অারিব

Aviwe Avie ˆ`Gki fvlv ‰es ˆmwgwUK ev mvwg fvlvcwievGii A¯¦fÆyî×| gƒj mvwg fvlv ‰Lb Avi ˆbB, ZGe fvlvwe`G`i gGZ Aviwe gƒj mvwg fvlvi wbKUZg| AbÅvbÅ mvwg fvlvi bÅvq Aviwe fvlvqI ˆKvb Õ¼ieYÆ ˆbB, ˆKej eÅébeGYÆi mvnvGhÅB mgÕ¦ fve eÅî× Kiv nq|

Aviwe fvlvq AwaKvsk ˆÞGò wZbwU eGYÆi «¼viv avZz MwVZ nq| wò×qvcG`i Kvj `ywU-AZxZ (gvwh) I eZÆgvb (gyhvwi)| fwelÅr ˆevSvGZ wò×qvcG`i eZÆgvb i…cB eÅen…Z nq| Aviwe wò×qvc` ‰KB mGã Kvj, cyi‚l, wjã I ePb ˆevSvq, h^v: KvZvev wò×qvc` AZxZ Kvj, cÉ^g cyi‚l, cyswjã I ‰KePb wbG`Æk KGi| ‰ fvlvq wKÑewjã ˆbB; kõ nq cyswjã bv nq Õ¨xwjã, ˆhgb: kvg&m (mƒhÆ) Õ¨xwjã, Kgi (P±`Ê) cyswjã BZÅvw`| evKÅwebÅvGm bv-mƒPK AeÅq wò×qvcG`i cƒGeÆ eGm| Õ¼ieGYÆi AfvGe Õ¼iwPn× eÅen…Z nGjI Zv mvaviYZ wjwLZ nq bv| dGj fvlvwUi cVb wKQyUv RwUj|

Aviwe fvlvi mGã ‰G`Gki cwiPq NGUGQ my`ƒi AZxGZ evwYRÅmƒGò| Avie ewYKiv evwYRÅmÁ¿vi wbGq eGãvcmvMGii DcK„jxq e±`i PëMÉvg ev m±«¼xGc ˆcuŒQZ ‰es ˆmLvb ˆ^GK gvqvbgvi (evgÆv), gvjq Dc«¼xc BZÅvw` AwZò×g KGi PxGbi KÅvbUb chÆ¯¦ ˆhZ| AviGe Bmjvg aGgÆi AvwefÆvGei ciI evwYRÅmƒGò Zviv ‰ ˆ`Gk AvmZ ‰es ZvG`i mGã AvmZ mywd mvaKiv| ‰fvGe cÉvPxbKvGj AvieG`i ‰es cieZÆxKvGj Avie gymwjgG`i evsjvq hvZvqvGZi dGj evsjvi Awaevmxiv Aviwe fvlvi mGã cwiwPZ nq| Kvjò×Gg ‰ ˆ`kxq wKQy ˆjvK Bmjvg agÆÆ MÉnY KiGj ZvG`i gGaÅ Aviwe fvlv ˆkLvi AvMÉn m†wÓ¡ nq| Bmjvg cÉPviKMY bvgvh Av`vGqi RbÅ ˆhme gmwR` I LvbKvn wbgÆvY KGib, ˆmLvGb Aviwe KziAvb cvV I wkÞv`vGbi eÅeÕ©v Kiv nq| ‰fvGeB ‰ ˆ`Gk Aviwe PPvÆi mƒòcvZ nq|

eÅemvwqK cÉGqvRGb Avie ewYK ‰es agÆ cÉPvGi gymwjg mvaKG`i gvaÅGg wLËÓ¡xq mµ¦g-AÓ¡g kZvõx wKsev ZviI cƒGeÆ evsjv fvlvq Aviwe fvlvi wgkÉY ÷i‚ nq| dGj eü Aviwe kõ, ˆhgb Bmjvg, Cgvb, hvKvZ, nä, Bgvg, gyiZv`, DRy, àmj (ˆMvmj), diR, IqvwRe, my®²Z, nvjvj, nvivg BZÅvw` evsjv fvlvq AbycÉGek KGi| Š`bw±`b RxeGb eÅen…Z ‰gb AGbK Aviwe kõ evsjv fvlvq M†nxZ nGqGQ, ˆhàwji DœPviY I evbvGb eo iKGgi cwieZÆb NGUGQ; dGj ˆmàwji gƒj Aviwe i…c ‰Lb kbvî× Kiv kÉgmvaÅ eÅvcvi| ‰gb KZàwj kõ nGœQ AKzd (IqvKzd = Rvbv), ARyiv (AR&i = cvwikÉwgK), ˆRiv (Rin = ev`vbyev`), e`v (eq`v = wWg), gvGb (gv‘bv = A^Æ, ZvrchÆ) BZÅvw`|

evsjvG`Gki MÉvgvçGj weGklZ e†nîi PëMÉvg I ˆbvqvLvjx ˆRjvi MÉvgmgƒGn ˆh AvçwjK fvlv cÉPwjZ ZvGZ cÉPzi Aviwe kõ we`Ågvb| PëMÉvGgi Dcfvlvi ˆgvU kGõi cÉvq AGaÆK Aviwe ev Aviwe kõ RvZ| ‰ fvlvq wò×qvcG`i cƒGeÆ bv-mƒPK kGõi eÅenvi Aviwe fvlvi cÉfvGei dj|

evsjv fvlvq Aviwe kGõi eÅvcK AbycÉGek NGU gymwjg kvmbvgGj| ZLb dviwm ivÓ¡Ëfvlv ^vKvq Zvi cÉfve wQj eÅvcK| dGj dviwmi gvaÅGgI eü Aviwe kõ evsjv fvlvq AbycÉGek KGi| ˆhgb Aviwe w`qvdZ (AvcÅvqb) I àivev (AwZw^) kGõi dviwm DœPviY h^vò×Gg whqvdZ I Miev evsjvq eÅen…Z nq| Aviwe I evsjv fvlvi gGaÅ ‰B ˆh msGhvM, Zv Avi KLbIB wewœQ®² nq wb| ‰ ˆ`Gk Bmjvg aGgÆi cÉPvi ‰B msGhvMGK AviI eÅvcK I wbweo KGiGQ|

òGqv`k kZGK evsjvq gymwjg weRq mƒwPZ nIqvi cƒGeÆ ‰ ˆ`Gk AvMZ mywdG`i KGqKRb nGjb: kvqL Avng` (wf®² gGZ Ave»vm) Be&b nvghv wbkvcyix (g†ZzÅ 900, XvKv), evev Av`g knx` (g†ZzÅ 1119, XvKv ˆRjvi ivgcvGj), kvn myjZvb i‚gx (e†nîi gqgbwmsn ˆRjvi g`bcyGii Awaevmx wQGjb ‰es 1053 wLËÓ¡vGõ RxweZ wQGjb), kvn myjZvb gvwnmIqvi (eàovi gnvÕ©vb) ‰es gL`yg kvn (cvebvi kvnevRcyi)| ‰uiv Bmjvg cÉPvGii DGóGkÅ wewf®² Õ©vGb gmwR`, LvbKvn I gKZe cÉwZÓ¤v KGib, KviY agÆcÉPvGii mGã mGã agÆcvjGbi wkÞv`vbI wQj AcwinvhÆ| ‰Qvov evsjvq gymwjg kvmb KvGqg nIqvi ci agÆcÉPvGi AvñwbGew`Z mywd mvaKMY KZ‡ÆK wkÞvjq cÉwZÓ¤vi cÉgvYI cvIqv hvq| ˆhgb gvIjvbv ZKxDóxb Avj-Aviex (g†ZzÅ 1291) ivRkvnxi gvnxmyGbi gv`Ëvmvi cÉwZÓ¤vZv wQGjb| ‰wUGK ‰G`Gki cÉ^g gymwjg wkÞv cÉwZÓ¤vb eGj AwfwnZ Kiv nq| ‰ gv`Ëvmvq Aviwe I Bmjvwg welqvw` wkÞv ˆ`Iqv nGZv|

kidzóxb Avey ZIqvgv XvKvi ˆmvbviMuvI-‰ ‰KwU gv`Ëvmv cÉwZÓ¤v KGib mÁ¿eZ 1280 wLËÓ¡vGõi cÉ^g w`GK| ‰wU AwZ D®²Z gvGbi ‰KwU wkÞvcÉwZÓ¤vb wQj| weLÅvZ mywd mvaK kidzóxb Bqvwnqv gvGbix ‰ cÉwZÓ¤vGb evBk eQi AaÅvcbv KGib| ‰LvGb Bmjvwg welqvw` eÅZxZ weævGbi bvbv welGqI cvV`vb Kiv nGZv|

eaÆgvb ˆRjvi eynvi MÉvGgi weG`Åvrmvnx Rwg`vi gybkx m`&i‚óxGbi AbyGivGa jGÞ°Œi weLÅvZ Avwjg I wkÞvwe` gvIjvbv Ave`yj evix eynvGi AvMgb KGib| 1764 wLËÓ¡vGõ Zuvi RbÅ eynvGi ‰KwU gv`Ëvmv cÉwZwÓ¤Z nq| ‰i mgÕ¦ eÅqfvi enb KiGZb Dî× Rwg`vi| Kvjò×Gg gv`ËvmvwU e®¬ nGq ˆMGj Zvi weivU I gƒjÅevb MÉ¯©vMviwU BsGiR miKvGii wbG`ÆGk KjKvZv BGÁ·wiqvj (eZÆgvGb fviGZi RvZxq) MÉ¯©vMvGi ‘eynvi kvLv’ bvGg mshyî× nq|

gymwjg kvmGbi weÕ¦‡wZi mGã mGã evsjvG`Gki eü ‰jvKvq AviI AGbK gv`Ëvmv cÉwZwÓ¤Z nq| MGo cÉwZ Pvik Awaevmxi RbÅ ‰KwU KGi gKZe ev gv`Ëvmv ZrKvGj Pvjy wQj| cÉLÅvZ fviZwe` gÅvÝgyjvGii ‰K weeiY ˆ^GK Rvbv hvq, BsGiR kvmGbi cƒGeÆ evsjvq 80 nvRvi gv`Ëvmv cÉPwjZ wQj|

‰me gv`Ëvmv-gKZGe weGkl hGði mGã Aviwe fvlv ˆkLvGbv nGZv, hvGZ Qvò-Qvòxiv bvgvh Av`vq ‰es KziAvb I Iwhdv (Š`wbK cÉv^Æbvi eB) cvGV AfÅÕ¦ nq ‰es mwVKfvGe KziAvb ˆZjvIqvZ KiGZ cvGi| ZLb AekÅ cÉv^wgK ˆkÉYxGZ Aviwe wjLbc«¬wZ ˆkLvGbv nGZv bv, Zv ˆkLvGbv nGZv DœP ˆkÉYxGZ|

ZrKvjxb gymwjg weGk¼i wkÞveÅeÕ©v I cvVÅ welqàwj evsjvG`Gki gv`ËvmvqI Abym†Z nGZv| cvVÅ welqàwj cÉavbZ `yfvGM wefî× wQj- agÆxq I eyw«¬e†wîK| cÉ^gwUi Aaxb wQj Bjgyj wKivAvt (÷«¬ DœPviGY Aviwe cVb), a»wbweævb, KziAvGbi Zvdwmi (fvlÅ), nvw`mkvÕ¨, Avj-wdK&n (AvBb kvÕ¨), Avj-Kvjvg (wek¼vm msò×v¯¦ weævb), Aviwe fvlv I mvwnZÅ, Aviwe eÅvKiY I AjsKvikvÕ¨ ‰es wgivQ (`vqfvM weævb)| Avi w«¼ZxqwUi A¯¦fÆyî× wQj gb&wZK (hywî×we`Åv), wnK&gZ I dj&mdv (`kÆb I bxwZwe`Åv), ˆRÅvwZweÆævb I ˆRvwZlZî½, AsKkvÕ¨, exRMwYZ, RÅvwgwZ, ˆcŒiweævb, wPwKrmvweævb I mãxZwe`Åv (nvg&`, bv‘Z, MRj BZÅvw`)|

gKZe I gv`Ëvmv wkÞv mvZ ˆ^GK `k eQGi mgvµ¦ nGZv| DœPwkÞvi RbÅ wKQy gv`Ëvmv wbw`ÆÓ¡ wQj ‰es weGklæ nIqvi RbÅ `xNÆKvj IÕ¦vG`i mvnPGhÆ ^vKGZ nGZv| KziAvb-nvw`Gm cvi`wkÆZv I wdK&nkvGÕ¨ eyrcwî ARÆb wkwÞZ eÅwî×i RbÅ AcwinvhÆ wQj| KziAvb-nvw`Gmi fvlv Aviwe ‰es wdK&nkvGÕ¨i gƒj MÉ¯©àwjI AviweGZ iwPZ, ZvB Aviwe fvlvq chvÆµ¦ ævbvRÆb ZLb AwZ Ri‚wi eGj weGewPZ nGZv|

ZLb wkÞv wQj mÁ·ƒYÆ A‹eZwbK ‰es AwaKvsk ˆÞGò AvevwmK| wkÞv^ÆxG`i hveZxq eÅqfvi enb KiZ gv`Ëvmv KZ‡ÆcÞ| dGj wkÞv wQj mnRjfÅ ‰es miKvwi I ˆemiKvwi mvnvhÅKvixG`i wbq¯¨Ygyî×| wkÞKgíjx civgkÆò×Gg wbGRivB wkÞvmsò×v¯¦ hveZxq wm«¬v¯¦ MÉnY KiGZb ‰es QvòG`i mb`cò cÉ`vb KiGZb|

evsjvq my`xNÆ gymwjg kvmGb DœPgvGbi Aviwe MÉ¯© ˆZgb iwPZ nq wb, nGjI Zvi m®¬vb cvIqv hvq wb| ZGe ˆhàwj cvIqv ˆMGQ ˆmàwji gGaÅ DGÍÏLGhvMÅ KGqKwU nGjv: KvwR i‚Kbyóxb mvgviKvb&`xi (g†ZzÅ 1218/19) nvI`yj nqvZ| ‰wU ˆhvMkvGÕ¨i Ag†ZKzí bvgK ‰KwU msÕ•‡Z MÉG¯©i Aviwe Abyev`| AvÍÏvgv AveyZvIqvgv mywdZî½ mÁ¼G«¬ gKvgvZ bvgK ‰KwU MÉ¯© iPbv KGib, hv ‰Lb `yÓcÉvcÅ| evsjvi MfbÆi bvwmi‚óxb eyNiv LvGbi AvgGj (1283-1290) Kvwgj Kvixg bvgK ‰K Avwjg wdK&nkvGÕ¨i ‰KwU MÉ¯© iPbv KGib, hvi wkGivbvg gvRgy‘B-Lvbx dx ‘Avqwb’j- gv‘Avjx| kvqL KzZeyj AvjGgi nvw`m msKjb Abxmyj Myivev ‰KwU ài‚Z½cƒYÆ MÉ¯©| AvjvDóxb üGmb kvGni AvgGj (1494-1520) gynvwóQ gynvÁÃ` Be&b qvh`vb Õ¼nGÕ¦ 3 LGí mnxn eyLvixi Abywjwc ŠZwi KGib, hv evwKcyi jvBGeËwiGZ msiwÞZ AvGQ| ‰Qvov KGqKRb Kwei bvg cvIqv hvq huviv myjZvbG`i `ievGii mGã mswkÏÓ¡ wQGjb| ZGe ZuvG`i DœPgvGbi ˆKvb Aviwe KweZvi m®¬vb cvIqv hvq wb|

1765 mvGj BsGiRiv w`wÍÏi mgËvGUi wbKU ˆ^GK evsjvi ˆ`Iqvwb ÞgZv jvf KiGj ZLb ˆ^GKB gymjgvbG`i Õ¼v^ÆmswkÏÓ¡ AbÅvbÅ welGqi gGZv Aviwe wkÞvI msKzwPZ nGq AvGm| KviY, gmwR` ˆKw±`ÊK wKQy gKZe Qvov AbÅ mKj Bmjvwg wkÞvcÉwZÓ¤vb AÍ¸w`Gbi gGaÅ e®¬ KGi ˆ`Iqv nq| ‰i dGj AekÅ BsGiRG`i cGÞI ˆ`Gki kvmb cwiPvjbv Kiv, weGklZ wePvi wefvGMi KvR myÓ¤zfvGe mÁ·®² Kiv `ytmvaÅ nGq cGowQj, KviY ZLbI gymwjg AvBb Abyhvqx kvmbKvhÆ cwiPvwjZ nGZv| ZvB 1780 wLËÓ¡vGõ KwZcq gymwjg ˆbZ‡e†G±`i AvGe`Gb evsjvi ZrKvjxb kvmbKZÆv IqvGib ˆnwÕ¡sm KjKvZvq Avwjqv gv`Ëvmv bvGg ‰KwU Bmjvwg wkÞvcÉwZÓ¤vb Õ©vcb KGib| ‰i dGj evsjvq gv`Ëvmv wkÞv cybivq Pvjy nq ‰es ˆgvÍÏv wbhvgyóxb wmnvjfx (g†ZzÅ 1748) cÉYxZ cvVÅmƒwP Abyhvqx ‰ wkÞvò×g cwiPvwjZ nGZv| nvw`m, Zvdwmi, wdK&nkvÕ¨, Aviwe eÅvKiY I AjsKvikvÕ¨, hywî×we`Åv, wMÉK `kÆb (wnK&gZ) I Kvjvg (AvwK`vn) cvVÅ welq wnGmGe wbaÆvwiZ nq| Aviwe mvwnZÅ ZLb cvVÅmƒwPi A¯¦fÆyî× nq wb, ZGe KziAvb I nvw`mB mvwnZÅ wnGmGe cwVZ nGZv| 1871 wLËÓ¡vGõ Zvdwmi I nvw`Gmi AaÅqb eRÆb Kiv nq|

cÉ^g w`GK Aviwe wkÞv ÷ay eÅvKiGYi gGaÅB mxwgZ wQj| cGi 1908 wLËÓ¡vGõ nvw`m-Zvdwmi cybivq cvVÅmƒwPi A¯¦fÆzî× Kiv nq| Aviwe Av`e ev mvwnZÅI cvVÅmƒwPi A¯¦fÆyî× nq| IcGii ˆkÉYxmgƒGn (myIqvg, `yIqvg, Djv) MG`Å gKvgvGZ nvwiwi ‰es cG`Å w`Iqvb gyZvbvwe» I Avm-mve‘D’j-gy‘AvÍÏvKvZ cwVZ nGZv|

Aviwe wkÞvi weÕ¦vGii DGóGkÅ 1871 wLËÓ¡vGõ üMwj gv`Ëvmv ‰es 1873 wLËÓ¡vGõ XvKv, PëMÉvg I ivRkvnxGZ AviI wZbwU gv`Ëvmv cÉwZwÓ¤Z nq| ‰me gv`Ëvmv miKvi KZÆ†K cwiPvwjZ nGZv ‰es ‰àwjGZ KjKvZv gv`Ëvmvi cvVÅmƒwP Abym†Z nGZv|

‰ mgq ˆ^GK mvaviY wkÞv`vGbi DGóGkÅ eü Õ•zj-KGjR cÉwZwÓ¤Z nGZ ^vGK, wK¯§ A^Æ‹bwZK Š`bÅ ‰es agÆxq cÉwZe®¬KZvi KviGY gymwjg Qvòiv ˆm wkÞv MÉnGY eÅ^Æ nq| mvaviY wkÞvq Õ•zj I KGjGR Aviwe fvlv I mvwnZÅ HwœQK welq wnGmGe cVb-cvVGbi eÅeÕ©v cÉewZÆZ nq 1872-73 wkÞvelÆ ˆ^GK|

Bmjvwg wkÞvi ÞwZ mvab bv KGi wkÞvGK hyGMvcGhvMx Kivi DGóGkÅ ‘wbD wÕ•g gv`Ëvmv’ bvGg gv`Ëvmv wkÞvi Avi ‰KwU aviv 1915 wLËÓ¡vGõ cÉewZÆZ nq| ‰ avivi cvVÅmƒwPGZ Aviwei mGã BsGiwRGKI evaÅZvgƒjK Kiv nq| cGi ‰ avivq DœP gvaÅwgK ˆkÉYxI hyî× nq, hvGZ Qvòiv ‰Lvb ˆ^GK DîxYÆ nGq wek¼we`ÅvjGq cÉGek KiGZ cvGi| ‰ wÕ•gwU cÉeZÆGb kvgmyj Djvgv Avey bm&i InxG`i (1872-1953) hG^Ó¡ Ae`vb wQj| üMwj, XvKv I PëMÉvGg ‰ wÕ•Ggi AaxGb miKvwi BmjvwgK B´ŸviwgwWGqU KGjR cÉwZwÓ¤Z nq| ˆemiKvwifvGeI wKQy KGjR Õ©vwcZ nq| ‰ wÕ•Ggi cÉwZ gymwjg RbmvaviY weGklfvGe AvK‡Ó¡ nq ‰es ‰i AvIZvaxb wkÞvcÉwZÓ¤vbàwjGZ ˆhme ˆgavex QvGòi mgvGek NGUwQj Zuviv ‰ avivq wkÞv jvf KGi wek¼we`ÅvjGqi mG»ÆvœP wWwMÉ ARÆGb mÞg nb|

fviZxq DcgnvG`Gki wefwî×i ci KjKvZv gv`Ëvmv 1947 mvGj XvKvq Õ©vbv¯¦wiZ nq| wK¯§ cvwKÕ¦vb miKvi gv`Ëvmv wkÞvi cÉwZ ˆZgb Drmvn ˆ`Lvq wb| ZvG`i AvgGj 1965-66 wkÞveGlÆ cÉwZÓ¤vi gvò cçvk eQi ci ‰ wÕ•gwU wejyµ¦ nGq hvq ‰es wek¼we`Åvjq chÆvGq Aviwe wefvM h^vixwZ Pvjy ^vKGjI AGbK KGjGRB Aviwei cVb-cvVb e®¬ nGq hvq|

KIgx gv`Ëvmv bvGg gv`Ëvmv wkÞvi AviI ‰KwU aviv eüKvj cƒeÆ ˆ^GKB evsjvG`Gk cÉPwjZ AvGQ| PëMÉvg ˆRjvi nvUnvRvwi I cwUqvi gv`Ëvmv«¼q, XvKvi jvjevM I hvòvevwo gv`Ëvmv«¼q, gqgbwmsGni evwjqv gv`Ëvmv I wKGkviMGéi Rvwgqv Bg`vw`qv gv`Ëvmv Dî× cÉKvGii KGqKwU weLÅvZ gv`Ëvmv| ‰ aiGbi gv`Ëvmvi msLÅv ò×gk e†w«¬ ˆcGZ ^vGK| ‰àwjGZ Aviwe wkÞv evaÅZvgƒjK ‰es Aviwe eÅvKiY wkÞvi cÉwZ weGklfvGe ˆRvi ˆ`Iqv nq| ÷ay Zv-B bq, ˆkÉYxi bvgKiYI Kiv nq Aviwe eÅvKiY MÉG¯©i bvgvbymvGi, ˆhgb gxhvb ˆkÉYx, bvn&Igxi ˆkÉYx, wn`vqZzb bvn&I ˆkÉYx BZÅvw`|

KjKvZv wek¼we`ÅvjGqi Aaxb Õ•zj-KGjGR HwœQK welq wnGmGe Aviwe wkÞvi eÅeÕ©v Pvjy nGjI gymwjg Qvò msLÅv Kg ^vKvq Aviwe wkÞv^Æxi msLÅvI wQj Kg, hw`I axGi axGi AeÕ©vi cwieZÆb nGZ ^vGK| ‰K mgq gymwjg QvòG`i cÉvq mKGjB Aviwe HwœQK welqi…Gc MÉnY KiGZ ^vGK ‰es chÆvqò×Gg AviweGZ AbvmÆ I ‰g.‰ wWwMÉ cÉewZÆZ nq|

XvKv wek¼we`ÅvjGqi cÉwZÓ¤vj™² (1921) ˆ^GKB Aviwe I BmjvwgK Õ¡vwWR wefvM Kjv AbylG`i ‰KwU ài‚Z½cƒYÆ wefvM wnGmGe MYÅ nq| BmjvwgK B´ŸviwgwWGqU KGjR ˆ^GK AvB.‰ (wm-MÉ‚c) cixÞvq DîxYÆ Qvòiv ZLb ‰ wefvGM fwZÆ nGZv, wK¯§ Avwjqv gv`Ëvmvi Qvòiv ‰ myGhvM ˆcZ bv| ‰ wefvM ˆ^GK wWwMÉcÉvµ¦ Qvòiv cieZÆxKvGj Aviwe wkÞvi ˆÞGò cÉf„Z Ae`vb ivGLb|

‰G`Gk Aviwe PPÆvi ˆÞGò huvG`i DGÍÏLGhvMÅ Ae`vb iGqGQ ZuvG`i gGaÅ gvIjvbv ˆKivgZ Avjx ˆRŒbcyix AMÉMYÅ| wZwb wQGjb ‰KRb agÆcÉPviK I mgvR msÕ•viK| Zuvi PviwU MÉG¯©i gGaÅ `vIqvZ gvm&bƒbv ˆ`vqv-Kvjvg mÁ·KÆxq iPbv| Aviwe I D`yÆ fvlvq ‰wU iwPZ| gyjvL&Lvm I eivnxb KvZ‘BqÅv dx gIjƒw` Lvqwij-ewiqÅv MÉ¯©«¼q gIjƒ` mÁ·GKÆ wjwLZ ‰es bmxgyj-nigvqb MÉG¯© Bmjvwg wP¯¦vaviv I ZrmÁ·wKÆZ gZweGiva AvGjvwPZ nGqGQ|

gvIjvbv Ievq`yÍÏvn Avj Ievq`x ˆmvnivIqv`Æx wQGjb ‰KRb wewkÓ¡ wkÞvwe` I XvKv gyn&wmwbqv gv`Ëvmvi mycvwibGUG´£´Ÿ| Zuvi iwPZ MÉ¯© cuvPwU wZbwU cvVÅcyÕ§K I `ywU `kÆb welqK| Ievq`x AviweGZ KweZvI iPbv KGiGQb| Lvb evnv`yi Ave`yj Kixg LvKx (g†ZzÅ 1891-99-‰i gGaÅ) ‰KwU wdK&n MÉG¯©i fvlÅ AviweGZ iPbv KGib hvi bvg RvwgD‘i i‚gyh| Zvdmxi‚dZ&wnj-Kvjvg bvGg AviweGZ Zuvi ‰KwU ZvdwmiI iGqGQ|

gv`Ëvmvi cvVÅmƒwPGZ wKQy cwieZÆb nGj ‰es 1872 mvGj Õ•zj-KGjGR Aviwe wkÞv cÉewZÆZ nGj Aviwe wkÞKMY Aviwe cvVÅcyÕ¦K iPbvq AvMÉnx nb| ZuvG`i gGaÅ gvIjvbv gynvÁÃ` gymv (g†ZzÅ 1964), gydZx Šmq` gynvÁÃ` Avgxgyj Bn&mvb (g†ZzÅ 1974), gvIjvbv AvjvDóxb Avj-Avhnvix I kvgmyj Djvgv Avey bmi Inx` ‰GÞGò weGkl Ae`vb ivGLb| Zuviv gƒjZ Aviwe MÉG¯©i msKjb KGib, hw`I ZuvG`i wKQy wKQy ˆgŒwjK iPbvI iGqGQ| ˆhgb gvIjvbv gymvi mye&nvZzj Av`e I wKZveyj Avgvjxn| gydZx Avgxgyj Bn&mvb Zvdwmi, nvw`m I wdK&nkvGÕ¨i wKQy gƒjÅevb MÉ¯© iPbv KGib| ˆmàwj gv`Ëvmvi DœP ˆkÉYxi `xbx welGqi RbÅ mnvqK MÉ¯© wnGmGe ˆ`Gk-weG`Gk Õ¼xK‡wZ jvf KGi| Zuvi wdKnymy-mybb Iqvj AvQvi nvw`m I wdK&wn gmvBGji ‰KwU ài‚Z½cƒYÆ MÉ¯©| ‰GZ nvbvdx gvhnvGii gZvgZmgƒn AvGjvwPZ nGqGQ| KvIqvB`yj& wdK&n Zuvi Z`Ë…c Avi ‰KwU wek` MÉ¯©| gvIjvbv Avj-Avhnvixi Avj-Av`veyj-Avmix Õ•zGji cvVÅcyÕ¦K| kvgmyj Djvgv Inx` cuvPwU Aviwe MÉG¯©i iPwqZv| ‰àwj wbD wÕ•g gv`Ëvmvi cvVÅmƒwP Abyhvqx iwPZ|

‰G`Gki Aviwewe`G`i AGbGKB AviweGZ my±`i KweZv iPbv KGiGQb| ZuvG`i KGqKRb nGjb Šmq` Ave`yi ikx` kvnRv`cyix (g†ZzÅ cÉ^g wek¼hyG«¬i mgq), gydZx Avhxhyj nK (g†ZzÅ 1960), gvIjvbv Ave`yi ingvb KvkMox (1912-1971), nvGdR gynvÁÃ` Kze»v` (g†ZzÅ 1975) I kvgmyj Djvgv ˆejvqvr ümvBb (g†ZzÅ 1984)| ‰uiv cÉvq mKGjB gnvbexi (mt) cÉksmvgƒjK Kvwm`v (`xNÆ KweZv) iPbv KGiGQb| ˆejvqvr ümvBGbi ‘Avj-weZvKvt’ KweZvwU XvKv wek¼we`ÅvjGqi BmjvwgK Õ¡vwWR I Aviwe welGq ‰g.‰ cÉ^g cGeÆ wKQyKvj cvVÅ wQj| gvIjvbv KvkMoxi Avh-hnvivZ MÉG¯© wewf®² welq mÁ·GKÆ iwPZ PgrKvi wKQy KweZv AvGQ| gvIjvbv Ave`yj AvIqvj ˆRŒbcyixi (g†ZzÅ 1920) 40wU Aviwe cyÕ¦K-cywÕ¦Kv cÉKvwkZ nGqGQ| ˆmàwji welqeÕ§ mvwnZÅ, BwZnvm I agÆ| gvIjvbv Ave`yÍÏvn Avj-Kvdxi (g†ZzÅ 1960) Bmjvwg welGq gƒjÅevb 12wU MÉ¯© cÉKvwkZ nGqGQ| ˆmàwji welqeÕ§i DcÕ©vcbv I fvlv cÉGqvM cÉksmbxq| weMZ ‰K kZvõxGZ evsjvG`Gk Aviwe fvlv I mvwnGZÅi DGÍÏLGhvMÅ PPÆv nGqGQ|

‰G`Gk AgymwjgivI Aviwe fvlv I mvwnGZÅi PPÆvq weGkl Ae`vb ˆiGLGQb| eËvþ mgvGRi cÉwZÓ¤vZv ivRv ivgGgvnb ivq ZzndvZzj& gyIqvn&&wn`xb (1803) bvGg dviwmGZ ZvIwn` welGq ˆh MÉ¯©wU iPbv KGib Zvi ‰KwU `xNÆ f„wgKv wjGLGQb AviweGZ| fvB wMwikP±`Ê ˆmb (1835-1910) Aviwe fvlv wkGL cÉ^g KziAvb kixGdi cƒYÆ eãvbyev` KGib ‰es wgkKvZ kixGdiI AvswkK Abyev` KGib|

1971 mvGj Õ¼vaxb evsjvG`Gki D«¿Gei ci Aviwe fvlv I mvwnGZÅi PPÆvq Af„ZcƒeÆ MwZi mçvi nq| 1985 mvGj Bmjvgx wek¼we`Åvjq cÉwZwÓ¤Z nGj ˆmLvGb Bmjvwg wkÞv Abyl` cÉewZÆZ nq| ‰ AbylG`i AaxGb Aviwe wefvM I Bmjvwg welGq Õ¼Z¯¨ wZbwU wefvM ˆLvjv nq| ˆkGli wZbwU wefvGM wkÞvi gvaÅg Aviwe| ‰Qvov BZtcƒGeÆ 1975 mvGj BmjvwgK dvDG´£kb evsjvG`k cÉwZwÓ¤Z nq| ‰ cÉwZÓ¤vb ˆ^GK Bmjvg mÁ·GKÆ AviweGZ KGqKwU MÉ¯© cÉKvwkZ nGqGQ| ˆm mGei gGaÅ ‰ ˆK ‰g AvBqƒe Avjxi AvKx`Zzj& Bmjvg Iqvj& Bgvg Avj&-gvZzix`x ‰es gynvÁÃ` gyÕ¦vwdRyi ingvGbi ZvexjvZz Avn&wjm& my®²vn MÉ¯©«¼q ˆ`k-weG`Gk eüjfvGe cÉkswmZ nGqGQ|

evsjvG`Gki mvaviY wek¼we`ÅvjqàwjGZI Aviwe wefvM iGqGQ| ˆmLvGb eü Qvò AaÅqb KiGQ| ‰me wek¼we`Åvjq ˆ^GK cÉvq cÉwZeQi wKQy Qvò ‰g.wdj I wc‰BP.wW wWwMÉ jvf KiGQ| ZvG`i iwPZ Awfm±`fÆmgƒGni ˆKvb ˆKvbwU AviweGZ wjwLZ| cÉmãZ DGÍÏLÅ ˆh, XvKv wek¼we`ÅvjGq wc‰BP.wW wWwMÉ cÉvµ¦ cÉ^g gymwjg iRe Avjx wghÆv Aviwe wefvGMi Qvò wQGjb| eZÆgvGb AviweGZ wWwMÉ cÉvµ¦ Qvòiv gaÅcÉvGPÅi wewf®² wek¼we`ÅvjGq DœP wkÞvq wbhyî× iGqGQ|

Õ¼vaxbZv jvGfi ci evsjvG`k ˆ^GK KGqKwU Aviwe cwòKv cÉKvwkZ nGqGQ ‰es ‰LbI nGœQ| KGqKwU DGÍÏLGhvMÅ cwòKv nGjv: AvjvDwób Avj-Avhnvix mÁ·vw`Z AvQ-QvKvdvt, BmjvwgK dvDG´£kb K‡ZÆK cÉKvwkZ gvRvÍÏvZzj gyIqvm& mvwZj BmjvwgqÅvn (‰`ywU eZÆgvGb wejyµ¦), XvKv wek¼we`ÅvjGqi Aviwe wefvMxq cwòKv Avj-gvRvÍÏvZzj‘AvivweqÅvn (1993 ˆ^GK), BK&iv cwòKv (XvKv `vi‚j AvivweqÅvn ˆ^GK cÉKvwkZ), nvi‚b Bmjvg Avev`xi mÁ·v`bvq gvwmK Avj-Kjg, Avj-gviKvhyj Bmjvgx XvKv KZ‡ÆK cÉKvwkZ cwòKv Avj-Bmjvn ‰es XvKv ˆ^GK cÉKvwkZ Avj-ü`v bvgK gvwmK cwòKv|
[Av.Z.g gyQGjnDóxb]

MÉ¯©cwé gvIjvbv Ave`ym mvîvi, ZvixGL gv`mvGq Avjxqvn, 1959; Ave`yj Kwig, evsjvi BwZnvm (myjZvbx Avgj), evsjv ‰KvGWgx, XvKv, 1977; W. gynvÁÃ` Ave`yÍÏvn, evsjvG`Gki LÅvZbvgv Aviexwe`&, XvKv, 1983; SGM Hilali, Perso-Arabic Elements in Bengali, Dhaka, 1967; Dr. AKM Ayub Ali, History of Traditional Islamic Education in Bangladesh, Dhaka, 1983; MM Ali, History of the Muslims of Bengal, Vol. 1A & 1B, Riyadh, 1985.