjvi gnvÕ©vbMGoi mvG^ Awf®²| evsjvi cÉvPxbZg bMiRxeGbi wb`kÆb nGœQ ‰ cy´£ÈbMi| cÉðZvwî½K LbGbi dGj cÉgvwYZ nGqGQ ˆh, cÉkvmwbK I mvsÕ•‡wZK ˆK±`Ê wnGmGe cÉvPxbKvj ˆ^GK wLËÕ¡xq «¼v`k kZvõx chƯ¦ ‰ kniwUi AwÕ¦Z½ wQj|

ˆKŒwUGjÅi A^ÆkvGÕ¨ (wLËÓ¡cƒeÆ 3q kZvõx) DGÍÏL AvGQ ˆh, eGãi (`wÞY-cƒeÆ evsjv) wgwn mƒwZeÕ¨ ài‚Z½cƒYÆ cYÅ wnGmGe mviv fviGZ iµ¦vwb nGZv| MÉxK I jÅvwUb ˆjLKMYI (ˆgvUvgywU ‰KB mgGqi) ‰i DGÍÏL KGiGQb| myZivs ‰K^v ˆRvi w`GqB ejv hvq ˆh, evsjvq wgwn eÕ¨ ŠZixi HwZnÅ mycÉvPxb| `wÞY-cƒeÆ evsjvi ‰ cYÅwUB ˆlvok I mµ¦`k kZvõxGZ evsjvi gmwjb ‰es AviI mywbw`ÆÓ¡ KGi XvKvB gmwjb wnGmGe wek¼GRvov LÅvwZjvf KGi| ‰ cÉmGã AviI DGÍÏLÅ ˆh, ˆcvovgvwUi djK ŠZixI evsjvi ‰KwU cÉvPxb Škw͸K HwZnÅ| Lbb KvGRi dGj cv´£z ivRvi wXweGZ cÉvµ¦ ˆcvovgvwUi djKmgƒn evsjvi ‰ wkG͸i cÉvPxbGZ½i cÉgvY ˆ`q|

൦kvmb  wLËÓ¡cƒeÆ 2q kZvõxGZ ˆgŒhÆ mvgËvGRÅi cZb ˆ^GK wLËÓ¡xq 4^Æ kZvõxGZ ൦ mvgËvGRÅi Dïvb chƯ¦ mgGqi evsjvi BwZnvm AÕ·Ó¡| wLËÓ¡cƒeÆ w«¼Zxq ev cÉ^g kZvõxi KZàwj my`†kÅ ˆcvovgvwUi gƒwZÆ gnvÕ©vb, ZvgËwjwµ¦ I P±`ÊGKZzMGo AvweÓ•‡Z nGqGQ| ‰ AvweÓ•vi cÉgvY KGi ˆh, ÷ã I KzlvY AvgGj evsjvi kÉxe†w«¬ AeÅvnZ wQj| w` ˆcwiµÏvm Ae w` Bwiw^Ëqvb wm I UGjwgi eYÆbv ˆ^GK AbywgZ nq ˆh, wLËÓ¡xq cÉ^g I w«¼Zxq kZvõxGZ evsjvi mgMÉ e«¼xc AçGj ‰KwU kwî×kvjx ivRÅ MGo DGVwQj| Mãv b`xi ZxieZÆx weLÅvZ eÅemv-ˆK±`Ê MGã bMix wQj ‰ ivGRÅi ivRavbx| Pxbmn AbÅvbÅ ˆ`Gki mvG^ evsjvi eÅvcKwfwîK evwYGRÅi cÉgvY cvIqv hvq| wgwj±`-cbGnv cÉ`î mgyG`ËvcK„jeZÆx ˆ`kmgƒGni ZvwjKvq eGãi DGÍÏL iGqGQ ˆhLvGb AmsLÅ evwYwRÅK RvnvR RGov nGZv|

PZz^Æ kZvõxGZ mgy`ËàGµ¦i mvgËvRÅ weÕ¦vGii cÉvØvGj evsjv KZàwj Õ¼vaxb ivGRÅ wefî× wQj| AvbygvwbK PZz^Æ kZvõxi gvSvgvwS mgGq Õ¼vaxb ivRÅàwji cÉvq meKUvB mgy`ËàGµ¦i kvmbvaxGb PGj AvGm| mgZU (KzwgÍÏv-ˆbvqvLvjxmn ˆgNbvi Aci ZxGii ‰jvKv) Zuvi mvgËvGRÅi evBGi ^vKGjI Ki`ivGRÅ cwiYZ nq| mgy`ËàGµ¦i cyò I DîivwaKvix w«¼Zxq P±`Ê൦ cƒeÆvçGj Zuvi AwaK‡Z ‰jvKvmgƒn mymsnZ KGib ‰es ‰ RbÅ ZuvGK eGãi wei‚G«¬ Awfhvb cwiPvjbv KiGZ nq| mÁ¿eZ mgZGUi Ici ൦G`i AvwacZÅ cÉwZwÓ¤Z nGq ^vKGe| lÓ¤ kZvõxi ˆkGli w`GK bvGgi ˆkGl ‘൦’ Dcvwaavix ‰KRb ivRv KZ‡ÆK (ŠeYÅ൦) ‰ Açj kvwmZ nGZv eGj gGb nq| cçg kZvõxi ൦ mgËvUMGYi (Kzgvi൦ ˆ^GK eya൦) ˆek KGqKwU ZvgËkvmb DîieGã cvIqv ˆMGQ| ‰ ˆ^GK ‰ AçGj mycÉwZwÓ¤Z ൦ kvmGbi AwÕ¦Z½ cÉgvwYZ nq| ZvgËkvmbàwj mywebÅÕ¦ Õ©vbxq cÉkvmGbi AwÕ¦GZ½iI mvÞÅ ˆ`q| ൦ mgËvUMY Õ©vbxq RbmvaviGYi Askx`vwiGZ½i gvaÅGg cÉkvmb eÅeÕ©v MGo ˆZvjvi K‡wZGZ½i `vwe`vi| Õ©vbxq cÉkvmb KvVvGgvi ˆh cÉgvY ൦ ZvgËkvmbàwjGZ cvIqv hvq Zv wbtmG±`Gn evsjvi Õ©vbxq Õ¼vqîkvmGbi cÉ^g wb`kÆb| ZvB ‰i ài‚Z½ Acwimxg|

evsjv wQj ൦ mvgËvGRÅi ‰KUv ài‚Z½cƒYÆ cÉG`k| mvaviYZ ൦ AvgjGK fviZ BwZnvGmi myeYÆ hyM eGj MYÅ Kiv nq| ‰ AvgGj fviZ ‰KwU kwî×kvjx KjÅvYagÆx ˆK±`Êxq miKvGii AaxGb wQj| ‰ miKvi `xNÆKvj ivGRÅ kvw¯¦ I mg†w«¬ eRvq ivGL| ‰ mgq ˆ^GK eãG`k meÆfviZxq mvgËvGRÅi Ask wnGmGe mydj ˆfvM KGi| ‰ mvgËvGRÅ wQj `Þ kvmb I ivR‹bwZK wÕ©wZkxjZv| eÅemv-evwYGRÅi RbÅ ‰ kvmbvgj wQj ài‚Z½cƒYÆ| evsjv wQj ‰ ˆMŒiGei Askx`vi| Pxbv cwieËvRK dv-wnGqb ‰i eYÆbv gGZ, cƒeÆvçGj ZvgËwjwµ¦ (cwøg evsjvi AvaywbK ZgjyK) wQj weivU evwYRÅ ˆK±`Ê| evsjvq cÉPzi ൦ gy`Ëv ‰es AbyKiY ൦ gy`Ëvi AvweÓ•vi ൦G`i AaxGb ‰ AçGji A^Æ‹bwZK mg†w«¬i cÉgvY ˆ`q|

൦hyM agÆxq mwnúzZvi RbÅI DGÍÏLGhvMÅ| mvgËvRÅev`x ൦ mgËvUMY wQGjb eËvþYÅ agÆ Abymvix ‰es Zuviv cigfMer ev cig‹`er Dcvwa eÅenvi KiGZb| wK¯§ ൦ mgËvUMY ˆeŒ«¬ I ŠRb aGgÆiI c†Ó¤GcvlKZv KˆiGQb| RbMY agÆxq mwnúzZv I wewf®² agÆwek¼vGmi mnveÕ©vGbi cwigíGj evm KiZ| ൦ hyGMi Škw͸K mylgv mywew`Z ‰es Zv evsjvi wk͸ixwZGK cÉfvweZ KGi| ൦ wk͸ixwZ evsjvi fvÕ•hÆ I wk͸KjvGK AbycÉvwYZ KGi|

kkvâ  àµ¦ mvgËvGRÅi cZb, üY Avò×gY ‰es Dîi-fviGZi ivR‹bwZK gGç hGkvegÆGbi AvKwÕÃK AvMgb I wbÓ˜gY cƒeÆ fviGZ cÉPí AvGjvoGbi m†wÓ¡ KGi| lÓ¤ kZvõxi cÉ^gvGaÆ àµ¦ kvmGbi Aemvb NwUGq `wÞY-cƒeÆ evsjvq Õ©vbxq kvmKG`i AaxGb eã ivGRÅi D«¿e nq| ˆgŒLixMY Dîi fviGZi ˆK±`ÊÕ©Gj cÉwZcwîkvjx nGq DVGj cieZÆx ൦MY wenvGi ‰es cwøg I DîieGã ZvG`i KZ‡ÆZ½ cÉwZÓ¤v KGi| gMa (`wÞY wenvi) ‰es cwøg I DîieGãi Ask weGkGli AwaKvi wbGq ˆgŒLix I ൦G`i gGaÅ `xNÆKvj aGi msNlÆ PGj|

wLËÓ¡xq lÓ¤ kZvõxi ˆkl w`GK evsjvi cwøg I DîivçGji AskweGkGl cieZÆx ൦kvmKG`i AaxGb ˆMŒo ivGRÅi D«¿e nq| mµ¦g kZvõxi ÷i‚GZ kkvâ ˆMŒGo ÞgZv `Lj KGib| gMa Zuvi ivGRÅi Ask wQj| Rvbv gGZ, kkvâB evsjvi cÉ^g ivRv whwb ‰i ˆfŒGMvwjK mxgvbv AwZò×g KGi evsjvi evBGi eü`ƒi chƯ¦ AvwacZÅ weÕ¦vi KGib| wZwb ‰KwU Dîi fviZxq mvgËvRÅ cÉwZÓ¤vi ˆPÓ¡v KGib ‰es nlÆeaÆGbi gZ ‰KRb civò×gkvjx cÉwZcGÞi wei‚G«¬ wbGRGK ‰es ˆMŒo mvgËvRÅGK AÞzY³ ivGLb| ‰gb ‰KRb cÉej cÉwZcGÞi mGã cÉwZ«¼w±«¼Zv KGi wbGRi AwÕ¦Z½GK AÞzY³ ivLv kkvGâi cGÞ Kg ˆMŒiGei K^v bq| evsjvi ‰KRb ivRvi cGÞ Dîi fviGZi ivR‹bwZK «¼G±«¼ wjµ¦ nIqv Zvi mvgwiK kwî×iB cwiPvqK| ZvB kkvâGK evsjvi cÉ^g ài‚Z½cƒYÆ ivRv ejGZ ˆKvb cÉKvi w«¼gGZi AeKvk ˆbB| wZwbB evsjvi BwZnvGm cÉ^gevGii gZ Dîi fviGZ cÉvavbÅ cÉwZÓ¤vq Avò×gYvñK cÉqvm PvwjGqwQGjb| ‰w`K ˆ^GK wZwb cieZÆxKvGji cvj eskxq ivRv agÆcvj I ˆ`ecvj ‰i Avò×gYvñK Dîi fviZxq bxwZi AMÉ`ƒZ| cwøgeGãi gywkÆ`vev` ˆRjvi enigcyi ˆ^GK Qq gvBj `wÞY-cwøGg AewÕ©Z ivãvgvwUGK Zuvi ivRavbx KYÆmyeYÆ eGj wPwn×Z Kiv nGqGQ|

gvrmÅbÅvq  kkvGâi g†ZzÅi ci eGã wek†›Ljv I AivRKZv ˆ`Lv ˆ`q| AvbygvwbK 650 wLËÓ¡võ ˆ^GK 750 wLËÓ¡võ chƯ¦ ‰K kZvõxKvGjiI ˆewk mgq aGi ˆMŒGoi BwZnvm AÕ·Ó¡| nlÆeaÆGbi g†ZzÅi (646/ 647 wLËÓ¡võ) ci Zuvi mvgËvGRÅ ŠbivRÅ I mskq ˆ`Lv ˆ`q, g¯¨xiv ejcƒeÆK ivRÅ `Lj KGi ˆbq| ŠPwbK `ƒZ Iqvs-wnDGqb&-Gmi nVKvwiZvq wZe»GZi ÞgZvai ivRv kÉs-Qvb-GMgGcv cici KGqKwU Awfhvb cwiPvjbv KGib| mµ¦g kZvõxi w«¼ZxqvGaÆ evsjvq `ywU bZzb ivResk AvñcÉKvk KGi: ˆMŒo I gMGa (cwøg evsjv I `wÞY wenvi) cieZÆx ൦MY ‰es eã I mgZGU (`wÞY I `wÞY-cƒeÆ evsjv) LoM ivResk| wK¯§ ‰ ivResGki ˆKvbwUB evsjvq HKÅe«¬ I kwî×kvjx kvmb cÉwZÓ¤v KiGZ mÞg nGqwQj eGj gGb nq bv|

wLËÓ¡xq 8g kZvõxi cÉ^gvGaÆ cybtcybt ŠeG`wkK Avò×gGY evsjv wechÆÕ¦ nGq cGo| ‰i gGaÅ meGPGq DGÍÏLGhvMÅ wQj KGbŒR ivR hGkvegÆGYi (725-752 wLË.) Avò×gY| KvkÄxGii jwjZvw`ZÅ AwPGiB hGkvegÆGYi ˆMŒieGK ÁÏvb KGi ˆ`b| ˆMŒGoi cuvP Rb ivRv jwjZvw`ZÅ KZ‡ÆK civwRZ nGqwQGjb eGj KvkÄxGii HwZnvwmK Kjnb DGÍÏL KGiGQb| ‰ ˆ^GK ˆMŒGoi ivR‹bwZK wewœQ®²Zv mÁ·GKÆ myÕ·Ó¡ BwãZ cvIqv hvq| ˆK±`Êxq kwî×i AfvGe Õ©vbxq cÉavbMY Õ¼vaxb nGq IGVb ‰es wbGRG`i gGaÅ cÉvavbÅ cÉwZÓ¤vi jovB-‰ wjµ¦ nb| cybtcybt ŠeG`wkK Avò×gY ivR‹bwZK fvimvgÅ webÓ¡ KGi ‰es ZvGZ KGi wewœQ®²Zvi cÉwò×qv Z½ivw¯¼Z nq|

kkvGâi g†ZzÅi cieZÆx ‰Kk eQi evsjvq ˆKvb Õ©vqx miKvi wQj bv ejGjB PGj| mgMÉ ˆ`k Afů¦ixY Kjn-GKv±`Gj wQ®²-wewœQ®² ‰es ŠeG`wkK Avò×gGY chyÆ`Õ¦ nGqGQ| ˆMvcvj ‰i DïvGbi AvGM wLËÓ¡xq 8g kZvõxi gvSvgvwS mgGqi ivR‹bwZK AeÕ©vGK cvj AvgGji ‰KwU wjwcGZ (Lvwjgcyi ZvgËkvmb) gvrmÅbÅvqg& eGj DGÍÏL Kiv nGqGQ| wZe»wZ m®²Åvmx Zvibv^ 1608 wLËÓ¡vGõ fviGZ ˆeŒ«¬ aGgÆi BwZnvm bvgK ‰KwU Mɯ© iPbv KGib| wZwb ‰ gZ mg^Æb KGi wjGLb: ‘cÉGZÅK Þwòq, mÁÀv¯¦ eÅwî×, eËvþY I ewYK Õ¼ Õ¼ M†Gn (A^ev cÉfvevaxb ‰jvKvq) wQGjb ‰K ‰K Rb ivRv, wK¯§ mgMÉ ˆ`Gk ˆKvb ivRv wQGjb bv’| cvj esGki cÉwZÓ¤vZv ˆMvcvj ‰ wek†›Lj AeÕ©vq ivR ÞgZvq AwawÓ¤Z nb ‰es cvj ZvgËkvmGb DwÍÏwLZ AivRK AeÕ©vi (gvrmÅbÅvGqi) Aemvb NUvb|

msÕ•‡Z kõ gvrmÅbÅvqg weGkl A^Æen| ˆKŒwUGjÅi A^ÆkvGÕ¨ kõwUi wbÁ²i…c eÅvLÅv Kiv nGqGQ: hLb `í`vGbi AvBb Õ©wMZ ev AKvhÆKi ^vGK ZLb ‰gb AivRK AeÕ©vi m†wÓ¡ nq hv gvGQi ivRÅ mÁ·GKÆ cÉPwjZ cÉePGbi gGaÅ cwiÕ¹zU| A^Ævr AGcÞvK‡Z eo gvQ ˆQvUwUGK MÉvm KGi, KviY AvBb cÉGqvMKvix msÕ©vi AeZÆgvGb mej `yeÆjGK MÉvm KiGeB| mgmvgwqK cvj wjwcGZ ‰ A^Æen kõwUi cÉGqvM KGi evsjvi ZrKvjxb ivR‹bwZK AeÕ©v eYÆbv Kiv nGqGQ| AvBb-k†›Ljv eRvq ivLvi gZ kwî×kvjx kvmb ÞgZvi AfvGe mÁ·ƒYÆ AivRK AeÕ©vi m†wÓ¡ nGqwQj| ˆMvcvj evsjvi kvmb ÞgZvq AwawÓ¤Z nGq gvrmÅbÅvq AeÕ©vi Aemvb NUvGZ mg^Æ nb|

ˆMvcvj wKfvGe ÞgZvq AvGmb Zv wbGq cwíZG`i gGaÅ gZGf` AvGQ| ˆKD ˆKD hywî× ˆ`wLGqGQb ˆh, RbMY ˆMvcvjGK ivRv wbeÆvwPZ KGi| weZGKÆi wek` weeiY bv w`Gq ejv hvq ˆh, ˆMvcvj ‰gb ‰K mgq ÞgZvq ‰GmwQGjb hLb meÆò wek†›Lj AeÕ©v weivRgvb wQj| wZwb AekÅB wKQy msLÅK cÉfvekvjx eÅwî× ev ˆbZvi mg^Æb jvf KGiwQGjb| gvrmÅbÅvGqi Aemvb NwUGq wZwb eÅvcK Rbmg^Æb ˆcGqwQGjb| cvj wjwcGZ `vwe Kiv nGqGQ ˆh, ˆMvcvj ‘ˆecGivqv I ˆÕ¼œQvPvix ˆjvKG`i civf„Z KGi Õ©vqx kvw¯¦ cÉwZÓ¤v KGiwQGjb’| AbÅ K^vq ejv hvq, hviv evsjvq gvrmÅbÅvq AeÕ©vi m†wÓ¡ KGiwQj ZvG`i wZwb mgƒGj DrcvUb KGib|

cvj esk  AÓ¡g kZvõxi gvSvgvwS mgGq ˆMvcvj KZ‡ÆK cÉwZwÓ¤Z ivResk wewf®² Dïvb cZGbi gaÅ w`Gq cÉvq Pvik eQi evsjv kvmb KGi| ‰ esGki AvVvGiv Rb ivRvi `xNÆ kvmbvgGj Dïvb-cZb jÞ Kiv ˆMGjI cÉvPxb evsjvi BwZnvGm cvj kvmb ˆh ‰KUv ˆMŒiGevä¾j AaÅvq Zv AÕ¼xKvi Kivi Dcvq ˆbB| cvj ivRvG`i BwZnvm KGqKwU chÆvGq fvM Kiv hvq: (1) agÆcvj (Av. 781-821 wLË.) I ˆ`ecvj-‰i (Av. 821-861 wLË.) kvmbvgj| ‰ Avgj wQj cÉwZcwî cÉwZÓ¤vi hyM; (2) Õ©weiZvi hyM (Av. 861-995 wLË.)| cÉ^g gnxcvj (Av. 995-1042 wLË.) AekÅ ‰ Õ©weiZv KvwUGq DGV cvj esGki ˆMŒie cybi‚«¬vi KGib, hvi RbÅ ZuvGK cvj esGki w«¼Zxq cÉwZÓ¤vZv ejv nq; (3) AebwZ I AeÞGqi hyM| ivgcvj (Av. 1082-1124 wLË.) Zuvi ˆZGRvóxµ¦ kvmb «¼viv ‰ AeÞqGK mvgwqKfvGe ˆiva Kivi cÉqvm cvb| wK¯§ Zuvi g†ZzÅi ci cvj mvgËvRÅ Avi ˆewk w`b wUGK ^vGK wb| «¼v`k kZvõxi w«¼Zxq cvG` ˆmb esGki DïvGbi dGj cvj mvgËvGRÅi cZb NGU|

cvj esGki cÉwZcwî cÉwZÓ¤vi hyM wQj agÆcvj I ˆ`ecvGji ˆZGRvóxµ¦ kvmbKvj| ‰ hyGMi cvj ivRviv Dîi fviGZ cÉvavbÅ cÉwZÓ¤vi cÉwZ«¼w±«¼Zvq AeZxYÆ nIqvi gZ hG^Ó¡ kwî×kvjx wQGjb| Dîi fviGZ cÉfzZ½ Õ©vcGbi RbÅ Zuviv cwøg fviGZi àRÆi-cÉwZnvi ‰es `vwÞYvGZÅi ivÓ¡ËK„UG`i mvG^ ‰K wòcÞxq msNGlÆ wjµ¦ nb| evsjvq hLb cvj esGki Dïvb NGU `wÞY fviGZ ZLb ivÓ¡ËK„UMY PvjyKÅG`i wbKU ˆ^GK ÞgZv ˆKGo ˆbq ‰es àRÆi-cÉwZnviMY gvje I ivRÕ©vGb wbGRG`i kwî× msnZ KGi| hGkvegÆb I jwjZvw`GZÅi SwUKv Avò×gGY Dîi fviGZ ivR‹bwZK kƒbÅZvi m†wÓ¡ nq| myZivs cieZÆx `ycyi‚l aGi KGbŒRGKw±`ÊK Dîi fviGZi kƒbÅZv cƒiGY Awfjvlx ‰ wZb kwî×i gGaÅ msNlÆ evGa|

agÆcvGji kvmbvgGj `ywU chÆvGq ‰ wòcÞxq hy«¬ PGj| hyG«¬i cÉ^g chÆvGq fvMÅ wechÆq ˆ`Lv w`GjI cÉ^g I w«¼Zxq chÆvGqi gaÅeZÆx mgGq wZwb wKQy mvdjÅ jvf KGib| wZwb KGbŒR chƯ¦ Õ¼xq cÉfve e†w«¬ KiGZ mÞg nb ‰es Zuvi AbyM†nxZ Pò×vqyaGK wKQyKvGji RbÅ ˆmLvbKvi wmsnvmGb emvb| evsjv I wenvGii evBGi KGbŒR chƯ¦ cvj mvgËvRÅ weÕ¦‡Z nq| AbÅvbÅ w`GKI nqZ wZwb Zuvi ivRÅmxgv e†w«¬ KGiwQGjb| wK¯§ Zuvi mvdGjÅi cwigvY mÁ·GKÆ Avgiv wbwøZ bB| wòcÞxq hyG«¬i w«¼Zxq chÆvGqI agÆcvj wechÆGqi mÁÃyLxb nb| wK¯¦y wZwb ˆh evsjv I wenvGii evBGiI Õ¼xq cÉfve AÞzY³ ivLGZ mÞg nGqwQGjb ˆm mÁ·GKÆ ˆZgb ˆKvb mG±`n ˆbB| cvj esGki BwZnvGm agÆcvGji bvg ‰KRb weLÅvZ weGRZv wnGmGe DwÍÏwLZ nq| Zuvi ˆbZ‡GZ½ Dîi fviGZ evsjvi KZ‡ÆZ½ ˆek wKQyKvj aGi AeÅvnZ ^vGK|

agÆcvj wQGjb ‰KRb ‰KwbÓ¤ ˆeŒ«¬ ‰es ˆeŒ«¬ aGgÆi weLÅvZ c†Ó¤GcvlK| weò×gkxjv ˆeŒ«¬wenvi (KjMs ˆ^GK 6 gvBj DîGi ‰es wenvGii fvMjcyi ˆ^GK 24 gvBj cƒGeÆ cv^iNvUv bvgK Õ©vGb) wZwbB cÉwZÓ¤v KGib| beg ˆ^GK «¼v`k kZvõx chƯ¦ ‰wU wQj mgMÉ fviGZ meGPGq ài‚Z½cƒYÆ ˆeŒ«¬ wkÞvGK±`Êàwji gGaÅ AbÅZg| cvnvocyi ‰i (evsjvG`Gki bIMuv ˆRjvq) ˆmvgcyi gnvwenvi agÆcvGji Aci ‰KwU wekvj Õ©vcZÅ KgÆ|

agÆcvGji cyò I DîivwaKvix ˆ`ecvj wcZvi Abym†Z Avò×gYvñK bxwZ AeÅvnZ ivGLb| Dîi fviGZ cÉvavbÅ cÉwZÓ¤vi cÉwZ«¼w±«¼Zv Zuvi mgGqI AeÅvnZ ^vGK| wZwb nqZ cÉv^wgK wKQy mvdjÅ jvf KGib, wK¯§ ˆkl chƯ¦ àRÆi-cÉwZnviMY KGbŒR I cvk¼ÆeZÆx AçGj ZvG`i mvgËvRÅ weÕ¦vGi mÞg nq| ZGe cvj mvgËvRÅ `wÞY-cwøGg DwolÅv ‰es Dîi-cƒGeÆ Kvgi…c ‰i w`GK weÕ¦vi jvf KGi|

agÆcvj I ˆ`ecvGji kvmbvgj cvj mvgËvGRÅi cÉwZcwîi hyM| ‰ `yRb kvmK evsjvi `wÞY I cwøgvçj ‰es wenvGi cvj mvgËvRÅ msnZ KGib| ZuvG`i AvgGj cÉ^gevGii gGZv evsjv Dîi fviZxq ivRbxwZGZ ‰KUv kwî×kvjx ivGÓ¡Ëi ghÆv`v jvf KGi| kwî×kvjx cÉwZ«¼±«¼xG`i wei‚G«¬ evsjv gv^v DuPz KGi `uvovq| ‰ mgq meÆò weRq mƒwPZ nq| wK¯§ ˆ`ecvGji g†ZzÅi mvG^ mvG^B ‰ ˆMŒiegq hyGMi Aemvb NGU ‰es ÷i‚ nq Õ©weiZvi hyM| ‰ Õ©weiZv ò×gk cvj mvgËvRÅGK a»sGmi cG^ ˆUGb wbGq hvq|

cvj mvgËvGRÅi Õ©weiZv cuvPRb ivRvi kvmbvgjeÅvcx ‰Kk eQGiiI AwaKKvj aGi PGj| agÆcvj I ˆ`ecvGji AvgGj ˆh ˆkŒhÆexhÆ I kwî×i cÉKvk NGU, ‰ AvgGj Zv wQj ‰GKevGiB AbycwÕ©Z| ‰ mgq mvgËvRÅ weÕ¦vGii AvG`Œ ˆKvb ˆPÓ¡v Kiv ˆZv nqB wb, eis ŠeG`wkK nvgjv ‰es Afů¦ixY weG`Ëvn `gb Kivi kwî×I cvj ivRvG`i wQj bv| `kg kZvõxi gvSvgvwS mgGq KGÁ¼vRMY cwøg I Dîi evsjvi AskweGkGl AGbKUv Õ¼vaxb nGq IGV| wKQyKvGji RbÅ cvj mvgËvRÅ ÷ay wenvGii AskweGkGl mxgve«¬ nGq cGo| wkjvwjwc ˆ^GK KGÁ¼vR ˆMŒocwZG`i AwÕ¦Z½ mÁ·GKÆ Rvbv hvq|

cÉ^g gnxcvj (Av. 995-1043 wLË.) cvj mvgËvGRÅi nvivGbv ˆkŒhÆ AGbKUv wdwiGq AvGbb ‰es mvgËvGRÅ bZzb cÉvYkwî×i mçvi KGib| wZwb Dîi I cwøg evsjvi n…ZivRÅ cybi‚«¬vi KGib ‰es cvjesGki nvivGbv ˆMŒie cybi‚«¬vi KGi mvgËvGRÅi wfZ my`†p KGib| wK¯§ gnxcvj I ivgcvGji gaÅeZÆx ivRvG`i ivRZ½KvGj ‰ esGki ˆMŒie meÆwbÁ² chÆvGq ˆbGg AvGm| Dîi fviGZi kwî×mgƒGni cybtcybt Avò×gY (KjPzwi I PG´£jv) cvj ivRvG`i `yeÆjZvB cÉKvk KGi| w«¼Zxq gnxcvj ‰i ivRZ½KvGj (Av. 1075-1080 wLË.) cvjesGki ‰ `yeÆjZv myÕ·Ó¡fvGe cÉKvwkZ nq| ‰ mgq ŠKeZÆ cÉavb w`eÅ ‰K mvg¯¦ weG`ËvGni gvaÅGg eGi±`Ê AçGj (Dîi evsjv) Õ¼vaxb kvmb cÉwZÓ¤vq mÞg nb| ˆK±`Êxq kvmb `yeÆj nGq coGj Õ¼vfvweKfvGeB wewœQ®²Zv gv^vPvov w`Gq IGV| Dîi evsjvq w`eÅ-i mvdjÅ ‰ cÉeYZvi Dä¾j D`vniY|

ivgcvGji (Avby. 1082-1124 wLË.) ˆkŒhÆexhÆ I kwî× wQj cvj esGki ˆkl ài‚Z½cƒYÆ AvGjvKœQUv| wZwb Dîi evsjvq cvj AvwacZÅ cybtcÉwZÓ¤v KGi cvjG`i ivRÅ weÕ¦vGii mÞgZv cÉgvY KGib| wK¯§ ‰ mvdjÅ wQj ÞYÕ©vqx ‰es Zuvi DîivwaKvixMY ‰ˆZvB `yeÆj wQGjb ˆh mvgËvGRÅi ò×gvMZ cZb ˆivGa Zuviv eÅ^Æ nb| ‰ cwiwÕ©wZGZ mÁ¿eZ cvjG`i AaxbÕ© ‰KRb mvg¯¦ ivRv weRqGmb kwî× mçq Kivi myGhvM cvb ‰es «¼v`k kZvõxi gvSvgvwS mgGq cvjG`i evsjv ˆ^GK DrLvZ KGib| ‰fvGe weRqGmGbi ˆbZ‡GZ½ evsjvq ‰K bZzb kwî× ˆmbesGki D«¿e nq| ˆmbMY wQGjb `vwÞYvGZÅi KYÆvU Açj ˆ^GK AvMZ eËþ-Þwòq|

cÉvq Pvik eQi Õ©vqx cvj esGki kvmb evsjvq ‰KwU my`†p miKvi cÉwZÓ¤vi ˆÞGò myGhvM eGq AvGb| ‰ kvmb ˆ`Gk kvw¯¦ cÉwZÓ¤v KGi| cvjMY ‰KUv mdj cÉkvmwbK KvVvGgv MGo ZzjGZ mÞg nb| ZvG`i f„wgwfwîK mvgËvRÅ K‡wl wbfÆi wQj| cvj A^ÆbxwZGZ eÅemv-evwYRÅ ˆZgb ài‚Z½ cvq wb| eÅemvwqK KgÆKví mÁ¿eZ ˆ`Gki Afů¦Gi mxgve«¬ wKsev eoGRvi cvk¼ÆeZÆx AçjmgƒGn cÉmvwiZ wQj| AÓ¡g kZvõxi ci ZvgËwjwµ¦ e±`Gii cZb mgy`ËcG^ evsjvi evwYwRÅK Askx`vwiZ½ ˆ^GK cvjG`i ewçZ KGi|

ˆeŒ«¬ agÆvejÁ¼x cvjG`i `xNÆ kvmb evsjvq ‰K aiGbi D`vi agÆxq Aven m†wÓ¡ KGi| ‰ AvgGj wn±`y-GeŒ«¬ mÁ·ÉxwZ I mnveÕ©vb jÞ Kiv hvq| cvjMY agÆGÞGò D`vi bxwZ cÉeZÆb KGib| wn±`y ˆ`e-G`ex I ivRKvGhÆ DœPcG` wbGqvwRZ eËvþYG`i c†Ó¤GcvlKZv kvmKeGMÆi wePÞYZvi cwiPvqK| dGj `yB aGgÆi gaÅKvi `ƒiZ½ nËvm cvq ‰es cviÕ·wiK mswkÏÓ¡Zvi KviGY bZzb bZzb AvPvi-c«¬wZi DG¯Ãl NGU| ò×Gg ò×Gg evsjvq ˆeŒ«¬G`i gGaÅ Zvw¯¨K gZev` I ixwZbxwZi R¯Ã nq| cvj hyGMi mvgvwRK I agÆxq cwigíj cviÕ·wiK mwnúzZv I mnveÕ©vGbi gGbvfve RvMÉZ KGi| ‰ gGbvfve evsjvi AvçwjK BwZnvGmi Ici my`ƒicÉmvix cÉfve ˆdGj|

wk͸Kjvi ˆÞGò eüwea mvdGjÅi RbÅI cvjhyM ài‚Z½cƒYÆ| ˆeŒ«¬ wenvGii Õ©vcZÅixwZi Pig DrKlÆ mvwaZ nq cvnvocyGii ˆmvgcyi gnvwenvGi| ‰ Õ©vcZÅixwZ `wÞY-cƒeÆ ‰wkqvi ˆ`kmgƒGni cieZÆx Õ©vcZÅ KvVvGgvGK cÉfvweZ KGi| evsjvi ˆcvovgvwUi djK wk͸ ‰ hyGM PiGgvrKlÆ jvf KGi| cvjG`i fvÕ•hÆ wk͸ cƒeÆ-fviZxq wk͸ ixwZi ‰KUv weGkl chÆvq wnGmGe Õ¼xK‡Z nq| cvj hyGMB evsjvi fvÕ•iMY ZvG`i Škw͸K cÉwZfvi cƒYÆ weKvk NUvGZ mÞg nb| ‰ hyGMi mvwnZÅ KGgÆi AwZ mvgvbÅ AskB KvGji Kivj MÉvm ˆ^GK iÞv ˆcGqGQ| Z^vwc Dîi evsjvi Kwe m®¬ÅvKi b±`xi ivgPwiZg ‰K AmvgvbÅ ˆkÏvK m†wÓ¡i wb`kÆb nGq AvGQ| ivgPwiZGgi ˆkÏvKàwji cÉGZÅKwU «¼Å^ÆGevaK| cieZÆx hyGMi KveÅ msKjGb `kg I ‰Kv`k kZvõxi KweG`i iwPZ AGbK ˆkÏvK Õ©vb ˆcGqGQ| ‰ hyGM ZvjcvZvq ˆjLv wKQy mwPò ˆeŒ«¬ cvízwjwc wPòwkG͸i DrKGlÆi mvÞÅ enb KGi| ‰ mKj mvdGjÅi welq weGePbv KGi cvj hyMGK msMZ KviGYB evsjvi cÉvPxb BwZnvGmi meÆvGcÞv ˆMŒiegq hyM wnGmGe MYÅ Kiv hvq|

`wÞY-cƒeÆ evsjvi ivReskmgƒn   cÉvPxb hyGM ˆek wKQyKvj aGi `wÞY-cƒeÆ evsjv Õ¼vaxb ivR‹bwZK Õ¼vZ¯¨Å eRvq ˆiGLwQj eGj gGb nq| ൦ mvgËvGRÅi wejywµ¦i ci ˆ^GK ÷i‚ KGi ˆmbesGki Dïvb chƯ¦ evsjvi e«¼xc Açj Dîi I cwøg evsjvi ivR‹bwZK eÅeÕ©vi mvG^ AvîxK‡Z wQj bv, hw`I mgGq mgGq Zv Kivi ˆPÓ¡v Kiv nGqGQ|

wLËÓ¡xq lÓ¤ kZvõxi cÉ^gvGaÆ `wÞY-cƒeÆ evsjvq Õ¼vaxb eã ivGRÅi D«¿e nq| QqwU ZvgËwjwcGZ ‰ ivGRÅi wZbRb ivRv h^vò×Gg ˆMvcP±`Ê, agÆvw`ZÅ I mgvPviG`Gei bvg cvIqv hvq| `wÞY-cƒeÆ evsjv kkvsGKi ivGRÅi A¯¦fzÆî× wQj wKbv Zv wbYÆq Kiv hvq bv| ‰ AçGj ‘f`Ë’ Dcvwaavix ‰KwU ivResGki AwÕ¦Z½ wQj eGj cwíZMY aviYv KGib|

wLËÓ¡xq mµ¦g kZvõxi w«¼ZxqvGaÆ cieZÆx ൦MY hLb ˆMŒGoi kvmb ÞgZv `Lj KGib ZLb `wÞY-cƒeÆ evsjvq LoM esGki AfzÅ`q NGU| LoM esGki ivRvMY wZb cyi‚l aGi mgZU (KzwgÍÏv-ˆbvqvLvjx Açj) kvmb KGiGQb| ZuvG`i ivRavbx wQj KgvƯ¦-evmK (KzwgÍÏvi wbKUeZÆx eo KvgZv)| ZvgËkvmb ˆ^GK ˆjvKbv^ I kÉxaviY ivZ bvgK `yRb AaÆ-Õ¼vaxb mvg¯¦ cÉavGbi K^v Rvbv hvq| ‰uiv wLËÓ¡xq mµ¦g kZvõxGZ mgZGUi KGqKwU AsGk ivRZ½ KGib|

wLËÓ¡xq AÓ¡g kZvõxGZ ˆ`e ivResk‰i AaxGb `wÞY-cƒeÆ evsjv ‰KwU eo I kwî×kvjx ivGRÅ cwiYZ nq| ZuvG`i ivRavbx wQj gqbvgwZ-jvjgvB AçGji ˆ`eceÆZ (kniwUi mwVK AeÕ©vb ‰LGbv wbYÆq Kiv hvq wb)| Pvicyi‚l aGi ˆ`eeskxq ivRvMY (kvw¯¦G`e, exiG`e, Avb±`G`e I feG`e) mgZU kvmb KGib| Zuviv wQGjb Dîi I cwøg evsjv ‰es wenvGii Dci KZ‡ÆZ½Kvix cÉ^g w`GKi cvj ivRvG`i mgmvgwqK| ˆ`e eskxq ivRvMY wQGjb ˆeŒ«¬ agÆvejÁ¼x| ZuvG`i c†Ó¤GcvlKZvq gqbvgZx Açj ˆeŒ«¬ msÕ•‡wZi AbÅZg ˆK±`Ê wnGmGe cÉwmw«¬ jvf KGi| cÉðZvwî½K LbbKvGhÆi dGj gqbvgwZGZ KGqKwU ˆeŒ«¬ wenvi (ˆeŒ«¬G`i agÆxq I wkÞv cÉwZÓ¤vb) AvweÓ•‡Z nGqGQ| ‰àwji gGaÅ kvjeb wenvi, Avb±`wenvi I ˆfvR wenvi DGÍÏLGhvMÅ| ˆ`eesGki ivRvMY ‰àwj ZuvG`i ivRavbx ˆ`eceÆGZi mw®²KGU wbgÆvY KGiwQGjb| ò×zkvK‡wZi ˆK±`Êxq gw±`i wbgÆvGYi Škw͸K ixwZ cƒYÆZv cvq cvnvocyi wenvGi| ‰ wbgÆvY ˆKŒkj ÷i‚ nGqwQj gqbvgZx AçGj| ‰LvGb ‰ ixwZi Avw` I AGcÞvK‡Z ˆQvU msÕ•iY cwijwÞZ nq| gqbvgZxGZ cÉvµ¦ a»smveGkGli gGaÅ D®²ZgvGbi g†rdjKI iGqGQ| gqbvgZxGZ cÉvµ¦ a»smveGkl ‰ AçGj fvÕ•hÆ wkG͸i DrKGlÆi mvÞÅ enb KiGQ|

wLËÓ¡xq beg kZvõxGZ `wÞY-cƒeÆ evsjvq nwiGKj ivGRÅi D«¿e nq| mÁ¿eZ PëMÉvg ˆ^GK KzwgÍÏv chƯ¦ ‰B ivRÅ weÕ¦‡Z wQj| nwiGKj ivRvG`i ci P±`Ê ivResk ÞgZv `Lj KGi| ‰ esGki kvmKMY cuvP cyi‚l aGi (ŠòGjvKÅP±`Ê, kÉxP±`Ê, KjÅvYP±`Ê, jonP±`Ê I ˆMvwe±`P±`Ê) cÉvq 150 eQi (Avby. 900-1050 wLË.) kvmb KGib| mgMÉ `wÞY I `wÞY-cƒeÆ evsjv ‰es Dîi-cƒGeÆ wmGjUmn eã I mgZGUi weÕ¦xYÆ Açj ZuvG`i mvgËvGRÅi A¯¦MÆZ wQj| XvKvi `wÞGY eZÆgvb gyw´ÖMé ˆRjvi weò×gcyi wQj ZuvG`i ivRavbx| P±`Êeskxq ivRMY wQGjb hG^Ó¡ kwî×kvjx ‰es Zuviv wQGjb Dîi I cwøg evsjvi mgmvgwqK cvj ivRvG`i mgKÞ| kÉxP±`Ê wQGjb ‰ esGki ˆkÉÓ¤ ivRv| Zuvi mgGq P±`Ê mvgËvRÅ mxgvG¯¦i IcvGi Kvgi…c (Avmvg) chƯ¦ weÕ¦vi jvf KGi| Zuvi ZvgËkvmbàwjGZ ˆMŒGoi mvG^ ˆh msNvGZi DGÍÏL iGqGQ Zv mÁ¿eZ ‰ AçGji KGÁ¼vR eskxq ivRvG`i mvG^ NGUwQj| ‰ msNlÆ mÁ¿eZ cGivÞfvGe cÉ^g gnxcvGji ivRGZ½i ÷i‚i w`GK cvjMY KZ‡ÆK ZvG`i wcZ‡ivRÅ (ivRÅg& wcòÅg&) cybi‚«¬vGii myGhvM KGi w`GqwQj|

‰Kv`k kZvõxi ˆklcvG` cvj mvgËvGRÅ ŠKeÆZ weG`Ëvn-‰i myGhvGM `wÞY-cƒeÆ evsjvq egÆY ivReskxqiv ‰K Õ¼vaxb ivRÅ MGo ˆZvGj| egÆY ivResk-‰i cuvPRb ivRv (RvZegÆY, nwiegÆY, kÅvgjegÆY, ˆfvRegÆY) ‰Kk eQGii wKQy Kg mgq (Avby. 1080-1150 wLË.) ivRZ½ KGib| egÆYiv ˆmbG`i «¼viv weZvwoZ nb| egÆYMY wQGjb wn±`y ‰es ZuvG`iI ivRavbx wQj weò×gcyi|

`wÞY-cƒeÆ evsjvi kvmKMY PëMÉvg-KzwgÍÏv AçGji weÕ¦xYÆ DcK„j w`Gq cwiPvwjZ mvgyw`ËK evwYGRÅi Dci KZ‡ÆZ½ cÉwZÓ¤v KGib| ZuvG`i mvgËvGRÅi wewf®² Õ©vGb AvweÓ•‡Z eümsLÅK ˆiŒcÅ gy`Ëv ‰i mZÅZv cÉgvY KGi| beg ˆ^GK ‰Kv`k kZvõxi gaÅeZÆx mgGq Avie ewYK I bvweKG`i weeiY ˆ^GK `wÞY-cƒeÆ evsjvi DcK„jxq Açj weGkl KGi mg±`i e±`i w`Gq mgy`Ë cG^ eÅvcK ewneÆvwYGRÅi K^v Rvbv hvq| AvieG`i ewYÆZ ‰ mg±`i e±`iwUGK eZÆgvb PëMÉvg e±`i ‰i KvQvKvwQ ˆKvb Õ©vb eGj wPwn×Z Kiv nGqGQ| `wÞY-cƒeÆ evsjvi kvmKMY ‰ evwYwRÅK KvhÆò×Ggi dGj ˆiŒcÅ gy`Ëv ŠZwii RbÅ cÉGqvRbxq i…cvi cvZ msMÉn KiGZ mÞg nb| ‰ AvgGji Z^Åvw` ˆ^GK ˆbŒhvb wbgÆvGYi KviLvbvi AwÕ¦Z½ mÁ·GKÆ Rvbv hvq| ‰ ˆ^GK ò×gcÉmvigvb mvgyw`ËK evwYGRÅi wPò Õ·Ó¡ nGq IGV ‰es ‰Z`çGji A^Æ‹bwZK mg†w«¬ mÁ·GKÆI wbtmG±`n nIqv hvq|

ˆmb esk  «¼v`k kZvõxi ˆkGli w`GK weRqGmb ˆmb mvgËvRÅ cÉwZÓ¤v KGib| Zuvi cƒeÆcyi‚lMY wQGjb `vwÞYvGZÅi KbÆvGUi evwm±`v| cvj mgËvU ivgcvGji kvmbvgGj cwøgeGãi ‰KRb mvg¯¦ bicwZi…Gc evsjvi ivRbxwZGZ Zuvi AvwefÆve NGU| ivgcvGji ci cvj esGki AeÞqKvGj weRqGmb Õ¼xq cÉvavbÅ cÉwZÓ¤v KGib ‰es ò×gv¯¼Gq ÞgZv `Lj KGib| wZwb `wÞY-cƒeÆ evsjvq egÆYG`i civf„Z KGib ‰es AZtci Dîi I cwøg evsjv ˆ^GK cvjG`i weZvwoZ KGib| Dîi wenvi ‰es Z`mw®²wnZ AçGjI wZwb Õ¼xq AwaKvi weÕ¦vGii cÉqvm cvb| òGqv`k kZvõxi cÉviGÁ¿ gymwjg weRGqi cƒeÆ chƯ¦ cvjMY ˆKvbò×Gg `wÞY wenvGi wbGRG`i KZ‡ÆZ½ eRvq ivGLb|

ˆmbMY evsjvq ‰Kk eQGiiI ˆewkKvj aGi (Avby. 1097-1223 wLË.) KZ‡ÆZ½ KGib| ‰ esGki cuvPRb b†cwZ (weRqGmb, eÍÏvjGmb, jßYGmb, wek¼i…cGmb I ˆKkeGmb) ‰ mgGq ivRZ½ KGib| ‰Uv jÞYxq ˆh, gynÁÃ` eLwZqvi LjRxi Avò×gY cwøg I Dîi evsjvi AskweGkGl ˆmb kvmGbi Aemvb NUvq (1204 wLË.)| jßYGmb wcQy nGU ‰ mgq `wÞY-cƒeÆ evsjvq ZvG`i AwaK‡Z AçGj PGj AvGmb| jßYGmGbi g†ZzÅi ci Zuvi `yB cyò ‰LvGb wKQyKvj ivRZ½ KGib| AviI jÞYxq ˆh, weRqGmb egÆY I cvjG`i ÞgZvPzÅZ KGi mgMÉ evsjvGK ‰KK kvmbvaxGb AvbGZ mÞg nb ‰es 1204 wLËÓ¡võ chƯ¦ ‰ AwaKvi AÞzY³ ^vGK| myZivs ‰K AG^Æ ejv hvq ˆh, ÷ay ˆmb AvgGjB mgMÉ evsjv ‰KK kvmbvaxGb AvGm| cƒeÆeZÆx Pvi kZvõx aGi `wÞY-cƒeÆ evsjvi ivR‹bwZK Õ¼vZ¯¨Å evsjvi BwZnvGm Mfxi mvgvwRK I mvsÕ•‡wZK cÉfve ˆdGjwQj| P±`Ê I egÆYG`i ivRavbx weò×gcyi ˆmbG`i mgGqI ivRavbx wQj| ‰ esGki cÉ^g wZbRb ivRv weRqGmb (Avby. 1097-1160 wLË.), eÍÏvjGmb (Avby. 1160-1178 wLË.) I jßYGmb (Avby. 1178-1206 wLË.) wQGjb ‰ esGki wewkÓ¡ eÅwî×Z½| ˆkl `yRb bicwZi (wek¼i…c ˆmb I ˆKkeGmb) `wÞY-cƒeÆ evsjvi AZů¦ mxwgZ AçGji Dci AvwacZÅ wQj| ˆmb ivRvMY wQGjb wn±`y ‰es ZuvG`i ivRZ½Kvj evsjvq wn±`y aGgÆi cybi‚ïvGbi hyM wnGmGe weGewPZ nq| eYÆcÉ^vi KGVviZvi Ici wfwî KGi eÍÏvjGmb ˆMuvov wn±`y mgvR eÅeÕ©v webÅÕ¦KiGY cÉqvmx nGqwQGjb eGj Rvbv hvq| ˆh mgvR `xNÆw`b aGi agÆxq mwnúzZvi AveGn ‰es wn±`y-GeŒ«¬ mÁ·ÉxwZi gGaÅ ‰wMGq PjwQj ˆm mgvGR wn±`y agÆxq ˆMuvovwg wdwiGq Avbvi cÉGPÓ¡v wnGmGe ‰GK wPwn×Z Kiv hvq| evsjvq ˆeŒ«¬ aGgÆi AeÞGqi KviY wnGmGe mgvR eÅeÕ©vi ‰ cwieZÆbGK aiv ˆhGZ cvGi| ‰Uv AÕ¼vfvweK bq ˆh, ˆmbG`i «¼viv ˆMuvov wn±` yaGgÆi cybi‚ïvb ˆeŒ«¬ aGgÆi RbÅ wQj ‰KUv cÉPí AvNvZ| ‰ KviGYB mwVKfvGe ejv nq ˆh, ˆeŒ«¬ aGgÆi cÉwZ ‰ AvNvZ `ƒiG`k ˆ^GK AvMZ BmjvGgi gvaÅGg AvGmwb, ‰GmGQ wbKUeZÆx aGgÆi ClÆvw¯¼Z cÉwZ«¼w±«¼Zv ˆ^GK| ‰ K^v mZÅ ˆh, gymjgvbG`i evsjvq AvMgGbi AvGMB ˆeŒ«¬ agÆ gvivñKfvGe cãy nGq cGowQj| evsjvq ‰ wn±`y- ˆeŒ«¬ ŠewiZv ‰es ˆmb AvgGj wn±`y ˆMuvov agÆgGZi cybtcÉwZÓ¤vi cÉGPÓ¡v evsjvi BwZnvGm my`ƒicÉmvix cÉfve ˆdGj| ‰ NUbv ciÁ·iv evsjvq Bmjvg agÆ cÉmvGi cGivÞfvGe mnvqZv KGi ^vKGZ cvGi|

Aci ‰KwU `†wÓ¡GKvY ˆ^GKI ˆmb Avgj ài‚Z½cƒYÆ| ‰ hyGM evsjvq msÕ•‡Z mvwnGZÅi weKvk NGU| ˆmb ivRvG`i cÉZÅÞ c†Ó¤GcvlKZvq ‰es wKQyUv ZuvG`i «¼viv m†Ó¡ AveGni KviGY msÕ•‡Z fvlvq mvwnZÅPPÆvi myÕ·Ó¡ weKvk jÞ Kiv hvq| msÕ•‡Z KveÅ-mvwnGZÅ evsjvi Ae`vGbi gGaÅ meGPGq weLÅvZ nGœQ RqG`e ‰i MxZGMvwe±`| jßYGmGbi ivRmfvq RqG`e wQGjb AbÅZg AjâviÕ¼i…c| Zuvi mfvq Acivci àYx eÅwî× wQGjb Kwe ˆavqx (ceb`ƒZ cÉGYZv), DgvcwZai, ˆMveaÆb (AvhÆv-mµ¦kZxi ˆjLK) I kiY| ‰ cuvPRbGK jßYGmGbi ivRmfvi cçið wnGmGe MYÅ Kiv nq|

kÉxai`vGmi msKjb m`ywî×KYÆvg†Z mgKvjxb I cƒeÆeZÆx hyGMi KveÅK‡wZi iðfvívi eGj cwiMwYZ nGq ^vGK| ‰GZ iGqGQ `kg ˆ^GK «¼v`k kZvõxi gaÅeZÆx mgGq Avwef„ÆZ 485 Rb Kwei 2370wU KweZv| ‰ hyGM agÆkvÕ¨ cÉGYZv feG`e fë I RxgƒZevnGbi AvwefÆve NGU| ivRv eÍÏvjGmb I jßYGmb ˆjLK wnGmGe Kg K‡wZGZ½i AwaKvix wQGjb bv| ‰ hyGMB iwPZ nq njvqƒGai eËvþYmeÆÕ¼| ‰QvovI ‰hyGM AviI mvwnZÅKGgÆi m®¬vb cvIqv hvq| ‰ K^v AekÅB Õ¼xKvhÆ ˆh, «¼v`k kZvõxi ˆmb kvmbvaxb evsjvq msÕ•‡Z mvwnGZÅi Af„ZcƒeÆ D®²wZ mvwaZ nq|

‰ hyGM Škw͸K K‡wZGZ½i Aci ˆÞò nGœQ fvÕ•hÆ| ˆmbhyGM evsjvi fvÕ•hÆ wkG͸i Pig D®²wZ NGU| evsjvi fvÕ•GhÆi AvçwjK ŠewkÓ¡Å I Õ¼Z¯¨ avivI ‰ hyGM myÕ·Ó¡ nGq IGV|  [Ave`yj gwgb ˆPŒayix]

Mɯ©cwé  RC Majumdar (ed), History of Bengal, vol-1, Dhaka, 1948; Abdul Momin Chowdhury, Dynastic History of Bengal, Dhaka, 1968; RC Majumdar, History of Ancient Bengal, Kolkata, 1974; wbnviiéb ivq, evOvwji BwZnvm (Avw`ceÆ), KjKvZv, 1400 ev.m|

cÉv^wgK myjZvwb Avgj   òGqv`k kZvõxi mƒPbvjG™² (1204-05) evsjvq gymwjg kvmGbi mƒòcvZ nq| ZGe ‰i AGbK AvGM ˆ^GKB evsjvi mvG^ Avie gymjgvbG`i ˆhvMvGhvM wQj; AekÅ ˆm ˆhvMvGhvGMi Õ¼i…c wQj evwYwRÅK I agÆxq ‰es Zv DcK„jxq AçGjB mxgve«¬ wQj|

eLwZqvi LjRxi mvgwiK ZrciZvi gaÅ w`Gq evsjvq gymwjg AvwacZÅ weÕ¦vGii cÉwò×qv ÷i‚ nq| eLwZqvi LjRx 1203 wLËÓ¡vGõ wenvi Rq Kivi ci fviGZ gynÁÃ` Nyixi cÉwZwbwa KzZzeDóxb AvBeGKi mvG^ e`vDGb wMGq ˆmŒRbÅgƒjK mvÞvZ KGib| ˆmLvb ˆ^GK cÉZÅveZÆb KGi wZwb Zvi ŠmbÅevwnbx AviI kwî×kvjx KGib ‰es 1204-05 wLËÓ¡vGõ AvKwÕÃKfvGe evsjv Avò×gY KGi ivRv jßbGmGbi mvgwqK ivRavbx b`xqv AwaKvi KGib| ‰LvGb AMva abmÁ·`, AMwYZ cwiPviK-cwiPvwiKv I eümsLÅK nvwZ eLwZqvGii nÕ¦MZ nq| AZtci wZwb evsjvi HwZnÅevnx ivRavbx ˆMŒo `Lj KGi ˆmLvGb Zvi ivRavbx Õ©vcb KGib ‰es cÉvq `y eQiKvj wewRZ ivGRÅi cÉkvmwbK KvVvGgv webÅvm I eÅeÕ©vcbvq wbGRGK wbGqvwRZ ivGLb|

eLwZqvi Zvi ivGRÅ ‰K aiGbi ˆMvòxq mvg¯¦ZG¯¨i cÉeZÆb KGib| AwaK‡Z ‰jvKvGK wZwb KGqKwU cÉkvmwbK BDwbGU wefî× KGi ˆmàwji fvi Zvi wek¼Õ¦ ˆmbvcwZG`i Ici AcÆY KGib| ‰ cÉkvmwbK BDwbU BKZv bvGg cwiwPZ wQj ‰es ‰ BKZvi kvmbKZÆvGK gyKZv ejv nGZv| cÉkvmwbK webÅvm QvovI eLwZqvi evsjvq gymwjg mgvGRi wfwî Õ©vcb KGib| ‰Z`yGóGkÅ wZwb bvgvGhi RbÅ gmwR`, gymwjg ˆQGjGgGqG`i wkÞv`vGbi RbÅ gv`Ëvmv ‰es agÆ cÉPvGii myweavG^Æ mydxG`i RbÅ LvbKvn cÉwZÓ¤v KGib|

AZci eLwZqvi wZe»Z AwfhvGb ˆei nb| wZe»Z AwfgyGL iIbv nIqvi cƒGeÆ wewRZ AçGji cÉwZiÞv eÅeÕ©v I cÉkvmGbi ˆÞGò Zvi AbycwÕ©wZKvGji RbÅ chÆvµ¦ eÅeÕ©vw` MÉnY KGib| DwolÅv (RvRbMi) ˆ^GK mÁ¿veÅ Avò×gY cÉwZnZ Kivi RbÅ wZwb gynÁÃ` wkivY LjRxGK mxgv¯¦ ‰jvKv cÉnivi RbÅ ‰K`j ŠmbÅ mn exif„g ˆRjvi jLGbŒwZi AwfgyGL ˆcÉiY KGib| wòüZ I AGhvaÅvi w`K ˆ^GK Avò×gY cÉwZnZ Kivi RbÅ wZwb BIR LjRx GK cwøgvçGji `vwqZ½ ˆ`b| Dîi-cƒeÆvçGj iscyGii DcKG¥¤ wZwb Avjx g`Ævb LjRxGK ˆgvZvGqb KGib| AekÅ ‰ wZe»Z AwfhvGb eLwZqvGii RxeGb wechÆq ˆbGg AvGm| eÅ^Æ Awfhvb ˆkGl Pig nZvkvMÉÕ¦ I wechÆÕ¦ AeÕ©vq ˆ`eGKvU ‰ wdGi ‰Gm wZwb R¾Gi Avò×v¯¦ nGq g†ZzÅeiY KGib A^ev Avjx g`Ævb LjRx KZ‡ÆK wbnZ nb|

mgmvgwqK I AvaywbK Z^Åvw`i wfwîGZ eLwZqvGii AwaK‡Z ivGRÅi ˆfŒGMvwjK cwimxgv mÁ·GKÆ myÕ·Ó¡ aviYv Kiv hvq| AGhvaÅvi wgRÆvcyi ˆRjvq AewÕ©Z Zuvi gƒj RvqwMi QvovI `wÞY wenvi ‰es Dîi wenvGi Mãv b`xi Dîi ZxieZÆx f„Lí Zuvi ivRÅfzî× wQj| evsjv AçGj ivRgnj, gvj`n, w`bvRcyi, ivRkvnx I iscyi ˆRjvàwj Zuvi ivRÅfzî× wQj| wZÕ¦v-eËþcyò-KiGZvqv b`x jLGbŒwZ ivGRÅi cƒeÆ mxgvbv wbG`Æk KGi|

cÉv^wgK hyM (1206-1227)  AvKwÕÃK g†ZzÅi KviGY eLwZqvi Zvi DîivwaKvix wbGqvM KGi ˆhGZ cvGib wb| dGj Zuvi g†ZzÅi ci Avjx g`Ævb, ümvgyóxb BIR I gynÁÃ` wkivY wmsnvmb `LGji cÉwZ«¼w±«¼Zvq AeZxYÆ nb|

1206 wLËÓ¡vGõ eLwZqvGii g†ZzÅi ci ˆ^GK 1227 wLËÓ¡vGõ BIGRi g†ZzÅ chƯ¦ mgqKvjGK evsjvq gymwjg kvmGbi mƒPbvceÆ eGj AwfwnZ Kiv hvq| ‰ chÆvGqi cÉ^g Qq eQi eLwZqvGii ˆmbvcwZG`i gGaÅ DîivwaKvi hy«¬ PGj| cieZÆx 1212 ˆ^GK 1227 wLËÓ¡võ chƯ¦ wQj BIR LjRxi kvmbKvj| gymwjg evsjvi cÉ^g DGÍÏLGhvMÅ kvmK BIR LjRx cwiKw͸ZfvGe evsjvq gymwjg kvmGbi mÁ·ÉmviY I mymsnZ Kivi ˆPÓ¡v KGib|

Dîi-cƒeÆ AçGji kvmbKZÆv Avjx g`Ævb LjRx eLwZqvGii g†ZzÅKvGj ˆ`eGKvGU DcwÕ©Z wQGjb eGj gGb nq| AZ‰e wZwbB cÉ^g ÞgZv `Lj KGib| wK¯§ `wÞY-cwøgvçGji kvmbKZÆv wkivY Zvi kvmbGK±`Ê jLGbŒi ˆ^GK ˆ`eGKvU AwfgyGL iIqvbv nGj Avjx g`Ævb ˆNvovNvGUi w`GK mGi hvb| wkivY ZuvGK civwRZ I ew±` KGi bMi ˆKvGZvqvj evev nvRx BÕ·vnvwbi ˆndvRGZ ivGLb| LjRx gvwjKMY wkivYGK jLGbŒwZ ivGRÅi kvmK wnGmGe ˆgGb ˆbb|

wkivY mgGSvZvi bxwZ AbymiY KGi Avjx g`ÆvGbi AbymvixG`i Õ¼ Õ¼ cG` envj ˆiGL Õ¼xq ÞgZv mymsnZ Kivi cÉqvm cvb| wK¯§ Avjx g`Ævb ˆKŒkGj ew±``kv ˆ^GK gyî× nGq w`wÍÏ ˆcŒGQb ‰es wkivGYi wei‚G«¬ KzZzeDóxbGK cÉGivwPZ KGib| KzZzeDóxGbi wbG`ÆGk AGhvaÅvi kvmbKZÆv KvGqgvR i‚gx jLGbŒwZ AwfgyGL AMÉmi nb ‰es Avjx g`Ævb w`wÍÏGZ ˆ^GK hvb|

cwøgvçGji kvmbKZÆv BIR ‰ chƯ¦ ÞgZvi «¼G±«¼ wbGRGK Rovbwb| KvGqgvR i‚gx AMÉmi nGj wZwb Zuvi mnGhvwMZvq ‰wMGq AvGmb ‰es ‰KGò ˆ`eGKvU AwfgyGL AMÉmi nb| KvGqgvR I BIGRi mwÁÃwjZ evwnbxi ˆgvKvGejv AmÁ¿e gGb KGi wkivY ˆ`eGKvU ˆQGo cƒeÆ w`GK PGj hvb| KvGqgvR i‚gx BIRGK jLGbŒwZ ivGRÅi `vwqZ½ w`Gq AGhvaÅv AwfgyGL cÉZÅveZÆb KGib| ‰ cwiwÕ©wZGZ wkivY Avevi ŠmbÅmvg¯¦ ˆRvMvo KGi ˆ`eGKvGUi w`GK AMÉmi nb| KvGqgvR i‚gx wdGi AvGmb ‰es wkivYGK P„ov¯¦fvGe civwRZ KGib| wkivY gvGm`v I mG¯¦vGli (eàov ˆRjvi gvwnMé) w`GK cvwjGq hvb| ˆmLvGb Zuvi wbGRi AgvZÅiv ZuvGK nZÅv KGi| w`wÍÏi AaxbÕ© kvmbKZÆv wnGmGe BIR `yeQi (1208-1210) jLGbŒwZ kvmb KGib| BGZvgGaÅ Avjx g`Ævb KzZzeDóxGbi mvG^ MRbx hvb ‰es Zvi AaxGb `ÞZvi mvG^ KvR KGib| ‰i Õ¼xK‡wZÕ¼i…c KzZzeDóxb BIGRi Õ©Gj ZuvGK jLGbŒwZi kvmbKZÆv wbGqvM KGib| AvbyÓ¤vwbK wbGqvM ˆcGq eümsLÅK ŠmbÅ wbGq Avjx g`Ævb jLGbŒwZi DGóGkÅ hvòv KGib| BIR kvw¯¦cƒYÆfvGe w`wÍÏi cÉwZwbwai AaxbZv ˆgGb ˆbb, h^vh^ ghÆv`vq ZuvGK AfÅ^Æbv Rvbvb ‰es cÉG`Gki `vwqZ½ eywSGq w`Gq gƒj KgÆÕ©Gj PGj hvb| ‰ NUbvi wKQy w`b cGiB myjZvb KzZzeDóxGbi g†ZzÅ nq (1210)| KzZzeDóxGbi g†ZzÅi ci w`wÍÏGZ wek†OLjvi myGhvGM Avjx g`Ævb jLGbŒwZGZ Õ¼vaxbZv ˆNvlYv KGi myjZvb AvjvDóxb Avjx kvn Dcvwa MÉnY KGib| ‰fvGe wZwbB wQGjb evsjvq gymwjg ivGRÅi cÉ^g Õ¼vaxb b†cwZ| ˆhvMÅ I `†p kvmK nGjI Avjx g`Ævb wQGjb cÉwZwnsmvcivqY I wbÓ¤zi| ciGjvKMZ wkivGYi AbymvixG`i wZwb wb`ÆqfvGe `gb KGib| wkivGYi AbycwÕ©wZGZ kò‚ KewjZ `wÞY-cwøg AçGj gymwjg AwaKvi cybtcÉwZwÓ¤Z Kiv wQj Zvi mvgwiK K‡wZZ½| Zuvi mgGq wenviI jLGbŒwZ ivGRÅi A¯¦fzÆî× wQj|

Avjx g`ÆvGbi b†ksm I KGVvi `gb bxwZ LjRx gvwjKG`i wbKU ZuvGK kxNËB AwcÉq KGi ˆZvGj| D«¿„Z cwiwÕ©wZi myGhvM wbGq BIR weÞzº¬ AvgxiG`i msMwVZ KGi Avjx g`ÆvbGK DrLvZ I nZÅv KGib ‰es 1212 wLËÓ¡vGõ myjZvb wMqvmDóxb BIR LjRx Dcvwa MÉnY KGi wmsnvmGb DcweÓ¡ nb|

eüwea KviGY BIGRi ivRZ½Kvj LyeB ZvrchÆen| eLwZqvGii g†ZzÅi ci ˆh DîivwaKvi «¼±«¼ PjwQj BIGRi ÞgZv jvGfi gvaÅGg Zvi Aemvb NGU| evsjvi myjZvbG`i gGaÅ BIRB meÆcÉ^g gy`Ëv cÉeZÆb KGib| wZwbB meÆcÉ^g cwiKw͸ZfvGe gymwjg ivRÅ weÕ¦vGi AMÉYx c`GÞc MÉnY KGib| Zuvi M†nxZ bxwZi dGj evsjvq gymwjg ivGRÅi DGÍÏLGhvMÅ weÕ¦‡wZ NGU ‰es gymwjg kvmb mymsnZ nq|

BIR `wÞY-cwøg, `wÞY-cƒeÆ, Dîi-cƒeÆ I Dîi-cwøg w`GK Awfhvb cwiPvjbv KGib| DwolÅvi ivRv Z‡Zxq AbãfxGgi (1211-1238) wbKU nGZ wZwb jLGbŒi (exif„g) cybi‚«¬vi KGi ˆmLvGb Õ¼xq cÉkvmK wbhyî× KGib| wZwb euvKzov ˆRjvi `vGgv`i b` chƯ¦ `wÞGY Zvi ivRÅ weÕ¦‡Z KGib| RvRbMi (DwolÅv), es (cƒeÆeã), Kvgi…c (Avmvg) ‰es wòüZ (Dîi wenvi) ivGRÅi ivRviv AvbyMGZÅi Õ¼xK‡wZ Õ¼i…c ZuvGK Ki cvVvGZb|

jLGbŒwZ ivRÅGK w`wÍÏ mvgËvGRÅi AaxbÕ© Kivi DGóGkÅ 1225 wLËÓ¡vGõ myjZvb BjZzrwgk BIGRi wei‚G«¬ ‰K Awfhvb cwiPvjbv KGib ‰es Dfq cGÞ mw®¬ Õ©vwcZ nq| mw®¬i kZÆvbymvGi BIRGK ÞwZcƒiY eve` Avwk jÞ UvKv I AvUwòkwU nvwZ cÉ`vb KiGZ nq ‰es w`wÍÏ myjZvGbi AaxbZv Õ¼xKvi KGi wZwb myjZvGbi bvGg LyZev cvV I gy`Ëv Pvjy KGib| AZci BjZzrwgk wenviGK jLGbŒwZ ivRÅ ˆ^GK c†^K KGi AvjvDóxb gvmy` Rvbxi AaxGb bÅÕ¦ KGi w`wÍÏGZ wdGi hvb| BjZzrwgGki cÉZÅveZÆGbi ci ciB BIR gvmy` RvbxGK weZvwoZ KGib| BjZzrwgk ZLb BIRGK `gb Kivi RbÅ kvnRv`v bvwmi‚óxbGK cvVvb| jLGbŒwZi A`ƒGi ‰K LíhyG«¬ BIR civwRZ nb ‰es Zuvi KGqKRb cÉavb Avgximn ZuvGK nZÅv Kiv nq| ‰i…Gc BIGRi ZvrchÆgq KgÆRxeGbi cwimgvwµ¦ NGU| eLwZqvGii ˆmbvcwZG`i gGaÅ BIR wbtmG±`Gn wQGjb meÆvwaK ˆhvMÅ ‰es evsjvq gymwjg kvmb mymsnZKiGY Zuvi Ae`vb wQj meÆvwaK|

BIGRi AaxbÕ© gymwjg ivRÅ wenvi ‰es evsjvi ‰K eÅvcK Ask RyGo weÕ¦‡Z wQj| DîGi gvj`n, w`bvRcyi, iscyi, eàov I ivRkvnx ˆRjv, `wÞGY gywkÆ`vev`, cvebv, b`xqv I hGkvi ˆRjvi Dîivsk ‰es `wÞY-cwøGg exif„g I eaÆgvb ˆRjv BIGRi ivRÅfzî× wQj| (ˆRjvàwj 1947 wLËÓ¡võ- cƒeÆ cwimxgvq ˆevSvb nGqGQ)|

w`wÍÏ mvjZvbvGZi AaxGb jLGbŒwZ ivRÅ (1227-1287)  1227 wLËÓ¡vGõ BIGRi g†ZzÅ ‰es 1342 wLËÓ¡vGõ Bwjqvmkvnx esGki cÉwZÓ¤vi gaÅeZÆx mgqGK evsjvq gymwjg ivGRÅi weÕ¦‡wZ I mymsnZ KiGYi hyM eGj AwfwnZ Kiv hvq| kvnRv`v bvwmi‚óxb jLGbŒwZi kvmbKZÆv wnGmGe BIGRi Õ©jvwfwlî× nb| wZwb evsjv I wenvGii mvG^ Zvi AaxbÕ© AGhvaÅv cÉG`kGK mshyî× KGib ‰es jLGbŒwZGZ ivRavbx Õ©vcb KGib| Zvi AaxbÕ© ivGRÅi weÕ¦‡wZ ‰es wbGR w`wÍÏ myjZvGbi cyò weavq Õ¼fveZB mgmvgwqKG`i `†wÓ¡GZ Zvi kvmbvaxb ivGRÅi ài‚Z½ ˆeGo hvq| BjZzrwgk ZvGK ‘gvwjK-Dm-kiK’ (cÉvGPÅi b†cwZ) Dcvwa ˆ`Iqvi dGj ‰ ài‚Z½ AviI e†w«¬ cvq| ˆ`o eQi Kvj wZwb ‰ mwÁÃwjZ ivRÅ kvmb KGib| Zuvi AvgGj BIR mƒwPZ ivRÅ msnZKiY bxwZ AeÅvnZ ^vGK|

1229 wLËÓ¡vGõi ˆg gvGm bvwmi‚óxGbi g†ZzÅi ci BIGRi Abymvix gvwjK BLwZqvi‚óxb ejKv LjRx jLGbŒwZGZ ÞgZvmxb nb| wZwb 1230 wLËÓ¡vGõ wbGRi I BjZzrwgGki ˆhŒ^ bvGg gy`Ëv Pvjy KGib| wK¯§ ‰ eÅeÕ©vI w`wÍÏ myjZvbGK Lywk KiGZ cvGi wb| BjZzrwgk AwPGiB ejKv LjRxi wei‚G«¬ Awfhvb KGib ‰es ZuvGK civwRZ I wbnZ KGib| wenvGii kvmbKZÆv gvwjK AvjvDóxb RvbxGK jLGbŒwZ kvmGbi `vwqZ½ ˆ`Iqv nq| gvwjK mvBdzóxb AvBeKGK wenvGii kvmbKZÆv wbGqvM Kiv nq|

AekÅ ˆKvb KviGY gvò eQiLvGbK ciB AvjvDóxb RvbxGK jLGbŒwZ ˆ^GK e`wj KGi Zuvi Õ©Gj mvBdzóxb AvBeKGK wbhyî× Kiv nq| mvBdzóxb AvBeK wZb eQGii AwaKKvj jLGbŒwZ  kvmb KGib| wZwb ‰Kevi eGã Awfhvb KGi ˆek wKQymsLÅK nvwZ `Lj KGib ‰es ˆmàwj BjZzrwgkGK DcGXŒKb wnGmGe cvVvb| BjZzrwgGki g†ZzÅi A͸Kvj ciB mvBdzóxb 1236 wLËÓ¡vGõ jLGbŒwZGZ g†ZzÅeiY KGib|

mvBdzóxGbi g†ZzÅi ci AvDi Lvb AvBeK bvGg Zuvi R‹bK mnGhvMx jLGbŒwZGZ ÞgZvq AwawÓ¤Z nb| wK¯§ wenvGii MfbÆi ZzMij ZzMvb Lvb ‰ ÞgZv `Lj ˆgGb ˆbbwb| wZwb Zuvi wei‚G«¬ Awfhvb KGi ZuvGK civwRZ I wbnZ KGib ‰es jLGbŒwZ I wenvi ‰KK KZ‡ÆGZ½ wbGq AvGmb| wZwb `k eQGii gGZv ÞgZvq wQGjb| ‰ mgqKvGj wZwb evsjvi cƒeÆ I `wÞY-cwøg w`GK ivRÅ weÕ¦vGi gGbvGhvMx bv nGq AGhvaÅv I Dîi fviGZi mw®²wnZ Açjmgƒn Õ¼xq wbq¯¨GY Avbvi ˆPÓ¡v KGib| w`wÍÏi mnGhvwMZvq wZwb mvdGjÅi mvG^ DwolÅvi ivRv cÉ^g biwmsn ˆ`Gei (Z‡Zxq AbãfxGgi cyò) ˆbZ‡GZ½ cwiPvwjZ Avò×gY cÉwZnZ KGib (gvPÆ, 1245)| w`wÍÏi wbG`ÆGk Kviv-gvwbKcyGii (‰jvnvev`) kvmbKZÆv gvwjK Kviv Kvk Lvb I AGhvaÅvi kvmbKZÆv gvwjK Zvgvi LvGbi mwÁÃwjZ evwnbx ZzMiGji mvnvGhÅ AvGm| DwolÅvi ŠmbÅevwnbx weZvwoZ nIqvi ci Zvgvi Lvb jLGbŒwZi `vwqZ½ ZvGK eywSGq ˆ`Iqvi RbÅ cÉej Pvc m†wÓ¡ KGib| HwZnvwmK wgbnvGRi gaÅÕ©Zvq ZuvG`i gGaÅ mgGSvZv nq| Z`bymvGi ZzMij jLGbŒwZ I wenvi Zvgvi LvbGK ˆQGo ˆ`b; wewbgGq ZzMijGK wbweÆevG` Zuvi abmÁ·` I ˆjvKjÕ•i  wbGq PGj hvIqvi myGhvM ˆ`Iqv nq|

1246 wLËÓ¡vGõ Zvgvi Lvb gviv hvb| ‰ici w`wÍÏi myjZvb KZ‡ÆK wbGqvwRZ kvmbKZÆv gvwjK Rvjvjyóxb gvmy` Rvbx (1247-1251) I gvwjK BLwZqvi‚óxb BDReK (1251-1258) ci ci jLGbŒwZ kvmb KGib| BDReK `wÞY-cwøg AçGj ivRÅ mÁ·ÉmvwiZ KGib| cyb: cyb: ˆPÓ¡vq wZwb DwolÅvi ivRv biwmsn ˆ`Gei RvgvZv mvf¯¦iGK civwRZ KGi gv±`viY (AvaywbK üMwj ˆRjvq) Õ¼xq AwaKvGi AvGbb| ‰ mvdGjÅ DrmvwnZ nGqB DReK Õ¼vaxbZv ˆNvlYv KGib ‰es Õ¼xq bvGg gy`Ëv Pvjy KGib| wZwb ˆmbvevwnbx I ˆbŒeni wbGq AGhvaÅv AwfgyGL AMÉmi nb ‰es Zv `Lj KGib (1255)| ‰fvGe jLGbŒwZ, wenvi I AGhvaÅvi Ici Zuvi ‰KœQò KZ‡ÆZ½ cÉwZwÓ¤Z nq|

BDReK ‰ici Dîi-cƒeÆ AçGji w`GK bRi ˆ`b ‰es 1257 wLËÓ¡vGõ Kvgi…Gci (Avmvg) wei‚G«¬ hy«¬ hvòv KGib| Kvgi…c ZLb ˆKvP nvGRvG`i Aaxb wQj| cÉ^g w`GK mvdjÅ ‰GjI cGi ZuvGK welvî× ZxGii AvNvGZ gvivñK AvnZ AeÕ©vq wdGi AvmGZ nq ‰es A͸KvGji gGaÅB wZwb g†ZzÅeiY KGib| ‰i…Gc Dîi-cƒeÆ w`GK gymwjg ivRÅ weÕ¦vGii cÉGPÓ¡v w«¼Zxq evGii gGZv eÅ^ÆZvq chÆewmZ nq|

BDReGKi g†ZzÅi ci Zuvi ˆMvGòi gvwjK BäDóxb BDReK jLGbŒwZGZ ÞgZvq AwawÓ¤Z nb ‰es 1259 wLËÓ¡vGõ wZwb w`wÍÏ ˆ^GK wbGqvM jvf KGib| BäDóxb eGã Awfhvb KGiwQGjb, wK¯§ cƒeÆeZÆx mgGq BIR LjRxi bÅvq ZuviI fvMÅ wechÆq NGU| cƒeÆeGã Zuvi AbycwÕ©wZi myGhvGM Kvivi kvmbKZÆv gvwjK ZvRyóxb Avimjvb Lvb jLGbŒwZ Avò×gY I AwaKvi KGib| cÉwZcGÞi mvG^ hyG«¬ BäDóxb civwRZ I wbnZ nb|

ZvRyóxb Avimjvb mÁ¿eZ 1259 nGZ 1265 wLËÓ¡võ chƯ¦ wenvi I jLGbŒwZ kvmb KGib| Zuvi cyò ZvZvi Lvb Zuvi Õ©jvwfwlî× nb (1265-1268)| AZtci ZvRyóxGbi ‰K eskai ˆki Lvb (1268-1272) ÞgZvq AvGmb| myjZvb ejeb AGhvaÅvi kvmbKZÆv Avwgb LvbGK AwZwiî× `vwqZ½ wnGmGe jLGbŒwZi kvmb fvi AcÆY KGib ‰es mvG^ gywMmDóxb ZzMijGK bvGqe cG` AwawÓ¤Z KGib| bvGqe wbGqvGMi ‰ eÅeÕ©v wQj mÁ·ƒYÆ Awfbe| mÁ¿eZ cÉG`Gk D®²ZZi kvmb ev ÞgZvi fvimvgÅ iÞvi RbÅ wMqvmDóxb ejeb ‰ c`GÞc ˆbb| gGb nq Avgxb Lvb AGhvaÅvi eÅvcvi wbGq eÅÕ¦ wQGjb ‰es ZzMij jLGbŒwZi cÉK‡Z kvmK wnGmGe kvmbKvhÆ cwiPvjbv KGib|

`yeÆj ˆmbesGki kvmb ˆ^GK cƒeÆeã AwaKvi wQj ZzMiGji eo K‡wZZ½| wZwb cƒeÆeGã KGqKwU Awfhvb PvwjGq ˆmvbviMuvI ‰i DcK¥¤ chƯ¦ ˆcŒGQb ‰es XvKvi ˆmvRv `wÞGY AewÕ©Z eZÆgvb jwiKGji mGã Awf®² biwKÍÏvGZ ‘wKÍÏv-B-ZzMij’ bvGg `yGfÆ`Å `yMÆ wbgÆvY KGib| gymwjg ivGRÅi cwimxgvi evBGi ZLb cƒeÆeGã ‰Kgvò DGÍÏLGhvMÅ wn±`y ivRv wQGjb P±`Ê«¼xGci (ewikvj) `byR ivq| ZzMij `wÞY-cwøgvçGjI KGqKwU Awfhvb cwiPvjbv KGib| ZzMij Õ¼vaxb nIqvi Avkv ˆcvlY KiGZb| 1277 wLËÓ¡vGõ ejeGbi g†ZzÅi àRe ZuvGK cÉKvGkÅ Õ¼vaxbZv ˆNvlYvq D«¼y«¬ KGi| wZwb myjZvb gywMmDóxb ZzMij Dcvwa aviY KGi Õ¼xq bvGg gy`Ëv cÉPjb I LyZev cvV Kivb| AekÅ ejeb 1281 wLËÓ¡vGõ ZuvGK `†p nGÕ¦ `gb KGib ‰es ZzMij I Zuvi mnGhvMxG`i Ici wbÓ¤zi cÉwZGkva ˆbb|

ejeb kvnRv`v eyMiv LvbGK evsjv cÉG`Gki `vwqGZ½ wbGqvwRZ KGi 1282 wLËÓ¡vGõi cÉ^g w`GK w`wÍÏ wdGi hvb| hvòvi cÉvØvGj wZwb eyMiv LvbGK ‘w`qvi-B-evãvjv’ ev cƒeÆeGãi AewkÓ¡ Ask RGqi civgkÆ ˆ`b| 1287 wLËÓ¡vGõ ejeGbi g†ZzÅ nq| LjRxiv 1290 wLËÓ¡vGõ w`wÍÏGZ ÞgZv `Lj KGi| ‰i…Gc evsjvi BwZnvGm ‰K bZzb AaÅvGqi mƒPbv nq|

ejebx esk  evsjvi eÅvcvGi LjRxiv ˆKvb cÉKvi nÕ¦GÞc bv Kivi bxwZ AbymiY KGi| dGj `xNÆ mgq aGi (1290-1324) eyMiv Lvb, KvqKvDm, kvgmyóxb wdi‚R I Zuvi DîivwaKvixMY evsjvq Õ¼vaxbfvGe ivRZ½ KGib|

eyMiv LvGbi ivRGZ½i ˆkl w`GK evsjvq gymwjg AwaK‡Z f„Lí wZbwU Õ¼Z¯¨ fvGM wefî× wQj| ‰àwj wQj wenvi, DîieGãi jLGbŒwZ-G`eGKvU Açj, `wÞY cwøg eGã mvZMuvI-üMwj ‰es cƒeÆeGã ˆmvbviMuvI Açj| eyMiv LvGbi ci Zuvi KwbÓ¡ cyò i‚Kbyóxb KvqKvDm ÞgZvq AwawÓ¤Z nb (1290-1301)| Zuvi ivRZ½KvGj gymwjg AvwacZÅ evsjvi cƒeÆvçGj weÕ¦‡Z nq| wZwb es-‰i ivRÕ¼ ˆ^GK gy`Ëv cÉPjb KGib| Zuvi ivRÅ cwøGg wenvi, DîGi ˆ`eGKvU ‰es `wÞGY mvZMuvI chƯ¦ weÕ¦‡Z wQj|

KvqKvDm cÉkvmGb ài‚Z½cƒYÆ cwieZÆb AvGbb| mÁ¿eZ wZwb mvgËvRÅGK wenvi I jLGbŒwZ bvGg `ywU cÉG`Gk wefî× KGib| wenvi cÉG`Gki kvmbKZÆv wQGjb wdi‚R AvBwZMxb ‰es jLGbŒwZi kvmbKZÆv wQGjb Rvdi Lvb evnivg AvBwZMxb| jLGbŒwZ cÉG`k ZLb DîGi ˆ`eGKvU nGZ `wÞGY mvZMuvI chƯ¦ weÕ¦‡Z wQj| Dfq cÉG`Gki kvmbKÆZv ‘wmKv±`i-B-mvbx’ (w«¼Zxq AvGjKRvívi) Dcvwa MÉnY KGib| KvqKvDm wbGRI RuvKvj Dcvwa aviY KGib| ‰ mKj Dcvwa evsjvi ˆRŒjym I ÞgZvi cwiPvqK|

kvgmyóxb wdi‚R I Zuvi esk (1301-1324)  KvqKvDGmi ci kvgmyóxb wdi‚R (1301-1322) jLGbŒwZGZ ÞgZvq AwawÓ¤Z nb| ZuvGK fzjò×Gg ejebx esGki mvG^ mÁ·wKÆZ eGj gGb Kiv nq| eLwZqvGii cGi Zuvi kvmbKvGjB gymwjg ivGRÅi meÆvwaK mÁ·ÉmviY NGU| Zuvi ÞgZv MÉnGYi cÉvØvGj jLGbŒwZ ivRÅ wenvi, Dîi I Dîi-cwøg eã ‰es `wÞY-cwøGg jLGbŒGi mxgve«¬ wQj| KvqKvDGmi ivRZ½KvGj üMwj ˆRjvi mvZMuvI I eGãi ˆmvbviMuvI AwfgyGL ˆh ivRÅweÕ¦vi cÉwò×qv ÷i‚ nq wdi‚R kvGni kvmbKvGj Zv mÁ·ƒYÆ nq| Zuvi ivRZ½KvGj gqgbwmsn  I wmGjU wewRZ nq|

wdi‚R kvGni g†ZzÅi ci Zuvi cyòG`i gGaÅ DîivwaKvi «¼±«¼ ÷i‚ nq| g†ZzÅi cƒGeÆ wdi‚R Zuvi cyò wknveyóxb eyM`vGK wmsnvmGb AwawÓ¤Z KGi hvb| wK¯§ wknveyóxGbi fvB wMqvmDóxb evnv`yi wbÓ¤zifvGe ZuvGK wmsnvmbP„ÅZ KGi ÞgZvq AwawÓ¤Z nb| gGb nq wZwb bvwmi‚óxb Beivwng Qvov AbÅvbÅ fvBG`i nZÅv KGib| bvwmi‚óxb ˆKvb ò×Gg cvwjGq cÉvGY ˆeuGP hvb ‰es KGqKRb AvgxGii gvaÅGg w`wÍÏi mvnvhÅ ˆPGq cvVvb|

ZzMjK nÕ¦GÞc  ‰ NUbv evsjvq nÕ¦GÞGci RbÅ ZzMjKG`i KvwOÞZ myGhvM ‰Gb ˆ`q| myjZvb wMqvmDóxb ZzMjK weivU evwnbx wbGq 1324 wLËÓ¡vGõ evsjv AwfgyGL hy«¬ hvòv KGib| w`wÍÏi myjZvb Zuvi cvjK cyò evnivg Lvb IiGd ZvZvi Lvb I bvwmi‚óxb BeivwnGgi AaxGb ‰K kwî×kvjx evwnbx wMqvmDóxb evnv`yGii wei‚G«¬ cvVvb| hyG«¬ evnv`yi civwRZ I ew±` nb| wMqvmDóxb ZzMjK evsjvq gymwjg AwaK‡Z AçGji cÉkvmb eÅeÕ©vi cybweÆbÅvm KGib| mgMÉ ivRÅGK jLGbŒwZ, mvZMuvI I ˆmvbviMuvI ‰ wZbwU cÉkvmwbK fvGM wefî× Kiv nq| wZwb bvwmi‚óxb BeivwngGK ˆhŒ^ bvGg gy`Ëv gy`ËGYi weGkl ÞgZvmn jLGbŒwZi kvmbKZÆv cG` envj KGib| evnivg Lvb ˆmvbviMuvI I mvZMuvGqi MfbÆi wbhyî× nb| ew±` evnv`yiGK w`wÍÏGZ wbGq hvIqv nq|

wMqvmDóxb ZzMjGKi DîivwaKvix gynÁÃ` web ZzMjK evsjvi kvmbeÅeÕ©vq eÅvcK cybweÆbÅvm KGib| wZwb evnv`yiGK ew±``kv ˆ^GK gywî× w`Gq ˆmvbviMuvI-‰ evnivg LvGbi mGã hy™Â-kvmbKZÆv wbhyî× KGib| evnv`yGii Ici AvGivwcZ kZÆ wQj ˆh, Zvi ˆQGjGK wRwÁà wnGmGe w`wÍÏGZ ˆcÉiY, wbR I myjZvGbi ˆhŒ^bvGg gy`Ëv cÉPjb ‰es DfGqi bvGg LyZev cvV KiGZ nGe| K`i LvbGK jLGbŒwZi kvmbKZÆv wbGqvM Kiv nq| bvwmi‚óxb BeivwngGK w`wÍψZ ˆWGK cvVvGbv nq| mvZMuvIGK c†^K cÉG`k wnGmGe BäDóxb Bqvwnqvi AaxGb bÅÕ¦ Kiv nq|

wMqvmDóxb evnv`yi Zvi cyòGK w`wÍÏGZ ˆcÉiY eÅZxZ Aci mKj kZÆB cƒiY KGib| 1328 wLËÓ¡võ chƯ¦ wZwb wbR I ZzMjK myjZvGbi ˆhŒ^bvGg ˆmvbviMuvI UvKkvj ˆ^GK gy`Ëv Pvjy ivGLb| AekÅ 1328 wLËÓ¡vGõ wZwb Zvi AvbyMZÅ AÕ¼xKvGii ˆPÓ¡v KGib| evnivg Lvb AbÅvbÅ AvgxiG`i mnvqZvq evnv`yiGK civwRZ I wbnZ KGib| Zuvi MvGqi Pvgov QvwoGq w`wÍÏGZ cvVvb nq ‰es fwelÅZ weG`ËvnxG`i cÉwZ fxwZ cÉ`kÆGbi RbÅ w`wÍÏGZ cÉKvGkÅ Zv SzwjGq ivLv nq|

cieZÆx `k eQi (1328-1338) jLGbŒwZ, mvZMuvI I ˆmvbviMuvI h^vò×Gg K`i Lvb, BäDóxb Bqvwnqv I evnivg Lvb KZ‡ÆK kvwmZ nq| 1338 wLËÓ¡vGõ evnivg LvGbi g†ZzÅ nq| Zuvi g†ZzÅGZ ZuviB egÆ-iÞK dLi‚óxb ˆmvbviMuvI-‰ ÞgZv `Lj KGi Õ¼vaxbZv ˆNvlYv KGib ‰es myjZvb dLi‚óxb gyeviK kvn Dcvwa MÉnY KGib| ‰ NUbv ÞgZv `LGji bZzb avivevwnK «¼G±«¼i  R¯Ã ˆ`q hvi dGj evsjvq Bwjqvmkvnx kvmb cÉwZwÓ¤Z nq| ‰ kvmb evsjvi Õ¼vaxb myjZvwb hyGMi mƒPbv KGi hv `yk eQi AeÅvnZ wQj (1338-1538)|  [ˆ`jIqvi ˆnvGmb]

Bwjqvmkvnx Avgj   Bwjqvm kvn KZ‡ÆK cÉwZwÓ¤Z esk 1412 ˆ^GK 1435/36 chƯ¦ ˆZBk eQGii weiwZmn cÉvq ˆ`o k’ eQi (1342-1487) evsjv kvmb KGi| Bwjqvmkvnx Avgj bvbv KviGY LyeB ài‚Z½cƒYÆ I ZvrchÆcƒYÆ| dLi‚óxb gyeviK kvn KZ‡ÆK cÉwZwÓ¤Z Õ¼vaxb mvjZvbvZ mymsnZ nq ‰es ‰i eÅvcK weÕ¦‡wZ NGU| ‰ AvgGj gymwjg kvmbeÅeÕ©v ‰KwU i…c jvf KGi| wk͸, mvwnZÅ, weGkl KGi evsjv mvwnZÅ mg†«¬ nq| gymwjg kvmKMY Õ©vbxq RbMGYi Ici AvÕ©v Õ©vcb KGi ˆ`Gki kvmbeÅeÕ©vq ZvG`i Ask MÉnGYi «¼vi D¯Ãyî× KGi ˆ`b| ‰fvGe weG`kx gymwjg kvmb evOvwj gymwjg kvmGb i…cv¯¦wiZ nIqvi cÉwò×qv ‰ AvgGjB ÷i‚ nq| mGeÆvcwi mgMÉ ivRÅ hv ‰Zw`b ‰KK ˆKvb bvGg cwiwPZ bv nGq eã, ˆMŒo BZÅvw` wewf®² AvçwjK bvGg cwiwPZ wQj Zv evãvjvn bvGg AwfwnZ nq|

Bwjqvmkvnx esGki cÉwZÓ¤vZv ‰es evsjvi Õ¼vaxb mvjZvbvGZi cÉK‡Z cÉwZÓ¤vZv nvRx Bwjqvm wQGjb wmwRÕ¦vGbi ‰KRb AwfRvZ| cÉ^Gg wZwb w`wÍÏi gvwjK wdi‚GRi AaxGb PvKzwiGZ wbGqvwRZ wQGjb| cGi wZwb mvZMuvI ‰i kvmbKZÆv BäDóxb Bqvwnqvi AaxGb PvKzwi MÉnY KGib| ˆmLvGb wZwb gvwjK cG` D®²xZ nb ‰es 1338 wLËÓ¡vGõ BäDóxb Bqvwnqvi g†ZzÅi ci wZwb mvZMuvGqi AwaKZÆv nb| mvZMuvGq wbGRi kwî× msnZ KGi nvRx Bwjqvm 740 wnRwiGZ (1339 wLË.) jLGbŒwZi Avjx gyeviGKi wei‚G«¬ hy«¬hvòv KGib ‰es Zvi mGã `xNÆ msNGlÆ AeZxbÆ nb| ‰ msNGlÆ nvRx Bwjqvm Rqjvf KGib| wZwb myjZvb kvgmyóxb Aveyj gyRvddi Bwjqvm kvn Dcvwa MÉnY KGi 1342 wLËÓ¡vGõ jLGbŒwZi wmsnvmGb AvGivnY KGib ‰es evsjvq Bwjqvmkvnx mvjZvbvGZi wfwî Õ©vcb KGib| ‰ mvjZvbvZ cÉvq ˆ`o k’ eQi Õ©vqx nGqwQj (1342-1487)| Bwjqvm kvn ‰KRb `†pGPZv I `Þ kvmK wQGjb| Zuvi wePÞYZv I ivR‹bwZK `ƒi`†wÓ¡i eGj wZwb kvn-B-evãvjvn, kvn-B-evOvwjqvb I myjZvb-B-evãvjvn Dcvwa jvf KGib| wZwb cÉvq ˆlvj eQi ivRZ½ Kivi ci 1358 wLËÓ¡vGõ cv´£zqvq g†ZzÅeiY KGib ‰es Zuvi cGi Zuvi cyò wmKv±`i kvn wmsnvmGb AvGivnY KGib|

wmKv±`i kvn cÉvq ˆZwòk eQi ivRZ½ KGib| Zuvi ivRZ½¼Kvj wQj ˆMŒiGevä¾j| wZwb cv´£zqvi wbKUeZÆx ˆMvqvjcvovq Zuvi cyò AvRg kvGni mGã hyG«¬ 1390 wLËÕ¡vGõi w`GK g†ZzÅeiY KGib| Zuvi g†ZzÅi ci AvRg kvn ‘myjZvb wMqvmDóxb AvRg kvn’  Dcvwa aviY KGi 793 wnRwiGZ (1390-91 wLË.) wmsnvmGb AvGivnb KGib| wMqvmDóxb AvRg kvn ‰KRb `Þ kvmK wQGjb| AvBGbi cÉwZ Zuvi Mfxi kÉ«¬v wQj| wZwb ŠeG`wkK ivÓ¡ËmgƒGni mvG^ e®¬zZ½cƒYÆ mÁ·KÆ Õ©vcGbi RbÅI mycwiwPZ wQGjb| wZwb 813 wnRwiGZ (1410-11 wLË.) g†ZzÅeiY KGib| Zuvi cGi Zuvi cyò mvBdzóxb nvgRv kvn wmsnvmGb AvGivnY KGib| wZwb gvò ‰K eQi KGqK gvm (813 wn./1410-11 wLË-814 wn/1411-12 wLË.) evsjv kvmb KGib| Zuvi ivRZ½KvGj ivRkvnx ˆRjvi fvZzwiqvi Rwg`vi ivRv MGYk kwî×kvjx nGq IGVb ‰es ZviB cÉGivPbvq myjZvGbi ò×xZ`vm wknveyóxb Zvi cÉfzGK nZÅv KGi wbGRB evsjvi wmsnvmGb AvGivnY KGib| hLb ‰ NUbv NUwQj, ZLb mÁ¿eZ gynÁÃ` kvn web nvgRv kvn evsjvi ˆKvb ‰K AçGj wbGRGK myjZvb eGj ˆNvlYv KGib ‰es wbR bvGg gy`Ëv cÉPjb KGib| mÁ¿eZ wZwb Zuvi AeÕ©vb iÞv KiGZ cvGib wb ‰es ˆkl chƯ¦ wZwb ivRv MGYk I wknveyóxGbi KvGQ civwRZ nb| ‰fvGe Bwjqvm kvnx kvmGbi weiwZ NGU|

myjZvb mvBdzóxb nvgRv kvGni ò×xZ`vm wknveyóxb evGqRx` kvn 814 wnRwi (1411-12 wLË.) ˆ^GK 817 wnRwi (1414 wLË.) chƯ¦ evsjv kvmb KGib| wknveyóxb evGqRx` kvn I ivRv MGYGki gaÅKvi mymÁ·KÆ ˆewk w`b Õ©vqx wQj bv| wknveyóxb ivRv MGYGki wei‚G«¬ weG`Ëvn cwiPvjbv KGib ‰es wKQy mgGqi RbÅ ZvGK AvUK ˆiGL Zvi ÞgZv LeÆ KGib| wZwb myjZvb wknveyóxb evGqRx` kvn Dcvwa aviY KGi wbR bvGg gy`Ëv cÉeZÆb KGib| wK¯§ kxNËB ivRv MGYk myjZvGbi wei‚G«¬ lohG¯¨ wjµ¦ nb ‰es ZvGK Avò×gY KGi nZÅv KGib (817wn./1414 wLË.)| wknveyóxb evGqRx` kvGni cyò AvjvDóxb wdi‚R kvn ˆKvbiKGg `wÞY wKsev `wÞY-cƒeÆ evsjvq cvwjGq hvb ‰es ˆmLvGb KZƆZ½ cÉwZÓ¤vq mGPÓ¡ nb| wK¯§ ivRv MGYk ZvGK Avò×gY KGi wbnZ KGib ‰es wbGRB 817 wnRwiGZ (1414 wLË.) evsjvi wmsnvmGb AvGivnY KGib|

ivRv MGYGki esk  evsjvi kvmK nGqB ivRv MGYk gymwjgG`i cÉwZ wbhÆvZb ÷i‚ KGib| ‰ cwiwÕ©wZGZ cv´£zqvi mydx-`iGek bƒi KzZze Avjg ˆRŒbcyGii myjZvb Beivwng kKÆxi nÕ¦GÞc Kvgbv KGib| ‰GZ ivRv MGYk fxZ nGq `iGeGki KvGQ ‰ gGgÆ AvGe`b Rvbvb ˆhb Beivwng kKÆx evsjv ˆ^GK Zvi evwnbx cÉZÅvnvi KGi ˆbb| ivRv MGYk Zvi cyò h`yGK Bmjvg aGgÆ agÆv¯¦wiZ KiGZ ‰es ZvGK wmsnvmGb emvGZ mÁÃZ nGj `iGek Zvi cÉÕ¦ve ˆgGb ˆbb| 818 wnRwiGZ (1415 wLË.) ‰ KvR mÁ·®² nIqvi ci Beivwng kKÆx `iGeGki AbyGivGa evsjv ZÅvM KGib|

h`y Rvjvjyóxb Aveyj gyRvddi gynÁÃ` kvn bvGg 818 wnRwiGZ gy`Ëv Pvjy KGib| wZwb  gvò ‰K eQi I KGqK gvm ivRZ½ KGib| Zuvi wcZv ivRv MGYk 819 wnRwiGZ (1416-17 wLË.) wmsnvmb `Lj KGi ˆbb ‰es RvjvjyóxbGK cybivq wn±`yaGgÆ agÆv¯¦wiZ Kivb| ‰evGi ivRv MGYk `byRg`Æb ˆ`e Dcvwa aviY KGi 821 wnRwi (1418 wLË.) chƯ¦ evsjv kvmb KGib| AZtci Zuvi KwbÓ¤ cyò gGn±`Ê wmsnvmGb eGmb| wK¯§ A͸ mgGqi gGaÅB wZwb Zuvi övZv h`y KZ‡ÆK ÞgZvPzÅZ nb (821 wn./1418 wLË)| ‰ mgGq h`y cybivq Bmjvg agÆ MÉnY KGib ‰es Rvjvjyóxb gynÁÃ` kvn Dcvwa aviY KGib| wZwb kvw¯¦cƒYÆfvGe cÉvq cGbi eQi ivRZ½ KGi 837 wnRwiGZ (1433 wLË.) g†ZzÅeiY KGib| myjZvb RvjvjyóxGbi ci Zuvi cyò kvgmyóxb Avng` kvn wmsnvmGb AvGivnY KGib ‰es wZwb 839 wnRwi (1435 wLË.) chƯ¦ ivRZ½ KGib| Avng` kvGni wbhÆvZbgƒjK KvhÆKjvc mKjGKB nZvk KGi| ‰ AeÕ©vq bvwmi Lvb I mv`x Lvb bvGg Zvi `yRb ò×xZ`vm Zvi wei‚G«¬ loh¯¨ KGi ZvGK nZÅv KGib| ‰i AeÅewnZ cGiB bvwmi Lvb I mv`x Lvb wmsnvmGbi RbÅ cÉwZ«¼w±«¼Zvq AeZxbÆ nb ‰es ‰ weevG` bvwmi Lvb Zvi cÉwZ«¼±«¼xGK nZÅv KGib| wK¯§ wZwb gvò KGqKw`b evsjv kvmb Kivi myGhvM cvb| kxNËB AwfRvZeMÆ Zvi ÞgZvi weGivwaZv KGib ‰es ZvGK nZÅv KGib|

cieZÆx Bwjqvmkvnx esk  kvgmyóxb Avng` kvGni nZÅvi ci m†Ó¡ ivR‹bwZK AwbøqZvi ci AwfRvZeMÆ myjZvb kvgmyóxb Bwjqvm kvGni ‰K eskai bvwmi‚óxbGK 839 wnRwiGZ (1435-36 wLË.) evsjvi wmsnvmGb AwawÓ¤Z KGib| ‰fvGe Bwjqvmkvnx esGki kvmb cybtcÉwZwÓ¤Z nq| bZzb myjZvb bvwmi‚óxb ‘Aveyj gyRvddi gvngy` kvn’ Dcvwa wbGq kvw¯¦cƒYÆfvGe cÉvq Pwe»k eQi ivRZ½ KGib| wZwb 864 wnRwiGZ (1459-60 wLË.) g†ZzÅeiY KGib| Zuvi g†ZzÅi ci Zuvi cyò i‚Kbyóxb evieK kvn wmsnvmGb AvGivnY KGib| wZwb bÅvqevb, D`vi, we«¼vb I weæ myjZvb wQGjb| nvekx ò×xZ`vmG`i cÉwZ Zuvi weGkl AbyivM wQj ‰es ‰ KviGY wZwb eümsLÅK nvekxGK wbGqvM `vb KGib| ‰ nvekx ò×xZ`vmiv evsjvi ivRbxwZGZ LyeB kwî×kvjx f„wgKv cvjb KGi| evieK kvn 879 wnRwiGZ (1474 wLË.) g†ZzÅeiY KGib ‰es Zuvi cGi Zvi cyò kvgmyóxb BDmyd kvn wmsnvmGb eGmb| BDmyd kvGni ivRZ½KvGji cÉavb ŠewkÓ¡Å wQj ˆh, wZwb ivÓ¡Ëxq eÅvcvGi kixqv AvBb KGVvifvGe ‰es wbiGcÞfvGe cÉGqvM KGiwQGjb| wZwb RxeGbi meÆGÞGò BmjvGgi weavbmgƒn cvwjZ nGœQ wKbv Zv ˆ`Lvi RbÅ AvGjgG`i wbG`Æk ˆ`b| BDmyd kvGni g†ZzÅi ci (mÁ¿eZ 886 wn./1481 wLË.) AwfRvZMY Zuvi cyò w«¼Zxq wmKv±`iGK wmsnvmGb AwawÓ¤Z KGib| wK¯§ KGqKw`b bvggvò ivRZ½ Kivi ci AwfRvZMY ZvGK wmsnvmbPzÅZ KGi bvwmi‚óxb gvngy` kvGni cyò dGZn kvnGK wmsnvmGb emvb| wZwb Rvjvjyóxb gyRvddi dGZn kvn Dcvwa aviY KGib| Zuvi ivRZ½KvGji ˆkGli w`GK nvekx ò×xZ`vmMY `ievGi ˆek kwî×kvjx nGq IGV ‰es `ievGii ài‚Z½cƒYÆ AwaKvsk c` `Lj KGi ˆbq| dGZn kvn evieK bvGg Zvi ‰K ò×xZ`vm KZ‡ÆK 893 wnRwiGZ (1487 wLË.) wbnZ nb| dGZn kvGni g†ZzÅi mvG^ mvG^ Bwjqvm kvnx esGki kvmGbi Aemvb NGU|

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Bwjqvmkvnx esGki myjZvbG`i gGaÅ wmKv±`i kvGni ivRZ½KvjB Õ©vcZÅwkG͸i D®²wZi RbÅ weGklfvGe DGÍÏLGhvMÅ| Õ©vcZÅwkG͸i ‰gb D®²wZ cƒGeÆ KLbI ˆ`Lv hvqwb| Zuvi ivRZ½KvGji AZzÅrK‡Ó¡ BgviZ nGjv 766 wnRwiGZ (1374-75 wLË.) wbwgÆZ nhiZ cv´£zqvi Avw`bv gmwR`| MZvbyMwZK ixwZ Abyhvqx ‰ gmwRG`i bKkv Kiv nq| cƒeÆfviGZ ‰ chƯ¦ wbwgÆZ ‰ aiGbi BgviZàwji gGaÅ ‰wU wQj wekvj AvKvGii ‰KwU BgviZ| eÕ§Z, ‰ aiGbi BgviGZi gGaÅ ‰wU wQj ‰K AcƒeÆ m†wÓ¡| Bwjqvmkvnx hyGM wbwgÆZ AbÅvbÅ ˆmŒGai gGaÅ ˆmvbviMuvI-‰i wMqvmDóxb AvRg kvn’i mgvwa, ˆKvGZvqvjx `iIqvRv, `vwLj `iIqvRv, wbg `iIqvRv, wPKv cÉvmv`, PvgKvwV gmwR`, ZuvZxcvov gmwR`, jUÇb gmwR`, K`g imyj gmwR` ‰es ˆMŒGoi `imevwo gmwR`, w`bvRcyi ˆRjvi MãvivgcyGii ˆgvÍÏv AvZvi gmwR`, üMwji ˆgvÍÏv wmgjv gmwR` ‰es cv´£zqvi ˆmvbv gmwRG`i bvg DGÍÏL Kiv hvq|

Bwjqvmkvnx AvgGj nÕ¦wjwcwe`ÅviI D®²wZ cwijwÞZ nq| KjKvZvi evwbqvcyKzGi cÉvµ¦ Bwjqvm kvGni wkjvwjwcGZ ZzMiv ixwZi my±`i wjwc ˆ`Lv hvq| DÍÏÁ¼ AÞimgƒGni gvGSi AskàwjGK Õ·Ó¡ KGi webÅvm Kivi dGj Avi ‰KwU ixwZi D«¿e cwijwÞZ nq ‰ wkjvwjwcGZ| ‰i DGókÅ wQj gymwjgG`i bvgvGh mvwie«¬fvGe `uvovGbv A^ev ŠmbÅG`i AMÉMgGbi gGZv mvwii aviYv m†wÓ¡ Kiv| AbÅw`GK AÞiàwji cÉavb AskmgƒnGK wfwîi Õ©vGb Õ©vcb Kiv nq| dGj ˆjLvàwj duvm I ˆQvU AvswUi AvKvi aviY KGi| bvwmi‚óxb gvngyG`i 863 wnRwii cv´£zqv wkjvwjwc ‰es evieK kvGni 868 wnRwii ˆ`IZjv wkjvwjwc  ‰ ixwZi `ywU DGÍÏLGhvMÅ D`vniY| cieZÆx ài‚Z½cƒYÆ AMÉMwZ wQj Õ¦GÁ¿i gvGSi AsGk euvKv AÞiàwjGK AvovAvwofvGe Õ©vcb Kiv| ‰i dGj ‰gb ‰K bKkv m†wÓ¡ nq hv wewf®²fvGe ‘Zxi I abyK’ A^ev ‘ˆbŒKv I `vo’ bKkv eGj cwiwPwZ jvf KGi| ‰ ixwZi `ywU DGÍÏLGhvMÅ D`vniY nGjv bvwmi‚óxb gvngy` kvGni 860 wnRwii fvMjcyi wkjvwjwc I i‚Kbyóxb evieK kvGni 868 wnRwii nvUGLvjv wkjvwjwc| kvgmyóxb BDmyd kvGni AvgGj ‰ ixwZi PiGgvrKlÆ mvwaZ nq|

Bwjqvmkvnx myjZvbMY evOjv fvlv I mvwnZÅGK Õ¼xK‡wZ ˆ`b ‰es ‰GK weGkl ghÆv`vq cÉwZwÓ¤Z KGib| Zuviv evOvwj Kwe I cw´£ZG`i cÉwZ D`vi c†Ó¤GcvlKZv cÉ`kÆb KGib| ‰i dGj evsjv fvlv I mvwnGZÅi `Ë‚Z D®²wZ mvwaZ nq| myjZvb wMqvmDóxb AvRg kvn Zuvi we`Åv I eyrcwî ‰es AGbÅi ævb I eyw«¬e†wîi DrKGlÆi cÉksmv KGi myLÅvwZ ARÆb KGib| evsjv fvlv I mvwnGZÅi D®²wZGZI Zvi hG^Ó¤ Ae`vb wQj| Zuvi c†Ó¤GcvlKZv jvf KGi kvn gynÁÃ` mMxi Zvi weLÅvZ KveÅ BDmyd-RyGjLv iPbv KGib| ‰ KveÅ evsjv mvwnGZÅ ‰K ŠeµÏweK cwieZÆb mƒPbv KGi| ‰ KvGeÅ BmjvGgi agÆxq Kvwnbx msKwjZ nIqvq ‰es evOvwj KweG`i wbKU bZzb fveaviv wnGmGe gvbexq ˆivgvw´ŸK MG͸i cÉeZÆGbi dGj evsjv mvwnZÅ weGkl mg†w«¬ jvf KGi|

mÁ¿eZ wMqvmDóxb AvRg kvn K‡wîevmGK evsjv fvlvq ivgvqY ˆjLvi wbG`Æk ˆ`b| i‚Kbyóxb evieK kvn gymwjg I wn±`y cw´£ZG`i cÉwZ Abyi…c c†Ó¤GcvlKZv `vb KGib| Zuvi ivRZ½KvGj RGqbDóxb imƒjweRq ‰es Beivwng KvBDg dvi‚Kx mdibvgv iPbv KGib| mdibvgv ˆ^GK Avgiv ˆm hyGMi KwZcq cw´£Z I KweG`i bvg cvB| Zviv nGjb Avgxi RGqbDóxb nviex, mvBwqÅ` Avgxi wknveyóxb nvwKg wKigvbx, gbmyi wkivRx, gvwjK BDmyd web nvwg`, mvBwqÅ` Rvjvj, mvBwqÅ` gynÁÃ` i‚Kb, mvBwqÅ` nvmvb ‰es ˆkL IqvGn`x| evieK kvnI ‰KBfvGe gymwjg I wn±`y cw´£ZG`i c†Ó¤GcvlKZv KGib| Zuvi ivRZ½KvGj ivqgyKzU e†nÕ·wZ wgkÉ hk I LÅvwZ ARÆb KGib| evieK kvn kÉxK‡úweRq MÉG¯©i ˆjLK gvjvai emyGK ‘àYivR Lvb’ Dcvwa w`Gq mÁÃvwbZ KGib| gvjvai emyi cyòI ‘mZÅivR Lvb’ DcvwaˆZ mÁÃvwbZ nb| ‰LvGb DGÍÏL Kiv ˆhGZ cvGi ˆh, evieK kvGni mfvm` ‰es AwfRvZMYI ‰KBfvGe mvwnZÅPPÆvq AvMÉn cÉ`kÆb KGib| Kzjaviv bvgK evieK kvGni ‰KRb KgÆKZÆv ˆMveaÆY bvGg ‰K eËvþYGK c†Ó¤GcvlKZv cÉ`vb KGib| ‰ eËvþY msÕ•‡Z fvlvq ‘cyivYmeÆÕ¼’ iPbv KGiwQGjb| kvgmyóxb BDmyd kvn ‰es Rvjvjyóxb dGZn kvnI evsjv mvwnGZÅi D®²wZi RbÅ c†Ó¤GcvlKZv `vb KGib| ZuvG`i ivRZ½KvGj KGqKRb Kwe cÉwmw«¬ jvf KGiwQGjb|

Bwjqvmkvnx hyGMi ài‚Z½  Bwjqvmkvnx esGki kvmb evsjvi BwZnvGm ‰KwU wewkÓ¡ I ài‚Z½cƒYÆ Õ©vb `Lj KGi AvGQ| evsjvi gymwjg ivRÅ hv ‰Zw`b jLGbŒwZ ivRÅ bvGg cwiwPZ wQj Zv evãvjvn mvjZvbvGZ i…cv¯¦wiZ nq| ‰ AvgGjB meÆcÉ^g evsjvi wewf®² Açj myjZvb kvgmyóxb Bwjqvm kvGni ‰KK KZ‡ÆZ½vaxGb AvGm| ‰ mgq ˆ^GKB evsjvi mwÁÃwjZ Açjmgƒn evãvjvn bvGg AwfwnZ nq ‰es ‰i Awaevmxiv evOvwj bvGg cwiwPwZ jvf KGi| evsjvi ‰ ‰KòxKiGYi dGj evsjv fvlvfvlx ˆjvK ‰KB ivR‹bwZK - mvgvwRK gGç mwÁÃwjZ nq ‰es evãvjvn I evOvwji wfwî iwPZ nq| Bwjqvm kvn KZ‡ÆK cÉwZwÓ¤Z Õ¼vaxb mvjZvbvZ cÉvq `yk eQi ‰i Õ¼vaxb AwÕ¦Z½ eRvq ˆiGLwQj| ‰ hyGM AGbK cwieZÆb mvwaZ nq ‰es cÉkvmGbi mymsMwVZ c«¬wZi gƒjmƒòàwj i…c cwiMÉn KiGZ ÷i‚ KGi|

‰ mgGq evsjvi A^ÆbxwZI `Ë‚Z D®²wZ jvf KGi| K‡wl, wk͸ ‰es evwYGRÅiI DGÍÏLGhvMÅ cÉmvi NGU| K‡wl I wk͸RvZ `ËGeÅi cÉvPzhÆ ‰es Afů¦ixY I ŠeG`wkK evwYGRÅi eÅvcK weÕ¦‡wZ weG`kx ewYK I chÆUKG`i weÕÃq I cÉksmv Drcv`b KGi|

wk͸Kjv I Õ©vcGZÅ eo aiGbi cwieZÆb NGU| Bwjqvmkvnx myjZvbMY bZzb mvjZvbvGZi ghÆv`vi DcGhvMx Õ©vcZÅixwZi D®²qGb `†p c`GÞc MÉnY KGib| Bwjqvmkvnx myjZvbMY evsjv fvlv I mvwnGZÅiI c†Ó¤GcvlKZv KGib| AvçwjK weÕ¦‡wZ I D®²wZ ‰es gymwjg mgvGRi msnwZ wQj Bwjqvmkvnx AvgGji weGkl ŠewkÓ¡Å|

Bwjqvmkvnx esGki kvmKiv wQGjb `Þ, mwnúz I D`vi ‰es eyw«¬`xµ¦| mwnúzZv wQj ZvG`i cÉksmbxq ŠewkÓ¡Å| weagÆx RbGMvÓ¤xi Ici cÉvq mîi eQi kvmb KZ‡ÆZ½ AÞzY³ ivLv wQj ZvG`i eo K‡wZZ½; cybivq ÞgZvq AwawÓ¤Z nIqv wQj AviI eo K‡wZGZ½i KvR| ‰ meB ZvG`i RbwcÉqZvi mvÞÅ enb KGi|  [‰.we.‰g. kvgmyóxb Avng`]

Mɯ©cwé  Ziauddin Barani, Tarikh-i-Firuz Shahi, Calcutta, 1862; Yahiya bin Ahmad, Tarikh-i-Mubarak Shahi, Calcutta, 1931; Avõyj Kwig, evsjvi BwZnvm (myjZvbx Avgj), XvKv, 1977; ABM Shamsuddin Ahmed, Bengal under the Rule of the Early Iliyas Shahi Dynasty, Unpublished Thesis, Dhaka University, Dhaka, 1987.

nvekx Avgj  Rvjvjyóxb dGZn kvGni ivRZ½KvGji ˆkGli w`GK nvekx ò×xZ`vmMY evsjvi kvnx `ievGi ‰KwU wecäbK kwî×GZ cwiYZ nq| ÞgZvjvGfi DGóGkÅ kvnRv`v bvGg ‰K nvekx ˆLvRv I ò×xZ`vmG`i ˆbZv 893 wnRwiGZ (1487 wLË.) Bwjqvmkvnx esGki ˆkl myjZvb Rvjvjyóxb dGZn kvnGK nZÅv KGi evsjvi wmsnvmb `Lj KGi| ‰fvGe evsjvq nvekx kvmb cÉwZwÓ¤Z nq|

evsjvq nvekx (Avwewmbxq) kvmb 893 wnRwi (1487 wLË.) ˆ^GK 899 wnRwi (1493 wLË.) chƯ¦ cÉvq Qq eQi Õ©vqx nGqwQj| ‰ mgq Pvi Rb myjZvb ci ci ˆ`k kvmb KGib| Zviv nGjb evieK kvn kvnRv`v, mvBdzóxb wdi‚R kvn, w«¼Zxq bvwmi‚óxb gvngy` kvn I kvgmyóxb gyRvddi kvn|

evsjvi wmsnvmGb AvGivnY KGi kvnRv`v myjZvb evieK kvn Dcvwa MÉnY KGib| cÉwZ«¼±«¼xG`i mywbqw¯¨ZfvGe AcmviGYi bxwZ wQj Zvi kvmbKvGji ŠewkÓ¡Å| AekÅ ‰ bxwZ ZvGK iÞv KiGZ cvGiwb ‰es ˆkl chƯ¦ wZwb gvwjK Avw±`j KZ‡ÆK wbnZ nb| evieK kvGni ivRZ½Kvj gvò Qq gvm Õ©vqx nq|

gvwjK Avw±`j AwfRvZG`i mÁÃwZGZ 893 wnRwiGZ (1487 wLË.) mvBdzóxb Aveyj gyRvddi wdi‚R kvn Dcvwa MÉnY KGi wmsnvmGb AvGivnY KGib| HwZnvwmKMY Mixe I wbtÕ¼G`i cÉwZ Zuvi e`vbÅZv I Ki‚Yvi f„qmx cÉksmv KGib| wZwb bÅvqevb, D`vi I wn‹Zlx kvmK wQGjb| bÅvq wePvi cÉwZÓ¤v I e`vbÅZvi ˆÞGò wZwb Zuvi meÆkwî× wbGqvM KGib ‰es cÉRvG`i RbÅ kvw¯¦ I Õ¼wÕ¦ wbwøZ KGib| wZwb wk͸Kjv I Õ©vcGZÅiI c†Ó¤GcvlK wQGjb| Zuvi gy`Ëv I wkjvwjwc ˆ^GK gGb nq ˆh, wZwb evsjvi ‰K wekvj Açj kvmb KGib| wZb eQi ivRZ½ Kivi ci wZwb 896 wnRwiGZ (1490 wLË.) Õ¼vfvweK g†ZzÅeiY KGib wKsev ˆMvcGb wbnZ nb|

mvBdzóxb wdi‚R kvGni ci w«¼Zxq bvwmi‚óxb gvngy` kvn wmsnvmGb AvGivnY KGib| Zuvi ivRZ½KvGj nvevk Lvb weGkl cÉfve weÕ¦vi KGib| ‰GZ wmw` e`i `xDqvbv bvGg Aci ‰K nvekx ò×xZ`vm ClÆvw¯¼Z nb ‰es ˆkl chƯ¦ cvBKG`i mnvqZvq wZwb nvevk Lvb I gvngy` kvnGK nZÅv KGib| gvngy` kvn gvò KGqKgvm ivRZ½ KGiwQGjb|

w«¼Zxq gvngy` kvGni nZÅvi ci wmw` e`i 896 wnRwiGZ (1490 wLË.) kvgmyóxb Avey bQi gyRvddi kvn Dcvwa aviY KGi wmsnvmGb AvGivnY KGib| wZwb m¯¨vGmi ivRZ½ KvGqg KGiwQGjb| cÉwZ«¼±«¼xG`i Kej ˆ^GK gywî×i RbÅ wZwb ˆMŒo bMGii AGbK cwíZ, avwgÆK I AwfRvZG`i nZÅv KGib| wZwb Zuvi cÉRvG`i KvQ ˆ^GK DœPnvGi ivRÕ¼ Av`vq KiGZb| wZwb Zuvi Õ©vqx ŠmbÅevwnbxi weivU Ask ˆfGã ˆ`b ‰es ŠmbÅG`i ˆeZb nËvm KGib| wbgÆg nGjI gyRvddi kvn ‰GKevGi n…`qnxb AZÅvPvix kvmK wQGjb bv| wZwb wkÞv I msÕ•‡wZi D®²qGb wbGRGK wbGqvwRZ KGib| wZwb mydx-`iGekG`i c†Ó¤GcvlK wQGjb| wZwb ˆMŒGo ‰KwU gmwR` wbgÆvY KGib| Zuvi ivRZ½Kvj 896 wnRwi (1490 wLË.) ˆ^GK 899 wnRwi (1493 wLË.) chƯ¦ cÉvq wZb eQi Õ©vqx wQj| Zuvi gy`Ëv I wkjvwjwc ˆ^GK Rvbv hvq ˆh, mgMÉ Dîi evsjv ‰es evsjvi mxgv¯¦eZÆx wenvGii wKQy Ask Zuvi mvgËvGRÅi A¯¦fzÆî× wQj|

gyRvddi kvGni wbcxobgƒjK kvmGbi dGj wZwb mKj ˆkÉYxi ˆjvGKi mnvbyf„wZ nvivb| dGj Zvi Avie esGkv«¿„Z cÉavb DwRi Šmq` ümvBGbi ˆbZ‡GZ½ ‰K MYweG`Ëvn msMwVZ nq| gyRvddi kvn wbnZ nb ‰es Zuvi nZÅvi mGã mGãB evsjvq nvekx kvmGbi Aemvb NGU|  [‰.we.‰g. kvgmyóxb Avng`]

ˆnvGmbkvnx Avgj  evsjvi gaÅhyGMi BwZnvGm ˆnvGmbkvnx Avgj ‰K ài‚Z½cƒYÆ Õ©vb AwaKvi KGi iGqGQ| ‰ Avgj wQj evsjvi Õ¼vaxb mvjZvbvGZi LÅvwZi mGeÆvœP chÆvq| ivGRÅi mÁ·ÉmviY, cÉkvmGbi mywÕ©ZKiY ‰es agÆ, mvwnZÅ, wk͸Kjv I A^ÆbxwZi ˆÞGò ZvrchÆgq AMÉMwZ «¼viv ˆnvGmbkvnx kvmbvgj ŠewkÓ¡Ågw´£Z| ‰ AvgGj Dîi fviZ ˆ^GK evsjvi P„ov¯¦ ivR‹bwZK wewœQ®²Zv evsjvi mvsÕ•‡wZK cwiPGqi cybi‚äxeb I weKvGk mnvqZv KGi| mvwnwZÅK cybRÆvMiY ‰ AvgjGK ŠewkÓ¡Ågw´£Z KGiwQj| ‰Uv wQj Õ©vbxq cÉwZfvi cyGÕ·v«Âg, hv cƒeÆeZÆx AvgGj wQj Ae`wgZ| ‰ AvgGj evsjvq bZzb aiGbi ˆKvb wkG͸i weKvk bv NUGjI Pvi‚Kjv I Õ©vcGZÅi we`Ågvb bgybv wQj ‰ AvgGji wk͸ weKvGki D®²Z wb`kÆb ‰es ‰GZ ‰ AvgGji mg†w«¬i cÉwZdjb NGUGQ| ˆnvGmbkvnx kvmKiv ZvG`i ewnivMZ cwiPq cwinvi KGi wbGRG`i Õ©vbxq Avkv-AvKv›Þvi mGã Awf®²i…Gc MYÅ Kivi ˆPÓ¡v KGib ‰es ‰ mgGq ˆ`kxq msÕ•‡wZi avivq gymwjg gvbGmi KgGewk weKvk NGU| ‰ mgGq evsjvq BDGivcxqG`i AvMgb NGU| ‰ AvgGji ˆkl w`GK gyMj kvmb ÷ay evsjvi mxgvG¯¦i KvQvKvwQ AçGj ˆcuŒGQwQj ‰es BDGivcxq evwYRÅ ZLb ÷i‚ nIqvi cG^| cieZÆx kZvõxàwjGZ ˆ`Gki Rxebavivi i…c`vbKvix bZzb kwî×àwji cÉv^wgK wKQy jÞY ‰ AvgGj cÉZÅÞ Kiv hvq| ˆm AG^Æ ‰ Avgj wQj evsjvi BwZnvGmi MVbhyM|

nvekx myjZvb kvgmyóxb gyRvddi kvnGK nZÅv KGi ‰ esGki cÉwZÓ¤vZv AvjvDóxb ˆnvGmb kvn wmsnvmb AwaKvi KGib| wZwb gyRvddi kvGni AaxGb DwRi cG` wbGqvwRZ wQGjb| gyRvddGii RxeGbi Ki‚Y cwiYwZGZ ˆnvGmGbi f„wgKv wQj ‰es 1494 wLËÓ¡vGõ ˆbZ‡Õ©vbxq AwfRvZMY ZvGK myjZvb wbeÆvwPZ KGi| Zvi ivRZ½KvGj evsjvi mvjZvbvGZi eÅvcK weÕ¦‡wZ NGU| Kvgi…c I KvgZv Rq KGi Zvi ŠmbÅevwnbx AvmvGgi eËþcyò DcZÅKvi AviI DîGi AMÉmi nq| DwolÅvivGRi wei‚G«¬ hyG«¬ wZwb mvgwqK mvdjÅ ARÆb KGib ‰es ‘Kvgi…c I KvgZv, RvRbMi I DwolÅv weRqx’ AvLÅvb Zvi gy`Ëvq DrKxYÆ KGib| wZwb wòcyivi ‰Kvsk Zvi ivRÅfzî× KiGZ mÞg nb| PëMÉvg wQj Zvi ivGRÅi ‰K AweGœQ`Å Ask| ˆnvGmb kvGni ivRGZ½i ˆkl w`GK K„U‹bwZK mÁ·KÆ Õ©vcGbi DGóGkÅ cZzÆwMR cÉwZwbwa`j evsjvq AvGm| 1519 wLËÓ¡vGõ ˆnvGmGbi ivRGZ½i mgvwµ¦ NGU| Zvi ivRZ½KvGj ˆ`Gk wbiewQ®² kvw¯¦ weivR KiwQj| mgmvgwqK Kwe weRq ൦ ZvGK ‘b†cwZ-wZjK’, ‘RMr-f„lY’ I ‘K‡ú-AeZvi’ i…Gc AvLÅvZ KGiGQb| wn±`yG`i cÉwZ Zvi bxwZ wQj mwnúz I D`vi| wZwb ZvG`i DœP ivRcG` wbGqvM KGib ‰es ZvG`i aGgÆi c†Ó¤GcvlKZv KGib|

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wenvGi ˆkiLvb kƒGii DïvGbi mgq ˆ^GKB gvngyG`i mvgËvGRÅi Dîi-cwøg mxgvG¯¦ mgmÅv ÷i‚ nq| gvngy` wenvGi ˆkiLvGbi cÉwZ«¼±«¼x Rvjvj Lvb ˆjvnvbxi cGÞ wenvi Avò×gGYi RbÅ Beivwng LvGbi ˆbZ‡GZ½ ‰KwU ŠmbÅevwnbx cvVvb| myiRMGoi hyG«¬ (1534) Beivwng civwRZ nb ‰es Rvjvj Lvb gvngyG`i kiYvc®² nb| ‰GZ KGi wenvGi ˆkiLvGbi KZ‡ÆGZ½i c^ cÉkÕ¦ nq| àRivGU ügvqyGbi eÅÕ¦Zvi (1535) myGhvGM ˆkiLvb fvMjcyi chƯ¦ ‰jvKv `Lj KGi ˆbb| 1536 wLËÓ¡vGõ ˆkiLvb ˆZwjqvMwoGZ DcwÕ©Z nb| cZzÆwMR ŠmbÅG`i mnvqZvq gvngyG`i ŠmbÅ`j ZvGK cÉwZnZ KGi| SvoL´£ nGq ˆkiLvb ˆMŒGoi DrKG¥¤ ‰Gm DcwÕ©Z nb| gvngy` AvZwâZ nGq cGob ‰es ˆkiLvb Zvi ivRÅ ˆZwjqvMwo chƯ¦ weÕ¦‡Z KGib| gvngy` cZÆywMRG`i Õ©vbxq RbMGYi KvQ ˆ^GK ivRÕ¼ Av`vGqi AwaKvimn PëMÉvg I mvZMuvI ‰ ZvG`i `yMÆ I evwYRÅKzwV wbgÆvGYi AbygwZ `vb KGiwQGjb| ‰GZ evsjvq cZzÆwMRG`i ÞgZv eüj cwigvGY e†w«¬ cvq|

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