Ave`yj
nvwg` Lvb fvmvbx, (gIjvbv)
(1880-1976) agÆxq ˆbZv I ivRbxwZK| gIjvbv fvmvbx bvGg mgwaK
cwiwPZ| wZwb wQGjb ‰KRb Õ¼-wkwÞZ eÅwî×; Zuvi Rxeb wQj MÉvg wfwîK, gZev`
DMÉ ‰es JcwbGewkK ixwZbxwZi cÉwZ wZwb wQGjb AvÕ©vnxb| mviv ivR‹bwZK
RxeGb wZwb cÉPzi cÉfve cÉwZcwîi AwaKvix wQGjb ‰es ˆek wKQy mvaviY I
Õ©vbxq wbeÆvPGb RqxI nGqwQGjb; ZGe KLGbv ÞgZvq hvIqvi ˆPÓ¡v KGib wb|
Zuvi ˆbZ‡GZ½i wfwî wQj K‡lK kÉwgK RbmvaviY, hvG`i AwaKvi ‰es Õ¼v^Æ iÞvi
RbÅ wZwb wbiewœQ®²fvGe msMÉvg KGi ˆMGQb|
fvmvbx
1880 mvGj wmivRMé ˆRjvi abcvov MÉvGg R¯ÃMÉnY KGib| Zvi wcZv
wQGjb nvRx kivdZ Avjx Lvb| Õ©vbxq Õ•zj I gv`Ëvmvq KGqK eQi AaÅqb
Qvov Zvi weGkl ˆKvb cÉvwZÓ¤vwbK wkÞv wQj bv| wZwb KgÆRxeb ÷i‚
KGib UvãvBGji KvMgvwiGZ ‰KwU cÉv^wgK we`ÅvjGqi wkÞK wnGmGe|
cGi wZwb gqgbwmsn ˆRjvi nvjyqvNvU ‰jvKvi Kvjv MÉvGg ‰KwU gv`Ëvmvq
wkÞKZv KGib|
1919
mvGj weËwUk weGivax AmnGhvM I ˆLjvdZ AvG±`vjGb ˆhvM`vGbi gaÅ
w`Gq Zuvi ivR‹bwZK RxeGbi mƒPbv nq| cGi wZwb UvãvBj ˆRjvi mG¯¦vGl
wMGq Z^vKvi AZÅvPvwiZ K‡lKG`i ˆbZ‡Z½ MÉnY KGib| wòGki `kGKi
ˆkl w`GK wZwb AvmvGgi NvMgvivq emevmKvix evOvwjG`i Õ¼v^ÆiÞvi
RbÅ AvG±`vjb ÷i‚ KGib|
|
|
Ave`yj
nvwg` Lvb fvmvbx |
H ‰jvKvq eËþcyò b`xi fvmvbPGi ebÅvi Kej ˆ^GK evOvwj K‡lKG`i iÞvi RbÅ
wZwb ˆÕ¼œQvkÉGgi wfwîGZ ‰KwU euva wbgÆvY KGib| fvmvbPGii RbmvaviY ZvGK
‘fvmvbx mvGne’ eGj AwfwnZ KGi ‰es cieZÆxKvGj ‰B Dcvwa Zuvi bvGgi AwewœQ®²
AsGk cwiYZ nq|
Avmvg
miKvi AvBb KGi ‰gb ‰KwU ˆfŒGMvwjK mxgvGiLv ˆUGb ˆ`q hvGZ evOvwjiv H
mxgv AwZò×g KGi emwZ Õ©vcb KiGZ cviZ bv| ‰B AvBGbi eGj Õ©vbxq Angxqiv
‘evOvwj ˆL`vI’ AvG±`vjb ÷i‚ KGi| 1937 mvGj fvmvbx gymwjg jxGM ˆhvM`vb
KGib ‰es AwPGiB `Gji Avmvg kvLvi mfvcwZ wbeÆvwPZ nb| ‰B ˆfŒGMvwjK evaÅevaKZvi
eÅvcvGi AvmvGgi gyLÅg¯¨x mÅvi ˆgvnvÁÃ` mv`DÍÏvn&i mGã gIjvbv fvmvbxi
msNlÆ euvGa| fviZ wefvGMi mgq fvmvbx AvmvGgi ˆMvqvjcvov ˆRjvq ‰B cÉ^vi
wei‚G«¬ AvG±`vjGbi ˆbZ‡Z½ w`wœQGjb| Avmvg miKvi ZvGK ˆMɵ¦vi KGi ‰es
1947 mvGji ˆkGli w`GK ‰B kGZÆ gywî× ˆ`q ˆh, wZwb wPiw`Gbi RbÅ Avmvg
ˆQGo PGj hvGeb|
1948
mvGji ˆMvovi w`GK gIjvbv fvmvbx cƒeÆ evsjvq AvGmb, wK¯§ cÉvG`wkK gymwjg
jxGMi ˆbZ‡Z½ ˆ^GK ZvGK `ƒGi ivLv nq| f™² n…`Gq wZwb `wÞY UvãvBj ‰jvKvi
Dc-wbeÆvPGb gymwjg jxM cÉv^Æx ‰es KiwUqvi Rwg`vi Lyiig Lvb c®²xGK
civwRZ KGib| wK¯§ cÉvG`wkK MfbÆi Am`ycvGqi AwfGhvM ‰Gb wbeÆvPGbi djvdj
evwZj KGib ‰es mKj cÉv^ÆxGK 1950 mvj chƯ¦ wbeÆvPGb cÉwZ«¼w±«¼Zvi AGhvMÅ
eGj ˆNvlYv KGib| 1949 mvGj c®²xi Ici ˆ^GK ‰B evav ZzGj ˆbIqv nq, wK¯§
fvmvbxi Ici Zv ejer ^vGK|
1949
mvGj fvmvbx cybivq Avmvg hvb, ‰es ˆmLvGb ZvGK ˆMɵ¦vi KGi ayewo ˆRGj
cvVvGbv nq| wKQyw`b ci gywî× ˆcGq wZwb XvKvq wdGi AvGmb| ‰ mgq cƒeÆ
cvwKÕ¦vb gymwjg jxM ˆbZ‡GZ½ msKU ˆ`Lv ˆ`q ‰es `Gji hye-m`mÅ I QvòjxM
KgÆxG`i gGaÅ nZvkvi m†wÓ¡ nq| gymwjg jxGMi Þyº¬ m`mÅiv XvKvq 1949 mvGji
23-24 Ryb ‰K KgÆx mGÁÃjb Avn»vb KGi| ‰ mGÁÃjbwU AbywÓ¤Z nq Õ¼vgxevGMi
ˆivR MvGWÆGb| ‰GZ cÉG`Gki wewf®² ‰jvKv ˆ^GK cÉvq 300 cÉwZwbwa ˆhvM`vb
KGib| 24 Ryb cƒeÆ cvwKÕ¦vb AvIqvgx gymwjg jxM bvGg ‰KwU bZzb ivR‹bwZK
`j R¯Ãjvf KGi| ‰i mfvcwZ nb gIjvbv fvmvbx, ‰es UvãvBGji kvgmyj nK nb
mvaviY mÁ·v`K| R¯Ãw`Gb bZzb `jwU XvKvi AvigvwbGUvjvq fvmvbxi mfvcwZGZ½
‰KwU Rbmfvi AvGqvRb KGi| H Õ©vGb w«¼Zxq mfvwU Kiv nq 11 AGÙvei, ‰es
mfv ˆkGl cÉG`Gk `ywfÆÞveÕ©vi cÉwZevG` ‰KwU ˆkvfvhvòv wbGq mwPevjq AwfgyGL
AMÉmi nGj fvmvbxmn bZzb `Gji AGbK ˆbZvGK ˆMɵ¦vi Kiv nq| KvivMvGi AbkGbi
dGj Zuvi AeÕ©v mâUvc®² nIqvq ZvGK gywî× ˆ`Iqv nq (1950)|
1952
mvGji 21 ˆdeË‚qvwi XvKvq ivÓ¡Ëfvlv AvG±`vjGb cywjGki àwjGZ KGqKRb Qvò
wbnZ nb| fvmvbx ‰i Kov cÉwZev` KGib ‰es 23 ˆdeË‚qvwi ZuvGK Zuvi MÉvGgi
evwo ˆ^GK ˆMɵ¦vi KGi ˆRGj cvVvGbv nq| ivR‹bwZKfvGe fvmvbx ‰GZ AviI
kwî×kvjx nGq IGVb| cçvGki `kGKi cÉ^g w`GK fvmvbx meGPGq cÉwZev`x ‰es
kÉG«¬q ivRbxwZK wnGmGe wbGRGK cÉwZwÓ¤Z KGib| AvIqvgx gymwjg jxGMi mfvcwZ
wnGmGe fvmvbx ZLbKvi cuvPwU weGivax `j wbGq hyî×dÌ¥Ÿ
bvGg ‰KwU ˆgvPÆv MVb KGib| ‰ ˆgvPÆvi Acivci ˆbZv wQGjb ‰.ˆK dRjyj nK, ˆnvGmb knx` ˆmvn&ivIqv`Æx,
eãe®¬z ˆkL gywReyi ingvb I nvRx
ˆgvnvÁÃ` `vGbk| 1954 mvGji gvPÆ gvGm AbywÓ¤Z wbeÆvPGb hyî×dË´Ÿ
223wU Avmb jvf KGi ‰es gymwjg jxM cvq gvò 7wU Avmb|
evievi
KviveiGYi dGj KvivMvGi KwgDwbÕ¡G`i mGã gIjvbvi ˆhvMvGhvM NGU ‰es wZwb
mgvRZvw¯¨K gZev` mÁ·GKÆ AviI mGPZb nGq IGVb| KwgDwbÕ¡iv ZvGK Av`gRx
RyUwgj gR`yi BDwbqGbi ‰es cƒeÆ cvwKÕ¦vb ˆijIGq ‰gµÏqxR jxGMi mfvcwZ
KGi| 1954 mvGji ˆg w`eGm wZwb XvKv I bvivqYMGé `ywU e†nr kÉwgK mgvGeGk
mfvcwZZ½ KGib| H eQiB wZwb cƒeÆ cvwKÕ¦vb K‡lK mwgwZi mfvcwZ nb| ‰i A͸w`b
cGi wZwb KwgDwbÕ¡ cÉfvweZ Av¯¦RÆvwZK kvw¯¦ KwgwUi cƒeÆ cvwKÕ¦vb kvLvi
mfvcwZ cG` Avmxb nb ‰es Õ¡KGnvGg AbywÓ¤Z wek¼kvw¯¦ mGÁÃjGb ˆhvM`vb KGib|
‰ myGhvGM wZwb BDGivGci eü ˆ`k ögY KGi wek¼eÅvcx mgvRZvw¯¨K AvG±`vjb
mÁ·GKÆ cÉZÅÞ ævb jvf KGib|
BwZgGaÅ
AvIqvgx gymwjg jxM ‰es K‡lK kÉwgK cvwUÆi «¼G±«¼i KviGY hyî×dË´Ÿ fvOGbi
mÁÃyLxb nq| AvcÉvY ˆPÓ¡v KGiI wZwb ‰B «¼±«¼ ˆgUvGZ cvGib wb| ‰w`GK 1956
mvGj ˆKG±`Ê ˆnvGmb knx` ˆmvnivIqv`Æx AvIqvgx gymwjg jxM ˆKvqvwjkb miKvi
MVb KGib| ˆmvnivIqv`Æx cÉavbg¯¨x nb ‰es AvZvDi ingvb LvbGK cƒeÆ evsjvi
gyLÅg¯¨x Kiv nq| cvwKÕ¦vGbi msweavb cÉYqGbi eÅvcvGiI ˆmvnivIqv`Æxi mGã
gIjvbvi gZweGiva ˆ`Lv ˆ`q| cÉÕ¦vweZ cvwKÕ¦vb msweavGb msLÅvjNy RbGMvÓ¤xi
c†^K wbeÆvPb eÅeÕ©vi wei‚G«¬ gIjvbv ZxeË cÉwZev` KGib| ˆmvnivIqv`Æx
c†^K wbeÆvPGbi cÞcvwZ wQGjb| gIjvbv Zuvi gvwKÆb hyî×ivÓ¡Ë ˆNlv ŠeG`wkK
bxwZiI weGivwaZv KGib| wZwb ˆPGqwQGjb PxGbi mGã NwbÓ¤ mÁ·KÆ MGo ZzjGZ|
gIjvbv
fvmvbx 1957 mvGj KvMgvwiGZ AvIqvgx jxGMi ‰K mGÁÃjb Avn»vb KGib| H mGÁÃjGb
wZwb ˆmvnivIqv`Æxi ŠeG`wkK bxwZi ZxeË weGivwaZv KGib| ‰B gZweGivGai
KviGY `Gj fvOb Õ·Ó¡ nGq IGV| H eQi gIjvbv fvmvbx XvKvq cvwKÕ¦vGbi mKj
evgc¯©x `Gji ‰KwU mGÁÃjb Avn»vb KGib ‰es bÅvkbvj AvIqvgx cvwUÆ (bÅvc)
bvGg ‰KwU bZzb `j MVb KGib| wZwb ‰B `Gji mfvcwZ nb ‰es ‰i ˆmGò×Uvwi
ˆRbvGij nb cwøg cvwKÕ¦vGbi gvngy`yj nK Imgvbx| ‰B mgq ˆ^GK gIjvbv cÉKvGkÅ
evgc¯©x ivRbxwZ AbymiY KiGZ ^vGKb|
1958
mvGj cvwKÕ¦vGbi ˆmbvcÉavb AvBqye Lvb ivÓ¡Ëxq ÞgZv `Lj KiGj gIjvbvGK
Avevi AvUK Kiv nq| 1963 mvGj ˆRj ˆ^GK gywî× cvIqvi ci gIjvbv Pxb ögGY
hvb ‰es 1964 mvGj nvfvbvq wek¼ kvw¯¦ mGÁÃjGb AskMÉnY KGib| wZwb AvBqye
LvGbi cÉÕ¦vweZ ˆgŒwjK MYZ¯¨xG`i «¼viv MwVZ wbeÆvPKgíjxi KGVvi weGivwaZv
KGib ‰es cÉvµ¦eqGÕ•i ˆfvUvwaKvGii wfwîGZ wbeÆvPGbi cGÞ AvG±`vjb ÷i‚
KGib| 1967 mvGj wek¼ mgvRZ¯¨ ˆmvwfGqZc¯©x I Pxbc¯©x ‰B `yB wkweGi wefî×
nGq cGo| cƒeÆ cvwKÕ¦vb bÅvcI fvM nq, ‰es gIjvbv Pxbc¯©x `Gji ˆbZ‡GZ½
^vGKb|
wZwb
AvBqye miKviGK mvgËvRÅevG`i ˆjRyo wnGmGe MYÅ KGib ‰es AvBqye LvbGK ÞgZv
ˆ^GK AcmviGYi RbÅ AvG±`vjb ÷i‚ KGib| wZwb ˆkL gywReyi ingvGbi wei‚G«¬
`vGqiK‡Z wg^Åv gvgjv cÉZÅvnvi ‰es ZvGK gywî× `vGbi RbÅ Pvc m†wÓ¡ KGib|
weGivax`Gji KGVvi AvG±`vjGbi gyGL AvBqye Lvb c`ZÅvM KGib ‰es ˆmbvevwnbx
cÉavb ˆRbvGij Bqvwnqv Lvb ÞgZvq Avmxb nb| ivR‹bwZK msKU wbimGbi
RbÅ Bqvwnqv Lvb 1970 mvGji 7 wWGmÁ¼i cvjÆvGg´Ÿ wbeÆvPGbi eÅeÕ©v KGib|
gIjvbv wbeÆvPb eqKU KGi bGfÁ¼Gii cÉjqâix NywYÆSGo DcK„jxq AçGji ÞwZMÉÕ¦
ˆjvKG`i òvY I cybeÆvmGb AvZÄwbGqvM KGib| NywYÆSGo ÞwZMÉÕ¦G`i cÉwZ ˆK±`Êxq
miKvGii AeGnjvi KviGY gIjvbv cÉKvGkÅ cƒeÆ cvwKÕ¦vGbi Õ¼vaxbZv `vwe KGib|
1971
mvGj gywî×hy«¬ ÷i‚ nGj gIjvbv fvmvbx fviGZ PGj hvb; wK¯§ Õ¼vaxbZv
hyG«¬i cÉvq cƒYÆ mgq ZvGK w`wÍÏGZ AvUK ivLv nq| 1972 mvGji 22 Rvbyqvwi
XvKvq wdGi wZwb meÆcÉ^g ˆh `vwewU ˆZvGjb Zv nGjv evsjvG`k f„Lí ˆ^GK
fviZxq ˆmbvevwnbxi AcmviY| H eQi 25 ˆdeË‚qvwi wZwb ‘nKK^v’ bvGg ‰KwU
mvµ¦vwnK cwòKvi cÉKvkbv ÷i‚ KGib| AwPGiB cwòKvwUi cÉPvi msLÅv e†w«¬
ˆcGZ ^vGK| cwòKvwU A͸w`b cGiB wbwl«¬ ˆNvwlZ nq| 1973 mvGji cvjÆvGg´Ÿ
wbeÆvPGbi ci gIjvbv ˆ`Gk wbZÅcÉGqvRbxq `ËeÅvw`i gƒGjÅi EaÆMwZ, AvBb-k†OLjv
cwiwÕ©wZi AebwZ ‰es Lv`Å msKGUi cÉwZevG` Abkb ÷i‚ KGib| 1974 mvGj wZwb
üKzgZ-B-ie»vbx ZwiKvi cÉwZÓ¤v KGib ‰es AvIqvgx jxM miKvi ‰es fviZ-ˆmvwfGqGZi
KZ‡ÆGZ½i wei‚G«¬ ˆRnv` ˆNvlYv KGib| 1974 mvGji ‰wcÉj gvGm QqwU `j wbGq
gIjvbvi ˆbZ‡GZ½ ‰KwU hyî×dÌ´Ÿ MVb Kiv nq| ‰B dÌ´Ÿ fviZ-evsjvG`k mxgvbv
Pzwî× AwejGÁ¼ i` ‰es weGivax `Gji wei‚G«¬ wbhÆvZbgƒjK KgÆKví e®¬ Kivi
`vwe Rvbvq| 30 Ryb gIjvbvGK ˆMɵ¦vi KGi UvãvBj ˆRjvi mG¯¦vGl Õ¼xq evmfeGb
M†ne±`x Kiv nq| gIjvbv fvmvbx dvivØv Pzwî×GK evsjvG`Gki Õ¼vG^Æi cwic¯©x
eGj gGb KGib| wZwb 1976 mvGji 16 ˆg ivRkvnx ˆ^GK dvivØv AwfgyGL ‰K js
gvGPÆ ˆbZ‡Z½ ˆ`b| 1976 mvGji 2 AGÙvei wZwb ˆLv`vqx wL`gZMvi bvGg ‰KwU
bZzb msMVb MGo ˆZvGjb ‰es mG¯¦vGl Bmjvgx wek¼we`Åvjq Õ©vcGbi KvGR AvZÄwbGqvM
KGib| wZwb mG¯¦vGl ‰KwU KvwiMwi wkÞv KGjR, ˆgGqG`i ‰KwU Õ•zj ‰es ‰KwU
wk÷ ˆK±`Ê Õ©vcb KGib| wZwb cvuPweweGZ bRi‚j Bmjvg KGjR ‰es KvMgvwiGZ
gIjvbv ˆgvnvÁÃ` Avjx KGjR cÉwZÓ¤v KGib| AvmvGg wZwb BwZcƒGeÆ 30wU wkÞv
cÉwZÓ¤vb Õ©vcb KGiwQGjb| wZwb 1976 mvGji 17 bGfÁ¼i g†ZzÅeiY KGib| ZuvGK
mG¯¦vGl mgvwnZ Kiv nq| [‰bvgyj nK]
