ইংেরিজ

BsGiwR evsjvq BsGiwR fvlv Avqî Kivi eÅvcviwU ÷i‚ nq mGZGiv kZGKi wòGki `kGK, cÉ^Gg evjvGmvGi ‰es cGi üMwjGZ BsGiR dÅvÙwi cÉwZÓ¤vi cGi| 1651 wLËÓ¡vGõ myjZvb ÷Rv BÕ¡ Bw´£qv ˆKvÁ·vwbi DGóGkÅ ˆh digvb Rvwi KGib, Zvi gvaÅGgB evsjv Z^v fviGZ weËwUkG`i ivR‹bwZK AvwacGZÅi mƒPbv nq; BsGiwR fvlv eÅenvGiiI mƒòcvZ NGU ZLbB| weËwUk ivRGZ½i gGZv BsGiwR ‰Lb Avi miKvwi fvlv bq, ZGe eZÆgvb evsjvG`k miKvi ˆ`Gk I weG`Gk ‰i ài‚Z½ Abyaveb KGi ‰GK wkÞvi w«¼Zxq gvaÅg wnGmGe ˆNvlYv KGiGQ| cvVÅwelq wnGmGe BsGiwR ‰Lb AwaKvsk wkÞv cÉwZÓ¤vGb ˆkLvGbv nq ‰es cÉvq mKj cvewjK cixÞvq ‰wU ‰KwU AvewkÅK welq| eü BsGiwR kõI evsjv kõfvívGi hyî× nGqGQ|

1835 mvGj jWÆ ˆgKGji weLÅvZ Minute-‰ cÉ^g fviGZ cvøvZÅ welqmgƒn wkÞv`vGbi mycvwikmn BsGiwR eÅenvGii cÉwZ miKvwi AbyGgv`b ˆ`Iqv nq| cGi jWÆ ˆew´ŸGâi wm«¬v¯¦ Abyhvqx fviZxqG`i BsGiwR fvlvi gvaÅGg wkÞv`vGbi welqwUGK evaÅZvgƒjK Kiv nq| AekÅ, ‰i AvGMB fviZxq I weËwUkG`i gGaÅ cÉ^g ˆhvMvGhvGMi mgq ˆ^GK evsjvq BsGiwR wkÞv ÷i‚ nq BsGiR cÉwZwbwa I ˆ`kxq mnGhvMx evwbqvG`i gGaÅ evwYwRÅK fvlv wnGmGe|

evsjvq BsGiwR fvlvi cÉ^g ˆh i…cwU cÉPwjZ wQj Zv wQj wgkÉ-A÷«¬| evwbqvG`i AGbGKB wQj eüfvlx ‰es AvVvGiv kZGKi ÷i‚GZ Zviv ˆgvUvgywU ÷«¬fvGe BsGiwR ejGZ I wjLGZ cviZ| evwbqviv QvovI Õ©vbxq ˆh-mKj eÅwî× eÅvKiY iPbv, Abyev` BZÅvw` KvGR BsGiRG`i mnvqZv KiZ, ZvG`iI fvGjv BsGiwR-ævb wQj| ˆhgb weËwUkG`i mGã cƒeÆ-ˆhvMvGhvGMi dGj ivgivg emy ˆh BsGiwR-ævb ARÆb KGiwQGjb, Zvi mvnvGhÅB wZwb DBwjqg ˆKixGK Abyev`KGgÆ mvnvhÅ KiGZ ˆcGiwQGjb|

hG^Ó¡ BsGiwR ævbmÁ·®² Aci ‰K Abyev`K wQGjb ZvivPuv` Pò×eZÆx| 1822 mvGj wZwb Abyev`K wnGmGe Calcutta Journal-‰ ˆhvM ˆ`b ‰es cieZÆxKvGj cyivY AbyevG` DBjmbGK (‰BP DBjmb) mvnvhÅ KGib| ‰ici wZwb English-Bengali Dictionary (1832) msKjb KGib ‰es evsjv I BsGiwR Abyev`mn gƒj msÕ•‡Z fvlvq gbymswnZvi (1832) ‰KwU msÕ•iY cÉKvk KGib|

BsGiRG`i mGã ˆhvMvGhvGMi mƒGò BsGiwR wkGLwQGjb ‰gb eÅwî×G`i gGaÅ meÆvwaK DGÍÏLGhvMÅ nGjb ivRv ivgGgvnb ivq (1772-1833)| eÅwZò×gagÆx ivgGgvnb MÉvGgi evwoGZ evsjv, cvUbvq dviwm I Aviwe ‰es ˆebviGm msÕ•‡Z wkGL ‰KRb fvlvweG`i ghÆv`v jvf KGib| evBk eQi eqGm wZwb BsGiwR ˆkLv ÷i‚ KGib ‰es John Digby-i mvnPGhÆ ‰ welGq eÅvcK D®²wZ mvab KGib| wWMwei mGã Zuvi cwiPq nq 1801 mvGj ‰es 1805 ˆ^GK 1814 chÆ¯¦ wZwb Zuvi ˆ`Iqvb wnGmGe KvR KGib| wZwb BsGiwRGZ 47wU MÉ¯©, wbe®¬ I cò ˆjLvi gGZv hG^Ó¡ fvGjv BsGiwR wkGLwQGjb; JcwbGewkK fviZelÆ mÁ·GKÆ weËwUk cvjÆvGgG´Ÿ wZwb BsGiwR fvlvq mvÞÅ ˆ`b|

cÉv^wgK chÆvGq BsGiwR-wkÞv wQj wewÞµ¦ ‰es eÅwî×MZ cÉqvm I cwiwÕ©wZwfwîK; cGi wewf®² Õ•zj cÉwZÓ¤vi gaÅ w`Gq Zvi cÉmvi NGU| mGZGiv kZGK BsGiwR Õ•zj cÉwZwÓ¤Z nwœQj cÉavbZ BDGivcxq wk÷G`i wkÞvi RbÅ| 1731 wLËÓ¡vGõ ˆmvmvBwU di ˆcÉvGgvwUs wò×wøqvb bGjR KZÆ†K KjKvZvq cÉ^g meÆRbxb BsGiwR wkÞvi Õ•zj cÉwZwÓ¤Z nq| 1759 wLËÓ¡vGõ Rev. Kiernander 48 Rb wkÞv^Æx wbGq cÉwZÓ¤v KGib Avi ‰KwU BsGiwR Õ•zj; eQi ˆkGl ‰i QvòmsLÅv ˆeGo nq 174| 1789 wLËÓ¡vGõ dÌx Õ•zj ˆmvmvBwU Ae ˆeãj cÉwZÓ¤v chÆ¯¦ KjKvZv BsGiwR gvaÅGg wkÞvi ˆKG±`Ê cwiYZ nq| chÆvqò×Gg wgkbvwi Õ•zjmgƒGni cvkvcvwk KjKvZv I Zvi AvGkcvGk AviI AGbK BsGiwR Õ•zj cÉwZwÓ¤Z nq| AekÅ evwYwRÅK DG`ÅvGM cÉwZwÓ¤Z ‰B Õ•zjàwj wQj wgkbvwi Õ•zjàwj ˆ^GK wf®² aiGbi| weËwUk ˆMvgÕ¦vG`i AaxGb PvKwi cÉvwµ¦i RbÅ cÉGqvRbxq wnmvewe`Åv I eyKwKwcs QvovI BsGiwR cov I ˆjLvi cÉwkÞY w`Z ‰B Õ•zjàwj| ‰me wkÞvcÉwZÓ¤vGb wkÞvjvfKvix AvVvGiv I Dwbk kZGKi weLÅvZ ˆjLK I wP¯¦vwe`G`i gGaÅ wQGjb ivavKv¯¦ ˆ`e (1783-1867) ‰es ˆnbix wWGivwRI (1809-1831)| ‰uiv `yRb h^vò×Gg Mr. Cummings cwiPvwjZ KÅvjKvUv ‰KvGWwg ‰es David Drummond cwiPvwjZ agÆZjv ‰KvGWwgi Qvò wQGjb|

BsGiwR I fviZxq fvlvmgƒGn D®²ZgvGbi cvVÅ eB mieivn Kivi RbÅ 1817 mvGj KwjKvZv Õ•zj-eyK ˆmvmvBwU cÉwZwÓ¤Z nq| ‰ici 1818 mvGj cÉwZwÓ¤Z nq KwjKvZv Õ•zj ˆmvmvBwU, cyiGbv Õ•zjàwji D®²qGb mvnvhÅ Kiv ‰es cÉGqvRGb bZzb Õ•zj cÉwZÓ¤v Kivi RbÅ| ‰i AbÅZg jÞÅ wQj KjKvZv ‰es AbÅò BsGiwRmn wkÞvi DœPZi kvLv cÉwZÓ¤v Kiv|

ˆm mgq BsGiwR wkÞvi cÉmvGi ài‚Z½cƒYÆ Ae`vb ivGL KjKvZvi wn±`y KGjR (cieZÆxKvGj ˆcÉwmwWw´Ö KGjR)| ‰B KGjR cÉwZÓ¤vq ivgGgvnGbi f„wgKv ˆ^GK Rvbv hvq, Dwbk kZGKi ÷i‚GZ BsGiwR wkÞvi ˆÞGò wKi…c gZweGiva wQj| ˆmB mGã wbGRi AeÕ©vGbi cGÞ ivgGgvnGbi ˆjLvGjwL ˆ^GK BsGiwRi Ici Zuvi `Lj mÁ·GKÆI Rvbv hvq| ivgGgvnb wek¼vm KiGZb ˆh, JcwbGewkK KvVvGgvGZ msÕ•‡Z wkÞveÅeÕ©v fviZelÆGK wcwQGq ivLGe ‰es ‰Kgvò BsGiwRi gvaÅGgB fviZxqiv jvfRbK wkÞv ˆcGZ cvGi|

1817 mvGj cÉwZwÓ¤Z wn±`y KGjR ÷ay Dwbk kZGKi evsjvG`Gk eyw«¬e†wîK RvMiGY ZvrchÆcƒYÆ Ae`vbB ivGL wb, eis ‰i QvòG`iGK w`GqGQ BsGiwR fvlvi Ici ClÆYxq `Lj ‰es m†wÓ¡ KGiGQ BsGiwR mvwnGZÅi cÉwZ cÉej AvKlÆY| ‰LvGb wPivqZ I AvaywbK fviZxq fvlv eÅZxZ AbÅ mKj welGqi RbÅB BsGiwR wQj wkÞvi gvaÅg| wn±`y KGjGRi BsGiwR cvVÅmƒwPi A¯¦fzÆî× wQj ˆkKmcxqGii bvUK, ˆeKb, ‰wWmb I ˆMvÎ£wÕÃG^i cÉe®¬, wgÎŸGbi KveÅ, RbmGbi iÅvÁ¼jvi I ivGmjvm| mvwnZÅ I AjâvikvGÕ¨i BwZnvmI cvVÅmƒwPi A¯¦fzÆî× wQj| wn±`y KGjGRi RbwcÉqZvi dGj KjKvZvq AviI 9wU ‰es XvKvq 1wU Abyi…c Õ•zj cÉwZwÓ¤Z nq|

ZLb KGjGR hv covGbv nGZv Zvi ˆPGqI AwaKZi ài‚Z½cƒYÆ wQj wWGivwRI KZÆ†K cÉewZÆZ weZKÆ cÉwZGhvwMZv, hv QvòG`i hywî×cÉGqvM I eî×‡Zv cÉ`vGb `Þ KGi ZzjZ| BsGiwR fvlvq ˆh `ÞZv wbGq Qvòiv wewf®² welGq weZKÆ KiZ, Zv wQj AmvaviY| wK¯§ KZÆ†cÞ wWGivwRIi wei‚G«¬ Zuvi Abymvix QvòG`i webÓ¡ ‰es weöv¯¦ Kivi AwfGhvM Avbvq `yfÆvMÅRbKfvGe ZuvGK KGjR ZÅvM KiGZ nq| ‰i cƒGeÆB wZwb ‰KvGWwgK AÅvGmvwmGqkGbi ˆK±`Ê MVb KGib ‰es Parthenon bvGg ‰KwU RvbÆvj cÉKvGk QvòG`i DrmvwnZ KGib|

Dwbk kZGKi cÉ^g KGqK `kK aGi AÅvswjwmÕ¡ I IwiGq´ŸvwjÕ¡G`i gGaÅ ˆh weGiva PjwQj, ˆgKGji Minute ‰es cieZÆxKvGj BsGiwR Õ•zjàwj ˆ^GK cvm Kiv QvòG`i PvKwiGZ wbGqvM Kivi cGÞ mÅvi ˆnbwi nvwWÆGéi wm«¬vG¯¦i dGj Zvi Aemvb NGU| nvwWÆGéi 1844 mvGji 10 AGÙveGii cÉÕ¦vGe ejv nq ˆh, ŠelwqK w`K ˆ^GK BsGiwR ‰KwU ài‚Z½cƒYÆ fvlv nGq DGVGQ| nvwWÆGéi ‰B cÉÕ¦ve BsGiwRi ài‚Z½ ‰ZUvB evwoGq ˆ`q ˆh, ‰wU ZLb DœPZi cG` wbGqvM cÉvwµ¦i Qvocò nGq IGV| ‰i dGj BsGiwR wkÞv cÉ`vbKvix cÉwZÓ¤vbàwjGZ QvòmsLÅv e†w«¬ cvq ‰es KjKvZvq ‰gb ‰KwU gaÅweî mÁcÉ`vq MGo IGV hviv BsGiwRGZ AaÅqb KiZ ‰es BsGiwRGZ ZvG`i wP¯¦v-ˆPZbvi cÉwZdjb NUvZ| evOvwj gymjgvbG`i gGaÅ cÉ^gw`GK cvøvZÅ wkÞv ‰es BsGiwR fvlv mÁ·GKÆ w«¼av-«¼±«¼ ^vKGjI axGi axGi ZvivI BsGiwRi ài‚Z½ Dcjwº¬ KGi| 1826 mvGj KjKvZv gv`Ëvmvi cvVÅmƒwPGZ BsGiwR fvlvi A¯¦fzÆwî×i gvaÅGg ZvG`i ˆmB ˆPZbv cÉwZdwjZ nq|

mvwnZÅwelqK msm` I mwgwZmgƒGni cÉwZÓ¤vI BsGiwR PPÆvq ài‚Z½cƒYÆ Ae`vb ivGL| mwgwZàwji mfvq AvGjvwPZ welq ev Av`kÆmgƒn cÉvqkB wQj cvøvZÅ mfÅZv «¼viv cÉfvweZ ‰es ˆmàwj BsGiwRGZ AbywÓ¤Z nGZv| ‰fvGeB 1838 mvGj ZvivPuv` Pò×eZÆx cÉwZwÓ¤Z ævbvbykxjb mwgwZ, weËwUk Bw´£qvb ˆmvmvBwU, ‰wkqvwUK ˆmvmvBwU, KÅvjKvUv wjUvGiwi ˆmvmvBwU meB ‰ AçGj BsGiwR PPÆvi D®²qGb Ae`vb ivGL| ‰B ˆmvmvBwUàwjGZ cwVZ iPbvmgƒn ÷ay ˆjLKG`i cvwíZÅB cÉgvY KiZ bv, BsGiwR fvlvq ZvG`i `Lj, weGklZ ZLbKvi BsGiwR fvlvi DrKlÆwPn× periodic evGKÅi IciI ZvG`i `Lj cÉKvk KiZ|

Dwbk kZGKi gvSvgvwS mgGq DœPZi wkÞvi fvlv wnGmGe BsGiwRi cÉwZÓ¤vKGÍ¸ M†nxZ nGqwQj meÆvwaK ài‚Z½cƒYÆ eÅeÕ©vmgƒGni ‰KwU| PvjmÆ DGWi ‰WzGKkbvj wWmcÅvP (1854) cÉv^wgK wkÞvi Ici bZzb KGi ài‚Z½ AvGivc KGi; ‰KB mGã MÉv´Ÿm&-Bb-‰BW eÅeÕ©vi gvaÅGg nvBÕ•zj I KGjRmgƒGni D®²qGbI Drmvn ˆRvMvq| meÆvwaK ài‚Z½cƒYÆ welq nGjv wZbwU ˆcÉwmGWw´Ö knGi wek¼we`Åvjq cÉwZÓ¤vi mycvwik| ‰B wWmcÅvGP ejv nq ˆh, wbg³Õ¦Gi wkÞv`vGbi fvlv nGe Õ¼-Õ¼ gvZ‡fvlv, Avi wek¼we`ÅvjGqi ˆÞGò nGe BsGiwR| ‰B KgÆmƒwPi AvIZvq 1857 mvGj KjKvZvq cÉwZwÓ¤Z nq KjKvZv wek¼we`Åvjq, AbÅ `ywU gv`ËvR I gyÁ¼vBGZ| Dwbk kZGKi gvSvgvwS bvMv` wkÞvi DœPZi Õ¦iàwjGZ BsGiwR fvlv wkÞv`vGbi gvaÅGg cwiYZ nq| ˆhGnZz DœPwkÞvjvGf AvMÉnx mKjGK BsGiwR RvbGZ nGZv, ˆmGnZz Õ•zj chÆvGqI BsGiwR fvlvq `ÞZv e†w«¬i eÅeÕ©v M†nxZ nq|

wewf®² BsGiwR RvbÆvj BsGiwR fvlvi cÉmvGi ‰KwU eo f„wgKv cvjb KGi| evOvwj ˆjLKiv ‰me RvbÆvGj ˆjLv cÉKvkmn wbGRivI ‰KvwaK RvbÆvj cÉKvk ÷i‚ KGi| evsjvG`Gk cÉ^g LeGii KvMR nGjv 1780 mvGj ˆRgm wnwK cÉKvwkZ ˆeãj ˆMGRU, hv wnwKi ˆMGRU bvGgB AwaKZi cwiwPZ| ˆeãj ˆMGRU Õ©vqx nq gvò wZb eQi; ‰ici cÉKvwkZ nq Bw´£qv ˆMGRU (1780), KÅvjKvUv ˆMGRU (1784), ˆeãj RvbÆvj (1785), IwiGq´Ÿvj gÅvMvwRb Ai KÅvjKvUv ‰wgDRGg´Ÿ (1786) ‰es KÅvjKvUv ò×wbKj (1786)|

evsjvq BsGiwR mvsevw`KZvi ˆÞGò AwaKZi ài‚Z½cƒYÆ f„wgKv cvjb KGi fviZxqG`i «¼viv cÉKvwkZ cwòKvàwj, ˆhgb ivgGMvcvj ˆNvGli ˆeãj ˆÕ·GÙUi, hv wQj ‰wWmb I Õ¡xwji mycwiwPZ cwòKvi cÉwZa»wbÕ¼i…c ‰es ZvivPuv` Pò×eZÆxi KzBj| ivgGgvnb ivGqi Õ¼Z½vwaKvGi KGqK gvm cÉKvwkZ nq ˆeãj ˆnivÎ£ (1829); ‰ ˆ^GKI BsGiwR mvsevw`KZvq fviZxqG`i AvMÉn cÉKvk cvq| ˆKkeP±`Ê ˆmb KGqKwU mvgwqKxi cÉKvkbv ÷i‚ KGib: `Å mvbGW wgkb, `Å wjevGij ‰es `Å wbD wWmGcbGmkb|

BsGiwR ZLb ÷ay Š`bw±`b fve wewbgGqi fvlvB wQj bv, ‰GZ KwZcq fviZxGqi mvwnwZÅPPÆvi cÉZÅvkvI Nbxf„Z wQj| wK¯§ weÕÃGqi eÅvcvi nGjv huviv ivR‹bwZKfvGe weËwUkweGivax wQGjb, ZuvG`i gGaÅI BsGiwR fvlvq mvwnZÅPPÆvi AvKv›Þv wQj| ‰GÞGò XvKvi beve kvgmyGóŒÍÏvn&i (1770-1831) NUbvwU LyeB ˆKŒZ„njcƒYÆ| wZwb evsjv ˆ^GK weËwUkGK DrLvZ Kivi cwiKÍ¸bv KGiwQGjb, hw`I Zuvi ˆm cÉGPÓ¡v eÅ^Æ nq ‰es wZwb ivRG`ËvGni AwfGhvGM Kvivi‚«¬ nb| A^P ˆRGj ZuvGK ˆ`LGZ wMGq DBwjqg wnwK jÞÅ KGib, beve BsGiwRGZ wKQy ‰KUv wjLGQb| wK wjLGQb RvbGZ PvBGj beve Rvbvb ˆh, wZwb ˆkKmcxqixq mGbU wjLGQb| ÕÃ†wZK^vq wnwK wjGLGQb, beve eÅvKiYmÁÃZ BsGiwR wjLwQGjb| gywî× cvIqvi ci wekc ˆnevi (1783-1826) bevGei mGã mvÞvr KGib ‰es cGi wZwb Zuvi bÅvGiwUf Ae ‰ RvwbÆ (1827) MÉG¯© g¯¦eÅ KGib ˆh, beve fvGjv BsGiwR ejGZb ‰es Zuvi mvwnwZÅK `ÞZvI wQj|

kvgmyGóŒÍÏvn&i ‰B cÉqvm wQj BwZnvGmi ‰KwU Þz`Ë NUbvgvò, wK¯§ BsGiwR fvlv eÅenvGi AbÅG`i cÉqvm evsjvi mvwnZÅ-BwZnvGmi ‰KwU Ask wnGmGe MYÅ nq| ‰àwj hw`I cixÞv-wbixÞvi ˆPGq AwaK wKQy wQj bv, wK¯§ cixÞKiv ‰i gvaÅGg ˆh mvwnwZÅK `ÞZv ARÆb KGib Zv Zuviv evsjv iPbvq cÉGqvM KGib| H mgqKvi AZÅ¯¦ ài‚Z½cƒYÆ evOvwj ˆjLKG`i `yRb nGjb gvBGKj gaymƒ`b `î (1824-1873) ‰es ewâgP±`Ê PGëvcvaÅvq (1838-1894)| gaymƒ`b I ewâgP±`Ê DfqB wQGjb D`xqgvb eyw«¬Rxex I mÁ·®² evOvwj gaÅweGîi Ask, huviv BsGiwR Z^v cvøvZÅ wkÞv ˆ^GK jvfevb nGqwQGjb| wWGivwRI we`vq ˆbIqvi ci 1833 mvGj gaymƒ`b wn±`y KGjGR fwZÆ nb| myZivs, Zuvi Ici wWGivwRIi cÉfve wQj cGivÞ, ZGe ZLbI wn±`y KGjGRi QvòG`i gGaÅ gyî×wP¯¦vi aviv ‰es BsGiwR mvwnGZÅi cÉwZ fvGjvevmv AeÅvnZ wQj|

gaymƒ`b wLËÓ¡aGgÆ `xwÞZ nGq ‘gvBGKj’ bvg MÉnY KGib ‰es 1848 mvGj gv`ËvR PGj hvb| ˆmLvGb gv`ËvR ò×wbKj&-‰ Zuvi `Å KÅvcwUf ˆjwW KveÅwU cÉKvwkZ nq| fviZxq KvwnbxwbfÆi ‰ KveÅwU wjLGZ wMGq wZwb BsGiwR fvlv I eÅvjvGWi AvwãK eÅenvi KGib| AekÅ ‰B BsGiwR KveÅwUi gvaÅGg bq, gaymƒ`b LÅvwZ ARÆb KGib Zuvi evsjv gnvKveÅ ˆgNbv`ea KveÅ (1861) ‰es evsjv mGbGUi RbÅ| cieZÆxKvGj wZwb BsGiwR eRÆb KGi evsjv iPbvq AvZÄwbGqvM KGib ‰es ‰ ˆÞGò Zuvi BsGiwR wkÞv ZuvGK MfxifvGe mvnvhÅ KGi| Zuvi mGbU ‰es gnvKveÅ BsGiwRi Av`GkÆ iwPZ| hw`I gaymƒ`b AvaywbK evsjv fvlvi cyGivavG`i AbÅZg wQGjb, Z^vwc BsjÅvG´£i cÉwZ Zuvi fvGjvevmvGK wZwb KLbI wemRÆb w`GZ cvGib wb, hvi ewntcÉKvk NGUGQ Zuvi ‘I long for Albion’s shore’ KweZvq|

evsjv DcbÅvGmi cÉ^g mdj mËÓ¡vG`i AbÅZg ewâgP±`ÊI BsGiwR DcbÅvm iPbvi gvaÅGg AwfæZv ARÆb KGib| Zuvi `ywU BsGiwR DcbÅvm nGjv: The Adventures of a Young Hindu ‰es Rajmohan’s Wife. hw`I ‰B MÉ¯©`ywU wKsev Zuvi cÉ^g w`KKvi evsjv iPbvàwj cvVGKi gGbvGhvM AvKlÆY KGi wb, wK¯§ Zuvi BsGiwR, weGklZ, IqvÎŸvi Õ•GUi ˆivgÅv´ÖgƒjK iPbvi cVbcvVb Zuvi cieZÆxKvGji DcbÅvm iPbvq, KLbI KLbI ˆmàwji KvVvGgv wbgÆvGY ˆcÉiYv ˆRvMvq ‰es H DcbÅvmàwj ZuvGK weGkl LÅvwZ ‰Gb ˆ`q| gaymƒ`Gbi gGZv ewâgP±`ÊI Zuvi DcbÅvGmi RbÅ fviZxq cÉmã MÉnY KGib; ZGe fviZxq cyivKvwnbxàwj ZuvGK hZUv bv D«¼y«¬ KGiGQ, Zvi ˆPGq ˆewk KGiGQ eZÆgvb I wbKU AZxGZi evsjv I Zvi gvbyGli cÉK‡wZ I evÕ¦e AeÕ©v| AekÅ, hw`I wZwb Zuvi DcbÅvGmi Kvwnbx I Pwiòmgƒn RbMGYi mGã mivmwi msGhvM I wg^wÕ˜qvi gaÅ w`Gq AvweÓ•vi KGib, wK¯§ Pwiòm†wÓ¡ I eYÆbÞgZv ARÆGb ZuvGK mvnvhÅ KGi Zuvi BsGiwR cVbcvVb|

gaymƒ`b wKsev ewâgPG±`Êi Zzjbvq Kg LÅvwZgvb nGjI jvjwenvix ˆ` (1824-1894) wQGjb ‰KRb Õ¼xK‡Z ˆjvKmsÕ•‡wZwe`, huvi BsGiwR iPbv mgGqi cixÞvq DîxYÆ| jvjwenvix `wi`Ë cwievGi R¯ÃMÉnY KiGjI Zuvi wcZv ivavKv¯¦ BsGiwR wkÞvi ài‚Z½ Dcjwº¬ KGiwQGjb; ZvB cyòGK wZwb AvGjKRv´£vi WvGdi A‹eZwbK Õ•zGj fwZÆ KwiGq ˆ`b| gaymƒ`Gbi gGZv jvjwenvixI wLËÓ¡agÆ MÉnY KGib, wK¯§ gaymƒ`Gbi mGã Zuvi cv^ÆKÅ ‰B ˆh, wZwb MxRÆvi KgÆKvGí mwò×qfvGe hyî× wQGjb| eaÆgvGb KgÆiZ ^vKvKvGj jvjwenvix MÉvgxY evsjvi RxebGK wbKU ˆ^GK chÆGeÞY KGib ‰es Bengal Peasant Life (1874) MÉG¯© Zuvi AwfæZv ZzGj aGib| ˆjvKvPviwe` wnGmGe jvjwenvixi LÅvwZ ˆhme ˆjvKKvwnbxi Ici cÉwZwÓ¤Z, ˆmàwj wZwb eaÆgvGbB msMÉn KGib; cieZÆxKvGj ˆmàwj Folk Tales of Bengal (1875) bvGg cÉKvwkZ nq|

Zi‚ `î (1856-1877) Zuvi ˆevb Ai‚ `Gîi mGã ‰KGhvGM BsjÅvG´£ wkÞvjvf KGib ‰es BsGiwR I divwm `yB fvlvqB `ÞZv ARÆb KGib| ˆevb Ai‚ hLb hßvq gviv hvb ZLb Zi‚ 165wU divwm KweZvi BsGiwR Abyev` A Sheaf Gleaned in French Fields bvgK MÉG¯© cÉKvk KGib| ‰i gGaÅ AvUwU KweZv Abyev` KGib Zuvi ˆevb ‰es evwKàwj Zi‚ wbGR| dÌv´Ö I BsjÅv´£ Dfq ˆ`GkB msKjbwUi cÉksmvgƒjK mgvGjvPbv cÉKvwkZ nq| Zi‚ fviGZ wdGi fviZxq cò-cwòKvq, weGklZ, Bengal Magazine-‰ KweZv-cÉe®¬ wjLGZ ÷i‚ KGib| g†ZzÅKvGj Zi‚ BsGiwR I divwm fvlvq ˆjLv KGqKwU cvíywjwc ˆiGL hvb| Zuvi gyZzÅi cuvP eQi ci cÉKvwkZ nq Ancient Ballads and Legends of Hinduism MÉ¯©wU| Zi‚ Lye AÍ¸ eqGm gviv hvb, wK¯§ Zuvi ‰es mgmvgwqK AbÅvbÅ ˆjLGKi iPbvàwj evsjvG`Gk BsGiwR fvlv I mvwnGZÅi mÁ¿vebvi «¼vi LyGj ˆ`q|

iex±`Êbv^ VvKzi (1861-1941) wQGjb gƒjZ evsjv fvlvi ˆjLK, wK¯§ wZwb PgrKvi BsGiwR wjLGZb| Zuvi wbGRi Kiv MxZvéwji (1912) BsGiwR Abyev` cwøgv weGk¼ ZuvGK mycwiwPZ KGi ˆZvGj ‰es 1913 mvGj ZuvGK mvwnGZÅ ˆbvGej cyiÕ•vi ‰Gb ˆ`q| wZwb Zuvi AbÅ AGbK iPbviI BsGiwR Abyev` KGib, ˆhgb: The Gardener (1913), Fruit-gathering (1916), Fugitives (1921) ‰es The Crescent Moon. Zuvi wKQy BsGiwR M`ÅiPbvI AvGQ, ˆhgb: Personality ‰es The Religion of Man (1932)|

Dwbk kZGKi Z‡Zxq `kK bvMv` gv`Ëvmv wkÞvq BsGiwR cÉewZÆZ nq| ZLb BsGiwRi cÉwZ weGivwaZv ‰GZv cÉej wQj ˆh Qvòiv BsGiwR KÑvm eRÆb KiZ| wK¯§ beve Ave`yj jZxGdi (1828-1893) gGZv KwZcq evOvwj gymjgvb BsGiwRi ài‚Z½ Abyfe KGib| KjKvZv gv`Ëvmvq ˆjLvcov KiGjI wZwb Dcjwº¬ KGib ˆh, BsGiwR Qvov RxeGb mdjZv ARÆb mÁ¿e bq| wZwb gv`Ëvmvq wbqwgZ BsGiwR KÑvm KGi ‰ fvlvq hG^Ó¡ `ÞZv ARÆb KGib| ÷ay ZvB bq, wZwb Zuvi gymjgvb mãxG`i ˆevSvGZb ˆh, wbGRG`i AeÕ©vi D®²wZ KiGZ nGj BsGiwR Rvbv ‰Kv¯¦ AvekÅK| ‰B jGÞÅ wZwb ‰KwU iPbv cÉwZGhvwMZvi RbÅ cyiÕ•vi ˆNvlYv KGib, hvi welqeÕ§ wQj BsGiwR fvlvi gvaÅGg weævbPPÆv KGi gymjgvb Qvòiv wK mydj ˆcGZ cvGi| Ave`yj jwZd cÉwZwÓ¤Z gymwjg mvwnZÅ mgvGRi (1863) KvhÆweeiYx BsGiwRGZ ˆjLv nGZv|

Šmq` Avgxi Avjx (1849-1928) Aci ‰K gymwjg eÅwî×Z½, whwb BsGiwRi ài‚Z½ Dcjwº¬ KGib| Ave`yj jZxGdi gGZv wZwbI wQGjb gv`Ëvmvi Qvò; KGjGR covi AvGM wZwb üMwj gv`Ëvmvq AaÅqb KGib ‰es cGi KjKvZv wek¼we`ÅvjGq covGkvbv KGib| Avgxi Avjx wek¼vm KiGZb ˆh, gymjgvbG`i cybRÆvMiY mÁ¿e nGe hw` Zviv AZxZ ˆMŒie ÕÃiY KGi| Z`byhvqx wZwb wewf®² MÉG¯©i gvaÅGg ZvG`i AZxZ ÕÃiY KivGbvi `vwqZ½ MÉnY KGib| BsGiwRGZ wjwLZ Zuvi AwaKvsk MÉ¯©B KÑÅvwmKGm cwiYZ nq| ˆmàwji gGaÅ cÉavb `ywU nGjv: The Spirit of Islam (1891) ‰es A Short History of the Saracens (1898)|

Dwbk kZGKi ÷i‚GZ gymjgvb evOvwjiv hLb BsGiwR wkÞv ÷i‚ KGi, ZLb gymwjg evOvwj bvixG`i RbÅ BsGiwR ‰gbwK evsjvævbI wQj wbwl«¬| ˆivGKqv mvLvIqvZ ˆnvGmGbi (1880-1932) Rxebx ˆ^GK Rvbv hvq ZLb gymwjg evOvwj bvixiv wKfvGe fvlv wkGLwQGjb| ‰KRb M†nwkÞGKi wbKU ˆ^GK ˆivGKqv Aviwe, dviwm I D`Æy ˆkGLb; Avi evsjv I BsGiwR ˆkGLb cÉ^Gg fvB ‰es cGi Õ¼vgxi mvnvGhÅ wbRGPÓ¡vq| Sultana’s Dream (1908) ˆjLvi gGZv hG^Ó¡ fvGjv BsGiwR wZwb RvbGZb; cieZÆxKvGj wZwb wbGRB MÍ¸wU evsjvq ZRÆgv KGib| bvixkvwmZ ‰KwU KÍ¸ivRÅ-welqK iPbv Sultana’s Dream ‰LbI ‰KwU myLcvVÅ MÍ¸ ‰es mvÁcÉwZK eQiàwjGZ bvixev`x KÍ¸bv I Õ¼œQ±` BsGiwRi RbÅ Zv hG^Ó¡ Av`iYxq|

wek kZGKi cÉ^gvGaÆ DrK‡Ó¡ BsGiwR iPbvi AwaKvskB wQj ivR‹bwZK; m†Rbkxj iPbv Lye Kg wQj| hw`I 1930 I 1940-‰i `kGK cÉv^wgK I gvaÅwgK chÆvGqi wkÞvi gvaÅg wQj gvZ‡fvlv, wK¯§ ZLb BsGiwR wkÞvi gvb hG^Ó¡ D®²Z wQj| ‰.ˆK dRjyj nK (1873-1962) ‰es ˆnvGmb knx` ˆmvn&ivIqv`Æx (1892-1963) DfqB BsGiwRGZ `Þ wQGjb| ˆmvnivIqv`Æx cieZÆxKvGj Zuvi ˆevb kvGqÕ¦v BKivgyÍÏvni gGZv BsGiwRGZ ÕÃ†wZK^v ˆjGLb| Zuvi fvB nvmvb knx` ˆmvnivIqv`Æx ÕÃ†wZK^v QvovI BsGiwRGZ KweZv wjLGZb| hw`I dRjyj nGKi gGZv ˆmvnivIqv`Æxi cwieviI mÁ·`kvjx wQj, wK¯§ ˆm mgq mvaviY cwievGii ˆKvb wkwÞZ eÅwî×I BsGiwRGZ `ÞZv ARÆb KiGZ cviGZb| ‰fvGeB ZwgRDóxb Lvb (1889-1963) ‰KwU mvaviY cwievGi R¯Ã wbGqI RvqwMi ˆ^GK KjKvZv wek¼we`Åvjq ˆ^GK BsGiwRGZ ‰g.‰ wWwMÉ jvf KiGZ mg^Æ nb| cieZÆx mgGq wZwb BsGiwRGZ ‰KwU AvZÄRxebx ˆjGLb| AmÁ·ƒYÆ nGjI ‰i fvlv Õ¼œQ±` ‰es Zv ˆm mgqKvi wkwÞZ eÅwî×G`i BsGiwRi gvbGK ZzGj aGi|

evsjvi AbÅ ˆh ˆjLKiv BsGiwRGZ wjGLGQb, ZuvG`i gGaÅ bxi`P±`Ê ˆPŒayix (1897-1999) DGÍÏLGhvMÅ| bvbv weZKÆ ^vKGjI wek kZGKi cÉ^g w`KKvi weËwUk kvmbvaxb MÉvgxY evsjvi weeiYmÁ¼wjZ Zuvi The Autobiography of an Unknown Indian (1951) MÉ¯©wU ‰KwU KÑÅvwmGK cwiYZ nGqGQ| A Passage to England, Thy Hand ‰es Great Anarch Zuvi DGÍÏLGhvMÅ iPbv|

wek¼we`Åvjq chÆvGq BsGiwR-wkÞv ÷i‚ nq 1858 mvj ˆ^GK KjKvZv wek¼we`ÅvjGqi Aaxb mKj wWwMÉ KGjGR| 1921 mvGj XvKv wek¼we`Åvjq cÉwZwÓ¤Z nIqvi dGj wek¼we`ÅvjGq BsGiwR wkÞv cƒeÆ evsjvq mnRZi nq| ZLb fvlvwefvMàwj Qvov AbÅme wefvGM wkÞv`vGbi gvaÅg wQj BsGiwR| wek¼we`ÅvjGqi cÉwZÓ¤vj™² ˆ^GK ÷i‚ nIqv 12wU wefvGMi gGaÅ BsGiwR wQj ‰KwU|

‰LvGb gvGS gGaÅB BsGiwRGZ wkÞvgƒjK cÉe®¬ cwVZ nGZv ‰es wek¼we`Åvjq KZ‡ÆK wewf®² cÉwZGe`b cÉKvwkZ nGZv| BsGiwRGZ m†wÓ¡kxj iPbv QvovI wewkÓ¡ wkÞvwe`MY ÷ay BsGiwRGZB wjLGZb| MGelYvgƒjK cÉwZÓ¤vbmgƒn KZÆ†K cÉKvwkZ DœPgvbmÁ·®² mvgwqKxmgƒnI wQj BsGiwRGZ wjwLZ| AvBGbi fvlv, Av`vjGZi KvhÆweeiYx I wePvGii fvlv meB wQj BsGiwR| wecyj msLÅK mvaviY we`Åvjq ‰es mvgwiK I ˆemvgwiK cÉwZÓ¤vbI BsGiwR gvaÅGg ZvG`i wkÞv I cÉwkÞY KgÆKví cwiPvjbv KiZ| ‰B mewKQy ‰es fviZelÆ ˆ^GK BsGiRG`i we`vqKvGj BsGiwRGZ cÉKvwkZ eÅvcK msLÅK msev`cò I mvgwqKx wbG`Æk KGi ˆh, evsjvi RbMY cÉvq mÁ·ƒYÆi…GcB BsGiwRGK ZvG`i w«¼Zxq fvlv wnGmGe MÉnY KGiwQj|

cvwKÕ¦vb AvgGj cƒeÆ cvwKÕ¦vGb BsGiwR Zvi cÉvavbÅ nvivGZ ÷i‚ KGi| fvlv AvG±`vjGbi ˆPZbv evsjvGK mKj chÆvGq wkÞvi gvaÅg KiGZ evsjvG`k miKviGK D«¼y«¬ KGi| ‰B gvbwmKZv eZÆgvGbI wò×qvkxj| ZGe eZÆgvGb evsjvi cvkvcvwk BsGiwRiI cybgÆƒjÅvqb ÷i‚ nGqGQ| Avwki `kGKi gvSvgvwS ˆ^GK eÅvcKnvGi BsGiwR-gvaÅg Õ•zj cÉwZwÓ¤Z nGZ ^vGK| ‘cÉvBGfU BDwbfvwmÆwU AÅvÙ 1992’ cvm nIqvi ci ˆ^GK cÉvBGfU wek¼we`Åvjqmgƒn cÉwZwÓ¤Z nGZ ÷i‚ KGi ˆhLvGb wkÞvi gvaÅg BsGiwR| eZÆgvGb mKj wWwMÉ KGjR I mvaviY wek¼we`ÅvjGq cÉ^g eGlÆ evaÅZvgƒjK ‰KwU BsGiwR ˆKvmÆ Pvjy nGqGQ|

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MÉ¯©cwé Surendra Prasad Sinha, English in India : A Historical Study with Particular Reference to English Education in India, RvbKx cÉKvkbx, cvUbv, 1978|