AvaywbK Mvb  cÉMwZkxj wP¯¦vcÉmƒZ hyM`vwe Abyhvqx iwPZ Mvb| Rxeb I RMr mÁ·GKÆ bZzb `†wÓ¡fwã, myi‚wPmÁÃZ fve, fvlv I AvaywbK myi-Zvj mg¯¼Gq ‰i Drcwî| AvVvGiv kZGKi ˆklfvGM wbay àGµ¦i Uµ¸v MvGbi gvaÅGg AvaywbK evsjv MvGbi mƒPbv nq| mƒPbvjG™² bibvixi ˆcÉgweiGni Kvwnbx wQj ‰i gyLÅ welq|

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AvaywbK Mvb K^vwk͸ I myiwkG͸i mg¯¼Gq ‰K Aci…c m†wÓ¡| wn±`yÕ©vwb MvGbi gGZv evsjv MvGb myGii cÉvavbÅ ^vGK bv, ^vGK KvGeÅi cÉvavbÅ; myi ZvGK eÅwéZ I imgq KGi ˆZvGj| evsjvi wbRÕ¼ mvãxwZK cwigíGj ‰B ŠewkÓ¡Å wbGq bZzb fve I fvebv ‰es cixÞv-wbixÞvi gvaÅGg AvaywbK MvGbi D«¿e I weKvk NGUGQ|

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‰KwU mv^ÆK AvaywbK MvGbi jÞYxq w`Kàwj nGœQ Õ¼i-Mɯ©bvi Dcvq D«¿veb, cixÞY I wbixÞY; wewf®² ˆ`Gki wewf®² ixwZi mãxZ ˆ^GK cÉGqvRbxq Dcv`vb AvñÕ©KiY; myimsGhvRbvq bvbv eÅébv, BwãZ I weÕÃq m†wÓ¡i ˆKŒkj D«¿veb; ‰KGNGqwg `ƒi KGi fvevbyM wewf®² myi m†Rb; QG±` ŠewPòÅ mvab; MxZ Abyhvqx K¥¤ wbeÆvPb A^ev K¥¤ Abyhvqx myi msGhvRb ‰es h¯¨mãxZ mÁ¼G®¬ AwfæZv I `ÞZv| AvaywbK mãxGZi ‰me ŠewkÓ¡Å jÞÅ KGiB ‰ hyGMi mãxZKviMY mãxZ iPbvq cÉqvmx nb|

evsjv MvGbi BwZnvm chÆvGjvPbvq cÉ^g hyGMi AvaywbK MvGbi wbgÆvYwk͸x wnGmGe wbayevey, Kvwj`vm PGëvcvaÅvq ev Kvjx gxRÆv, iNybv^ ivq, kÉxai K^K cÉgyGLi bvg cvIqv hvq| wn±`yÕ©vwb ivMmãxZ Uµ¸vi Av`Gj wbayevey ˆh evsjv Uµ¸v iPbv KGib ZvGZ KveÅàY wePvGi, myGii be i…cvqGY ‰es mgmvgwqK evÕ¦e RMGZi ixwZbxwZwfwîK welGqi AvwãGK AvaywbK MvGbi cÉviwÁ¿K wPòwU cwijwÞZ nq|

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‰ aiGbi Mvb AvaywbK evsjv MvGbi ŠewkÓ¡ÅgwíZ bq, A^Ævr ‰àwj evsjv KveÅmãxZ bq| evsjv MvGbi ‰i…c cwiGekGK DGcÞv I AwZò×g KGiB wbayevey ‰es cieZÆxKvGj iex±`ÊbvG^i gGZv cÉwZfvai mãxZKvGii AvñcÉKvk NGU| AvaywbK evsjv Mvb fve, fvlv I myGi mg†«¬ DœPgvGMÆi myi‚wPmÁ·®² ‰KwU mvãxwZK aviv| ‰ Mvb KgjvKv¯¦, wbayevey, Kvjx wgRÆv, `vkiw^ ivq, ˆMvcvj DGo, kÉxai K^K ˆ^GK ÷i‚ KGi iex±`Êbv^, w«¼GR±`Êjvj, iRbxKv¯¦, AZzjcÉmv` I bRi‚Gj ‰Gm cƒYÆZv jvf KGi| ‰uG`i MvGbi ŠewkÓ¡Å mÁ·GKÆ KGqKwU `†Ó¡v¯¦ ˆ`Iqv hvq, ˆhgb wbayeveyi iPbv: ‘Avgvwi gGbi `ytL wPiw`b gGb iwnj| dzKvwi Kuvw`GZ bvwi weGœQG` cÉvY `wnj\ ’| ‰B avivcÉevGn iex±`ÊbvG^i iPbv: ‘Þgv KGiv ˆgvGi mLx, ÷avGqv bv Avi/ giGg jyKvGbv ^vK giGgi fvi’| ‰Qvov wbayevey iwPZ ‘bvbvb ˆ`Gki bvbvb fvlv/ weGb Õ¼G`kxq fvlv cyGi wK Avkv|’| MvbwU evsjv fvlvfvwlMGYi wbRÕ¼ fvlvcÉxwZi cÉ^g Dä¾j mvãxwZK Õ¼vÞi| ‰ mgGqi AvaywbK MvGbi AviI wKQy D`vniY, ˆhgb kÉxai K^GKi Mvb: ‘ZvGi fzwje ˆKgGb/ Avwg cÉvY muwcqvwQ hvGi Avcb ˆRGb|’; ˆMvcvj DGoi Mvb: ‘H ˆ`Lv hvq evox Avgvi/ Pviw`GK gvjGçi ˆeov|’|

cieZÆx chÆvGqi wKQy MvGbi `†Ó¡v¯¦, ˆhgb w«¼GR±`Êjvj ivGqi Mvb: ‘ˆm ˆKb ˆ`Lv w`jGi/ bv ˆ`Lv wQj ˆi fvj|’; iRbxKvG¯¦i Mvb: ‘gayi ˆm gyLLvwb/ KLbI wK ˆfvjv hvq|’; AZzjcÉmvG`i Mvb: ‘ˆZvgvi bqb cvGZ/ NywPqv wMqvGQ wbkv|’; bRi‚Gji Mvb: ‘‰Gmv wcÉqv AvGiv KvGQ|’- ‰ MvbàwjGZ bibvixi cÉYqwfwîK ˆh fve eÅî× nGqGQ Zvi gaÅ w`Gq AvaywbK MvGbi ggÆ Dcjwº¬ Kiv hvq ‰es ˆmmGã wewf®² MxwZKvGii iPbv‹kjxGZ eÅwî×Õ¼vZ¯¨ÅI jÞÅ Kiv hvq|

Dwbk kZGKi gvSvgvwS ˆ^GK wek kZGKi gvSvgvwS mgq chƯ¦ KjKvZvi bMiRxeGb mvgvwRK I mvsÕ•‡wZK cwieZÆGbi ˆRvqvi ‰GmwQj| Zvi dGj ZLbKvi KjKvZvq ‰K bZzb mvãxwZK RvMiGYi m†wÓ¡ nq ‰es cÉwZfvevb mãxZæMGYi wgwjZ cÉqvGm evsjv mãxGZi ‰K bZzb w`M¯¦ DG¯ÃvwPZ nq| ZuvG`i gGaÅ ˆkŒix±`ÊGgvnb VvKzi, ˆÞòGgvnb ˆMvÕ¼vgx, K‡úab eG±`ÅvcvaÅvq ‰es ˆRÅvwZwi±`Êbv^ VvKzGii bvg weGklfvGe DGÍÏLGhvMÅ| mãxGZi Zî½MZ welGq ‰uG`i Ae`vb my`ƒicÉmvix| ˆRÅvwZwi±`Êbv^K‡Z AvKvigvwòK c«¬wZ evsjv MvGbi RbÅ ‰Kgvò cÉPwjZ Õ¼iwjwc| wZwbB meÆcÉ^g 1867 mvGji 5 Rvbyqvwi ˆRvovmuvGKv gGç ivgbvivqY ZKÆið iwPZ be-bvUK-‰i Awfbq DcjGÞ evsjv iãgGç ˆ`wkweG`kx myi mg¯¼Gq AGKÆÕ¡Ëv m†wÓ¡ KGib| evsjv MvGbi AvaywbKxKiGY weG`kx myi I ev`ÅhG¯¨i cÉGqvRbmÁÃZ msGhvRb ZLb ˆ^GKB ÷i‚ nq| iex±`Êbv^ I w«¼GR±`ÊjvGji MvGb ‰B cixÞv-wbixÞvi mv^ÆK cÉgvY ˆgGj|

AvaywbK evsjv MvGbi weeZÆGbi avivq ZrKvjxb evsjvi HwZnvwmK I mvgvwRK AeÕ©vi ˆcÉÞvcGU ‰KwU mvãxwZK beRvMiGYi c^ cÉmvwiZ nGqwQj| ˆmB c^ aGi iwPZ nGqwQj AvaywbK MxZ‹kjxi i…cKvi cçMxwZKweG`i (iex±`Ê, w«¼GR±`Ê, iRbx, AZzj, bRi‚j) hyM| ‰ ˆÞGò iex±`Êbv^ wQGjb ‰KwU Õ¦Á¿Õ¼i…c| mãxGZi wewf®² avivi cÉGqvGM ‰es wbZÅbZzb mvãxwZK i…c D«¿veGb Zuvi cÉæv evsjvi mãxZRMrGK fvÕ¼i KGi ˆiGLGQ| wZwb aË‚cG`i PviwU ZzK" Õ©vqx, A¯¦iv, mçvix I AvGfvM ˆewki fvM MvGb eÅenvi KGiGQb, hv cieZÆxKvGj AvaywbK MvGbi MVbavivq cÉhyî× nq| aË‚c`, ˆLqvj, Uµ¸v, evDj, KxZÆb cÉf‡wZ aviv iex±`ÊiPbvq bei…c jvf KGi| iex±`ÊmãxZ gƒjZ gvMÆmãxZ I ˆ`wkmãxGZi wgjGb ‰K AcƒeÆ mãxZwk͸, hv cieZÆxKvGj AvaywbK MvGbi c^GK my`ƒicÉmvix KGiGQ|

iex±`ÊcÉwZfvq cÉfvweZ nGqI AvaywbK evsjv MvGbi BwZnvGm wbRÕ¼ ŠewkGÓ¡Å Õ©vb KGi wbGqGQb w«¼GR±`Êjvj ivq, iRbxKv¯¦ ˆmb I AZzjcÉmv`| ‰ici MvGbi K^v I myi iPbvq wf®² ˆgRvR I XO Z^v wewPò bv±`wbK immÁ¿vGi AvaywbK evsjv MvbGK F«¬ KGib KvRx bRi‚j Bmjvg| wZwb MÉvGgvGdvb ˆKvÁ·vwb ‰es AvKvkevYx KjKvZvi cÉPvi gvaÅGgi RbÅ hyGMi Pvwn`v Abyhvqx cÉPzi AvaywbK Mvb iPbv KGib| bRi‚Gji mgKvGj Avi huviv LÅvwZ ARÆb KGib Zuviv nGjb ˆmŒix±`ÊGgvnb gyGLvcvaÅvq, <ˆnGg±`ÊKzgvi ivq, Zzjmx jvwnox cÉgyL| 1907 mvGj MÉvGgvGdvb ˆiKWÆ, 1927 mvGj AvKvkevYx ˆK±`Ê ‰es cÉvq ‰KB mgGq mevK QvqvQwei cÉeZÆb nIqvq AvaywbK Mvb RbMGYi Lye KvGQ ˆcŒuGQ hvq|

bRi‚jcieZÆx AvaywbK evsjv MvGb ˆh AwfbeZ½ cwijwÞZ nq Zv nGjv, ‰KB MvGbi wf®² wf®² MxwZKvi I myiKvi| AvGM whwb Mvb iPbv KiGZb mvaviYZ wZwbB myi w`Gq Zv ˆMGq ˆkvbvGZb, wKsev wk͸xGK w`Gq cwiGekb KivGZb| wK¯§ bRi‚Gji ci ˆ^GK ‰B avivi cwieZÆb NGU| ZLb ˆ^GK ‰KRb Mvb ˆjGLb, AbÅRb Zvi myi KGib| ‰GZ myweav nq ‰B ˆh, myiKvi bv nGqI Mvb iPbv Kiv hvq, Avevi MxwZKvi bv nGqI myi Kiv hvq| eZÆgvGb AvaywbK MvGbi ‰wU ‰KwU weGkl jÞY|

iex±`Êbv^ I bRi‚j AvaywbK evsjv MvGbi K^v I myGii fzeGb ˆh wf®² XGOi AeZviYv KGib, ZviB cÉwZdjb NGU cieZÆxKvGji MxwZKvi I myiKviG`i gGaÅ| PwÍÏk-cçvGki `kGK MxwZKvi wnGmGe huviv LÅvwZ jvf KGib Zuviv nGjb ARq fëvPvhÆ, nxGib emy, ŠkGjb ivq, myGeva cyiKvqÕ©, wbwkKv¯¦, cÉYe ivq cÉgyL| myiKviG`i gGaÅ huviv cÉLÅvZ nGqwQGjb Zuviv nGjb wngvs÷Kzgvi `î, w`jxcKzgvi ivq, ivBPuv` eovj, K‡úP±`Ê ˆ` (Kvbv ˆKÓ¡), myaxijvj Pò×eZÆx, Awbj evMPx, Kgj `vk൦, Abycg NUK, myej `vk൦, kPxbG`e egÆY cÉgyL| ˆmKvGji cÉLÅvZ wk͸xG`i gGaÅ w`jxcKzgvi ivq, Kvbb ˆ`ex, K‡úP±`Ê ˆ`, Avãyi evjv, ˆK ‰j mvqMj, câRKzgvi gwÍÏK, RM¯Ãq wgò, abéq fëvPvhÆ, Škj ˆ`ex, kPxbG`e egÆY, ˆng¯¦Kzgvi gyGLvcvaÅvq weGklfvGe DGÍÏLGhvMÅ|

iex±`Ê-bRi‚j hyM chƯ¦ AvaywbK Mvb iPbvq Ck¼ifwî×, cÉK‡wZ, ˆ`kGcÉg, fvlv, bibvixi ˆcÉg BZÅvw` welq cÉvavbÅ ˆcGqGQ| wK¯§ cieZÆxKvGji ռ͸msLÅK MvGb ˆ`kvñGeva Z^v MYGPZbvi cÉwZdjb NUGjI AwaKvsk MvGbB ˆcÉg-weiGni cÉvavbÅ ˆ`Lv hvq| ZGe ‰K^v wVK ˆh, ZLbKvi MvGbi evYx, myi I cwiGekGb ˆh Škw͸K ˆgŒwjKZ½ wQj Zv AvRI mãxZGcÉgxG`i Avb±` ˆ`q| cçvk-lvGUi `kGK cwøgeGã AvaywbK evsjv MvGbi myi I cwiGekGbi AwfbeGZ½ huviv my`ƒicÉmvix Ae`vb ivGLb Zuviv nGjb mwjj ˆPŒayix, ˆMŒixcÉm®² gRyg`vi, Abj PGëvcvaÅvq, ˆng¯¦ gyGLvcvaÅvq, gv®²v ˆ`, f„Gcb nvRvwiKv, m®¬Åv gyGLvcvaÅvq, kÅvgj wgò, wKGkviKzgvi cÉgyL|

1947 mvGj fviZwefwî×i ci ZrKvjxb cƒeÆ cvwKÕ¦vGb bZzb KGi mãxGZi PPÆv, cÉPvi I cÉmvGii AvGqvRb ÷i‚ nq| ‰ mgGqi AvaywbK MvGbi evYx I myi iPbvq huviv ˆgŒwjKGZ½i cwiPq ˆ`b ZuvG`i gGaÅ Zvwjg ˆnvGmb, dii‚L Avng`, mvqx` wmwóKx, nvexeyi ingvb, kvgmyi ingvb, AvwRRyi ingvb, AaÅvcK Avey ˆnbv ˆgvÕ¦dv Kvgvj, AaÅvcK ˆgvnvÁÃ` gwbi‚ävgvb, MvRx gvRnvi‚j AvGbvqvi, Lvb AvZvDi ingvb, mgi `vm, AvjZvd gvngy`, Avõyj jwZd, Avõyj nvwjg ˆPŒayix, AveyeKi Lvb, IÕ¦v` AvGe` ˆnvGmb Lvb , L±`Kvi byi‚j Avjg I ˆkL mv`x LvGbi bvg DGÍÏLGhvMÅ| ‰uG`i iwPZ evYx I myGi cƒeÆeZÆx AvaywbK evsjv MvGbi aviv Abym†Z nGjI mvãxwZK PjGb I MVGb wf®² Õ¼vG`i AeZviYv myÕ·Ó¡| weGkl KGi 1952-i fvlv AvG±`vjb ˆ^GK 1971-‰i gywî×hy«¬ chƯ¦ MYmsMÉvGgi wewf®² cGeÆ ˆh-mgÕ¦ ˆ`kvñGevaK Mvb, ˆhgb: ‘Avgvi fvBGqi iGî× ivOvGbv ‰KzGk ˆdeË‚qvwi/ Avwg wK fzwjGZ cvwi’, ‘Rq evsjv evsjvi Rq’, ‘cƒeÆ w`MG¯¦ mƒhÆ DGVGQ/ iî× jvj iî× jvj’, ‘Avgvi ˆ`Gki gvwUi MG®¬’ BZÅvw` cÉR¯Ãv¯¦Gii RbÅ wPi `xwµ¦gvb nGq AvGQ| K¥¤wk͸x wnGmGe ˆm mgq huviv LÅvwZ ARÆb KGib Zuviv nGjb gvneyev ingvb, AveyeKi Lvb, AvGbvqviDwób Lvb, ˆgvt Ave`yj Re»vi, gvn&gy`y®²ex, ˆdiG`Œmx ingvb, dwi`v Bqvmgxb, Šmq` Ave`yj nv`x, Avéygvb Aviv ˆeMg, dIwRqv Bqvmgxb, BmgZ Aviv, kvn&bvR ingZDÍÏvn&, i‚bv jvqjv, mvwebv Bqvmgxb cÉgyL|

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eZÆgvGb ˆjvKMxwZ, evDj, KxZÆb, kvÕ¨xq mãxZ BZÅvw` avivi cvkvcvwk AvaywbK evsjv Mvb ‰KwU ò×gweeZÆbkxj MxZaviv| ‰GZ K^v, myi, ev`ÅhG¯¨i eÅenvi ‰es cwiGekbvq cvøvZÅ mãxGZi AbyKiY jÞÅ Kiv ˆMGjI hyGMi `vwe Abyhvqx ò×gkB ‰i RbwcÉqZv evoGQ|  [Lvb ˆgvt mvC`]

Mɯ©cwé  w`jxcKzgvi ivq, mvãxwZKx, KjKvZv wek¼we`Åvjq, 1938; iex±`Êbv^ VvKzi, mãxZwP¯¦v, wek¼fviZx Mɯ©bv wefvM, KjKvZv, 1966; myKzgvi ivq, evsjv mãxGZi i…c, ‰ gyLvRÆx  AÅv´£ ˆKvÁ·vbx cÉvBGfU wj:, KjKvZv, 1969; myaxi Pò×eZÆx, evsjv MvGbi m®¬vGb, Ai‚Yv cÉKvkbx, KjKvZv, 1990; ivGRk¼i wgò, mãxZ gƒjÅvqb, cwøgeã ivRÅmãxZ ‰KvGWgx, KjKvZv, 1992; g†`yjKvw¯¦ Pò×eZÆx, evsjv MvGbi aviv, evsjvG`k wk͸Kjv ‰KvGWgx, XvKv|