AvaywbK Mvb
cÉMwZkxj
wP¯¦vcÉmƒZ hyM`vwe Abyhvqx iwPZ Mvb| Rxeb I RMr mÁ·GKÆ bZzb `†wÓ¡fwã,
myi‚wPmÁÃZ fve, fvlv I AvaywbK myi-Zvj mg¯¼Gq ‰i Drcwî| AvVvGiv kZGKi
ˆklfvGM wbay àGµ¦i Uµ¸v MvGbi gvaÅGg AvaywbK evsjv MvGbi mƒPbv
nq| mƒPbvjG™² bibvixi ˆcÉgweiGni Kvwnbx wQj ‰i gyLÅ welq|
weËwUk kvmGbi
ˆkl w`GK AvKvkevYx KjKvZv ˆK±`Ê ˆ^GK ‘fveMxwZ’ I ‘KveÅMxwZ’ bvGg bZzb
evsjv Mvb cÉPvwiZ nGZv| ‰B KveÅMxwZB gƒjZ AvaywbK Mvb| AvaywbK Mvb bvGg
‰ Mvb cÉ^g cÉPvwiZ nq wefvGMvîi cƒeÆevsjvi XvKv ˆeZvi ˆK±`Ê ˆ^GK| AvKvkevYx
KjKvZv ˆK±`Ê ˆ^GKI ZLb bZzb AvwãGK iwPZ I MxZ wKQy MvbGK AvaywbK Mvb
wnGmGe weGkwlZ Kiv nGZv|
AvaywbK
Mvb KveÅmãxZ (lyric song) bvGgI cwiwPZ| iex±`ÊbvG^i
AbyGgv`b mvGcGÞ w`jxcKzgvi ivq cÉ^g ‰B AwfavwU eÅenvi KGib|
iex±`ÊmãxZ, w«¼GR±`ÊMxwZ, iRbxKvG¯¦i Mvb, AZzjcÉmvG`i Mvb ‰es bRi‚jmãxZmn AvaywbK KvGji eü MxwZKvi I myiKvGii wbixÞvagÆx
Mvbàwj KveÅmãxZ bvGg cwiwPZ|
AvaywbK
MvGb KweZvi cwimi ^vGK mswÞµ¦ ev wbw`ÆÓ¡| ‰i myGi cÉKvk cvq hyGMvcGhvMx
QG±`ve«¬ I fvecƒYÆ MxwZi…c| Kjvi fve I myGii fvGei mg¯¼qKiY AvaywbK
MvGbi ‰KwU weGkl ŠewkÓ¡Å| fviZxq kvÕ¨xq mãxGZi gGZv K^vi fveGK ˆcQGb
ˆdGj myGii weÕ¦vi AvaywbK MvGb cÉKvk cvq bv|
AvaywbK
Mvb K^vwk͸ I myiwkG͸i mg¯¼Gq ‰K Aci…c m†wÓ¡| wn±`yÕ©vwb MvGbi gGZv
evsjv MvGb myGii cÉvavbÅ ^vGK bv, ^vGK KvGeÅi cÉvavbÅ; myi ZvGK eÅwéZ
I imgq KGi ˆZvGj| evsjvi wbRÕ¼ mvãxwZK cwigíGj ‰B ŠewkÓ¡Å wbGq bZzb
fve I fvebv ‰es cixÞv-wbixÞvi gvaÅGg AvaywbK MvGbi D«¿e I weKvk NGUGQ|
wewf®²
mgGq wek¼eÅvcx ˆhme hy«¬ I weµÏe msNwUZ nGqGQ Zvi dGj Šewk¼K mgvGR ‰GmGQ
bvbviKg cwieZÆb, hvi cÉwZdjb NGUGQ mgKvjxb wk͸-msÕ•‡wZGZ| mãxZ
ˆhGnZz wk͸-msÕ•‡wZiB Aã, ˆmGnZz ‰GZ mgvR I eÅwî×-gvbyGli myL-`ytL,
nvwm-Kv®²v, Avb±`-ˆe`bv ‰es Avkv-AvKv›Þvi evÕ¦e Qwe cÉwZdwjZ nq| ZvB
cwiewZÆZ Rxebavivi be be AwfæZv, AvGeM I Abyf„wZ wbGq bZzb AvwãGK ˆhme
mãxZ iwPZ nGZ ^vGK Zv-B AvaywbK Mvb| ˆ`kx, weG`kx I AvçwjK myGii wgkÉGY
wbZÅbZzb myim†wÓ¡, cwiwgZ evKÅwebÅvm «¼viv welq DcÕ©vcb ‰es ˆ`wkweG`kx
wewf®² ev`ÅhG¯¨i eÅenvi ‰ MvGbi weGkl ŠewkÓ¡Å|
‰KwU
mv^ÆK AvaywbK MvGbi jÞYxq w`Kàwj nGœQ Õ¼i-Mɯ©bvi Dcvq D«¿veb, cixÞY
I wbixÞY; wewf®² ˆ`Gki wewf®² ixwZi mãxZ ˆ^GK cÉGqvRbxq Dcv`vb AvñÕ©KiY;
myimsGhvRbvq bvbv eÅébv, BwãZ I weÕÃq m†wÓ¡i ˆKŒkj D«¿veb; ‰KGNGqwg
`ƒi KGi fvevbyM wewf®² myi m†Rb; QG±` ŠewPòÅ mvab; MxZ Abyhvqx K¥¤ wbeÆvPb
A^ev K¥¤ Abyhvqx myi msGhvRb ‰es h¯¨mãxZ mÁ¼G®¬ AwfæZv I `ÞZv|
AvaywbK mãxGZi ‰me ŠewkÓ¡Å jÞÅ KGiB ‰ hyGMi mãxZKviMY mãxZ iPbvq cÉqvmx
nb|
evsjv
MvGbi BwZnvm chÆvGjvPbvq cÉ^g hyGMi AvaywbK MvGbi wbgÆvYwk͸x wnGmGe
wbayevey, Kvwj`vm PGëvcvaÅvq ev Kvjx gxRÆv,
iNybv^ ivq, kÉxai K^K cÉgyGLi bvg cvIqv hvq| wn±`yÕ©vwb ivMmãxZ Uµ¸vi
Av`Gj wbayevey ˆh evsjv Uµ¸v iPbv KGib ZvGZ KveÅàY wePvGi, myGii be
i…cvqGY ‰es mgmvgwqK evÕ¦e RMGZi ixwZbxwZwfwîK welGqi AvwãGK AvaywbK
MvGbi cÉviwÁ¿K wPòwU cwijwÞZ nq|
wbayeveyi
evsjv Mvb iPbvi mgqKvj wQj weËwUk KZ‡ÆK KjKvZv kni wbgÆvGYi
hyM| ZLb kniGKw±`ÊK mãxZmfvi AvGqvRGb, mãxZ cwiGekGb ‰es mãxZ iPbvq
msGhvwRZ nGqwQj ˆ`wkweG`kx cÉfve| ˆm mgq ˆ^GKB evsjv mvwnZÅ
Z^v ˆ`kxq ˆjvKR wk͸-msÕ•‡wZi mGã AvaywbK cvøvZÅ mvwnGZÅi wgjbcGeÆiI
mƒòcvZ nq| ˆm AG^Æ AvaywbK MvGbi ˆMvovcîb KjKvZv knGi|
JcwbGewkK
kvmGb RxebaviGYi ZvwMG` MÉvGgi gvbylGK KjKvZvgyLx nGZ nGqwQj| ˆm mGã
MÉvgxY msÕ•‡wZ, weGkl KGi ˆjvKmãxZ, KxZÆb, KweMvb,
hvòvMvb, ivgcÉmv`x, cuvPvwj, ˆLDi cÉf‡wZ MvGbi Avg`vwb nq KjKvZvq|
BsGiR kvmKG`i QòQvqvq ZrKvjxb mgvGR ˆh ‰K beÅ awbK ˆkÉYxi DG¯Ãl NGU,
ZvG`i c†Ó¤GcvlKZvq KjKvZvi mãxGZ MÉvgxY myi, fve I fvlvi mGã DwÍÏwLZ
beÅ awbK ˆkÉYxi küGi fve-fvlvi mswgkÉGY ‰K aiGbi kvjxbZvewRÆZ MvGbi
D«¿e nq| Zvi gGaÅ KweMvb, ˆLDi, XcKxZÆb, Szgyi BZÅvw` DGÍÏLGhvMÅ| `†Ó¡v¯¦Õ¼i…c
wkecÉmGã iwPZ fevbxi ‰KwU Szgyi Mvb ‰LvGb DGÍÏL Kiv hvq: ‘evc nGq RvgvB
‰GbGQ/ ˆ`vl w`e wK ciGK| ˆgvUv-ˆmvUv ˆXvGji gZ/ hg bvGi Zvi ejGK\ ‰gb ‰GbGQ RvgvB/ fvã ayZiv bvBGKv KvgvB| cvKv `vwo wòkƒjavix/ Zv
ˆ`GL gb UjGK\ ’|
‰
aiGbi Mvb AvaywbK evsjv MvGbi ŠewkÓ¡ÅgwíZ bq, A^Ævr ‰àwj evsjv KveÅmãxZ
bq| evsjv MvGbi ‰i…c cwiGekGK DGcÞv I AwZò×g KGiB wbayevey ‰es cieZÆxKvGj
iex±`ÊbvG^i gGZv cÉwZfvai mãxZKvGii AvñcÉKvk NGU| AvaywbK evsjv Mvb
fve, fvlv I myGi mg†«¬ DœPgvGMÆi myi‚wPmÁ·®² ‰KwU mvãxwZK aviv| ‰ Mvb
KgjvKv¯¦, wbayevey, Kvjx wgRÆv, `vkiw^ ivq, ˆMvcvj DGo, kÉxai
K^K ˆ^GK ÷i‚ KGi iex±`Êbv^, w«¼GR±`Êjvj, iRbxKv¯¦, AZzjcÉmv`
I bRi‚Gj ‰Gm cƒYÆZv jvf KGi| ‰uG`i MvGbi ŠewkÓ¡Å mÁ·GKÆ KGqKwU `†Ó¡v¯¦
ˆ`Iqv hvq, ˆhgb wbayeveyi iPbv: ‘Avgvwi gGbi `ytL wPiw`b gGb iwnj| dzKvwi
Kuvw`GZ bvwi weGœQG` cÉvY `wnj\ ’| ‰B avivcÉevGn iex±`ÊbvG^i iPbv: ‘Þgv
KGiv ˆgvGi mLx, ÷avGqv bv Avi/ giGg jyKvGbv ^vK giGgi fvi’| ‰Qvov wbayevey
iwPZ ‘bvbvb ˆ`Gki bvbvb fvlv/ weGb Õ¼G`kxq fvlv cyGi wK Avkv|’| MvbwU
evsjv fvlvfvwlMGYi wbRÕ¼ fvlvcÉxwZi cÉ^g Dä¾j mvãxwZK Õ¼vÞi| ‰ mgGqi
AvaywbK MvGbi AviI wKQy D`vniY, ˆhgb kÉxai K^GKi Mvb: ‘ZvGi fzwje ˆKgGb/
Avwg cÉvY muwcqvwQ hvGi Avcb ˆRGb|’; ˆMvcvj DGoi Mvb: ‘H ˆ`Lv hvq evox
Avgvi/ Pviw`GK gvjGçi ˆeov|’|
cieZÆx
chÆvGqi wKQy MvGbi `†Ó¡v¯¦, ˆhgb w«¼GR±`Êjvj ivGqi Mvb: ‘ˆm ˆKb ˆ`Lv
w`jGi/ bv ˆ`Lv wQj ˆi fvj|’; iRbxKvG¯¦i Mvb: ‘gayi ˆm gyLLvwb/ KLbI
wK ˆfvjv hvq|’; AZzjcÉmvG`i Mvb: ‘ˆZvgvi bqb cvGZ/ NywPqv wMqvGQ wbkv|’;
bRi‚Gji Mvb: ‘‰Gmv wcÉqv AvGiv KvGQ|’- ‰ MvbàwjGZ bibvixi cÉYqwfwîK
ˆh fve eÅî× nGqGQ Zvi gaÅ w`Gq AvaywbK MvGbi ggÆ Dcjwº¬ Kiv hvq ‰es
ˆmmGã wewf®² MxwZKvGii iPbv‹kjxGZ eÅwî×Õ¼vZ¯¨ÅI jÞÅ Kiv hvq|
Dwbk
kZGKi gvSvgvwS ˆ^GK wek kZGKi gvSvgvwS mgq chƯ¦ KjKvZvi bMiRxeGb mvgvwRK
I mvsÕ•‡wZK cwieZÆGbi ˆRvqvi ‰GmwQj| Zvi dGj ZLbKvi KjKvZvq ‰K bZzb
mvãxwZK RvMiGYi m†wÓ¡ nq ‰es cÉwZfvevb mãxZæMGYi wgwjZ cÉqvGm evsjv
mãxGZi ‰K bZzb w`M¯¦ DG¯ÃvwPZ nq| ZuvG`i gGaÅ ˆkŒix±`ÊGgvnb VvKzi, ˆÞòGgvnb ˆMvÕ¼vgx, K‡úab eG±`ÅvcvaÅvq ‰es ˆRÅvwZwi±`Êbv^ VvKzGii
bvg weGklfvGe DGÍÏLGhvMÅ| mãxGZi Zî½MZ welGq ‰uG`i Ae`vb my`ƒicÉmvix|
ˆRÅvwZwi±`Êbv^K‡Z AvKvigvwòK c«¬wZ evsjv MvGbi RbÅ ‰Kgvò cÉPwjZ Õ¼iwjwc|
wZwbB meÆcÉ^g 1867 mvGji 5 Rvbyqvwi ˆRvovmuvGKv gGç ivgbvivqY ZKÆið
iwPZ be-bvUK-‰i Awfbq DcjGÞ evsjv iãgGç ˆ`wkweG`kx myi mg¯¼Gq
AGKÆÕ¡Ëv m†wÓ¡ KGib| evsjv MvGbi AvaywbKxKiGY weG`kx myi I ev`ÅhG¯¨i
cÉGqvRbmÁÃZ msGhvRb ZLb ˆ^GKB ÷i‚ nq| iex±`Êbv^ I w«¼GR±`ÊjvGji MvGb
‰B cixÞv-wbixÞvi mv^ÆK cÉgvY ˆgGj|
AvaywbK
evsjv MvGbi weeZÆGbi avivq ZrKvjxb evsjvi HwZnvwmK I mvgvwRK AeÕ©vi
ˆcÉÞvcGU ‰KwU mvãxwZK beRvMiGYi c^ cÉmvwiZ nGqwQj| ˆmB c^ aGi iwPZ nGqwQj
AvaywbK MxZ‹kjxi i…cKvi cçMxwZKweG`i (iex±`Ê, w«¼GR±`Ê, iRbx, AZzj,
bRi‚j) hyM| ‰ ˆÞGò iex±`Êbv^ wQGjb ‰KwU Õ¦Á¿Õ¼i…c| mãxGZi wewf®² avivi
cÉGqvGM ‰es wbZÅbZzb mvãxwZK i…c D«¿veGb Zuvi cÉæv evsjvi mãxZRMrGK
fvÕ¼i KGi ˆiGLGQ| wZwb aË‚cG`i PviwU ZzK" Õ©vqx, A¯¦iv, mçvix I
AvGfvM ˆewki fvM MvGb eÅenvi KGiGQb, hv cieZÆxKvGj AvaywbK MvGbi MVbavivq
cÉhyî× nq| aË‚c`, ˆLqvj, Uµ¸v, evDj, KxZÆb cÉf‡wZ
aviv iex±`ÊiPbvq bei…c jvf KGi| iex±`ÊmãxZ gƒjZ gvMÆmãxZ I ˆ`wkmãxGZi
wgjGb ‰K AcƒeÆ mãxZwk͸, hv cieZÆxKvGj AvaywbK MvGbi c^GK my`ƒicÉmvix
KGiGQ|
iex±`ÊcÉwZfvq
cÉfvweZ nGqI AvaywbK evsjv MvGbi BwZnvGm wbRÕ¼ ŠewkGÓ¡Å Õ©vb KGi wbGqGQb
w«¼GR±`Êjvj ivq, iRbxKv¯¦ ˆmb I AZzjcÉmv`| ‰ici MvGbi K^v I myi iPbvq wf®² ˆgRvR I XO Z^v
wewPò bv±`wbK immÁ¿vGi AvaywbK evsjv MvbGK F«¬ KGib KvRx bRi‚j Bmjvg| wZwb MÉvGgvGdvb ˆKvÁ·vwb ‰es AvKvkevYx KjKvZvi cÉPvi gvaÅGgi RbÅ hyGMi Pvwn`v
Abyhvqx cÉPzi AvaywbK Mvb iPbv KGib| bRi‚Gji mgKvGj Avi huviv LÅvwZ
ARÆb KGib Zuviv nGjb ˆmŒix±`ÊGgvnb gyGLvcvaÅvq, <ˆnGg±`ÊKzgvi ivq,
Zzjmx jvwnox cÉgyL| 1907 mvGj MÉvGgvGdvb ˆiKWÆ, 1927 mvGj AvKvkevYx ˆK±`Ê
‰es cÉvq ‰KB mgGq mevK QvqvQwei cÉeZÆb nIqvq AvaywbK Mvb RbMGYi Lye
KvGQ ˆcŒuGQ hvq|
bRi‚jcieZÆx
AvaywbK evsjv MvGb ˆh AwfbeZ½ cwijwÞZ nq Zv nGjv, ‰KB MvGbi wf®² wf®²
MxwZKvi I myiKvi| AvGM whwb Mvb iPbv KiGZb mvaviYZ wZwbB myi w`Gq Zv
ˆMGq ˆkvbvGZb, wKsev wk͸xGK w`Gq cwiGekb KivGZb| wK¯§ bRi‚Gji ci ˆ^GK
‰B avivi cwieZÆb NGU| ZLb ˆ^GK ‰KRb Mvb ˆjGLb, AbÅRb Zvi myi KGib| ‰GZ
myweav nq ‰B ˆh, myiKvi bv nGqI Mvb iPbv Kiv hvq, Avevi MxwZKvi bv nGqI
myi Kiv hvq| eZÆgvGb AvaywbK MvGbi ‰wU ‰KwU weGkl jÞY|
iex±`Êbv^
I bRi‚j AvaywbK evsjv MvGbi K^v I myGii fzeGb ˆh wf®² XGOi AeZviYv KGib,
ZviB cÉwZdjb NGU cieZÆxKvGji MxwZKvi I myiKviG`i gGaÅ| PwÍÏk-cçvGki
`kGK MxwZKvi wnGmGe huviv LÅvwZ jvf KGib Zuviv nGjb ARq fëvPvhÆ, nxGib
emy, ŠkGjb ivq, myGeva cyiKvqÕ©, wbwkKv¯¦, cÉYe ivq cÉgyL| myiKviG`i
gGaÅ huviv cÉLÅvZ nGqwQGjb Zuviv nGjb wngvs÷Kzgvi `î, w`jxcKzgvi ivq, ivBPuv` eovj, K‡úP±`Ê ˆ` (Kvbv ˆKÓ¡), myaxijvj
Pò×eZÆx, Awbj evMPx, Kgj `vk൦, Abycg NUK, myej `vk൦, kPxbG`e egÆY cÉgyL| ˆmKvGji cÉLÅvZ wk͸xG`i
gGaÅ w`jxcKzgvi ivq, Kvbb ˆ`ex, K‡úP±`Ê ˆ`, Avãyi evjv, ˆK ‰j mvqMj,
câRKzgvi gwÍÏK, RM¯Ãq wgò, abéq fëvPvhÆ, Škj ˆ`ex, kPxbG`e egÆY, ˆng¯¦Kzgvi
gyGLvcvaÅvq weGklfvGe DGÍÏLGhvMÅ|
iex±`Ê-bRi‚j
hyM chƯ¦ AvaywbK Mvb iPbvq Ck¼ifwî×, cÉK‡wZ, ˆ`kGcÉg, fvlv, bibvixi
ˆcÉg BZÅvw` welq cÉvavbÅ ˆcGqGQ| wK¯§ cieZÆxKvGji ռ͸msLÅK MvGb ˆ`kvñGeva
Z^v MYGPZbvi cÉwZdjb NUGjI AwaKvsk MvGbB ˆcÉg-weiGni cÉvavbÅ ˆ`Lv hvq|
ZGe ‰K^v wVK ˆh, ZLbKvi MvGbi evYx, myi I cwiGekGb ˆh Škw͸K ˆgŒwjKZ½
wQj Zv AvRI mãxZGcÉgxG`i Avb±` ˆ`q| cçvk-lvGUi `kGK cwøgeGã AvaywbK
evsjv MvGbi myi I cwiGekGbi AwfbeGZ½ huviv my`ƒicÉmvix Ae`vb ivGLb Zuviv
nGjb mwjj ˆPŒayix, ˆMŒixcÉm®² gRyg`vi, Abj PGëvcvaÅvq, ˆng¯¦ gyGLvcvaÅvq,
gv®²v ˆ`, f„Gcb nvRvwiKv, m®¬Åv gyGLvcvaÅvq, kÅvgj wgò, wKGkviKzgvi
cÉgyL|
1947
mvGj fviZwefwî×i ci ZrKvjxb cƒeÆ cvwKÕ¦vGb bZzb KGi mãxGZi PPÆv, cÉPvi
I cÉmvGii AvGqvRb ÷i‚ nq| ‰ mgGqi AvaywbK MvGbi evYx I myi iPbvq huviv
ˆgŒwjKGZ½i cwiPq ˆ`b ZuvG`i gGaÅ Zvwjg ˆnvGmb, dii‚L Avng`,
mvqx` wmwóKx, nvexeyi ingvb, kvgmyi ingvb, AvwRRyi ingvb, AaÅvcK Avey ˆnbv ˆgvÕ¦dv Kvgvj, AaÅvcK ˆgvnvÁÃ` gwbi‚ävgvb, MvRx gvRnvi‚j AvGbvqvi,
Lvb AvZvDi ingvb, mgi `vm, AvjZvd gvngy`, Avõyj
jwZd, Avõyj nvwjg ˆPŒayix, AveyeKi Lvb, IÕ¦v` AvGe` ˆnvGmb Lvb ,
L±`Kvi byi‚j Avjg I ˆkL mv`x LvGbi bvg DGÍÏLGhvMÅ| ‰uG`i iwPZ evYx I
myGi cƒeÆeZÆx AvaywbK evsjv MvGbi aviv Abym†Z nGjI mvãxwZK PjGb I MVGb
wf®² Õ¼vG`i AeZviYv myÕ·Ó¡| weGkl KGi 1952-i fvlv AvG±`vjb ˆ^GK
1971-‰i gywî×hy«¬ chƯ¦ MYmsMÉvGgi wewf®² cGeÆ ˆh-mgÕ¦ ˆ`kvñGevaK Mvb, ˆhgb: ‘Avgvi fvBGqi iGî× ivOvGbv ‰KzGk ˆdeË‚qvwi/ Avwg wK fzwjGZ
cvwi’, ‘Rq evsjv evsjvi Rq’, ‘cƒeÆ w`MG¯¦ mƒhÆ DGVGQ/ iî× jvj iî× jvj’,
‘Avgvi ˆ`Gki gvwUi MG®¬’ BZÅvw` cÉR¯Ãv¯¦Gii RbÅ wPi `xwµ¦gvb nGq AvGQ|
K¥¤wk͸x wnGmGe ˆm mgq huviv LÅvwZ ARÆb KGib Zuviv nGjb gvneyev ingvb,
AveyeKi Lvb, AvGbvqviDwób Lvb, ˆgvt Ave`yj Re»vi, gvn&gy`y®²ex,
ˆdiG`Œmx ingvb, dwi`v Bqvmgxb, Šmq` Ave`yj nv`x, Avéygvb Aviv ˆeMg,
dIwRqv Bqvmgxb, BmgZ Aviv, kvn&bvR ingZDÍÏvn&, i‚bv jvqjv, mvwebv
Bqvmgxb cÉgyL|
Õ¼vaxbZvi
ci ˆ^GK eZÆgvb Kvj chƯ¦ AvaywbK evsjv MvGbi wewf®²gyLx cwieZÆb mvwaZ
nGqGQ| ŠeævwbK miévGgi D®²wZ ‰es Še`yÅwZK ev`ÅhG¯¨i eÅenvGi ‰Lb AvaywbK
MvGbi myGi ‰GmGQ ŠewPòÅ| evsjv MvGbi gƒj Drm ˆh ˆjvKMxwZ Zvi mGã aË‚c`,
ˆLqvj, Uµ¸v I Vzswii wgkÉGY AvaywbK Mvb bZzb bZzb i…c jvf KGiGQ| myiKviivI
KLbI KLbI wbw`ÆÓ¡ ˆKvb ‰KwU ivGM A^ev wgkÉivGM Mvb iPbv KGi PgrKvwiGZ½i
wb`kÆb ivLGQb|
eZÆgvGb
ˆjvKMxwZ, evDj, KxZÆb, kvÕ¨xq mãxZ BZÅvw` avivi cvkvcvwk AvaywbK evsjv
Mvb ‰KwU ò×gweeZÆbkxj MxZaviv| ‰GZ K^v, myi, ev`ÅhG¯¨i eÅenvi ‰es cwiGekbvq
cvøvZÅ mãxGZi AbyKiY jÞÅ Kiv ˆMGjI hyGMi `vwe Abyhvqx ò×gkB ‰i RbwcÉqZv
evoGQ| [Lvb ˆgvt mvC`]
Mɯ©cwé w`jxcKzgvi ivq, mvãxwZKx, KjKvZv wek¼we`Åvjq,
1938; iex±`Êbv^ VvKzi, mãxZwP¯¦v, wek¼fviZx Mɯ©bv wefvM, KjKvZv,
1966; myKzgvi ivq, evsjv mãxGZi i…c, ‰ gyLvRÆx
AÅv´£ ˆKvÁ·vbx cÉvBGfU wj:, KjKvZv, 1969; myaxi Pò×eZÆx, evsjv
MvGbi m®¬vGb, Ai‚Yv cÉKvkbx, KjKvZv, 1990; ivGRk¼i wgò, mãxZ
gƒjÅvqb, cwøgeã ivRÅmãxZ ‰KvGWgx, KjKvZv, 1992; g†`yjKvw¯¦ Pò×eZÆx,
evsjv MvGbi aviv, evsjvG`k wk͸Kjv ‰KvGWgx, XvKv|