Awk¼bxKzgvi `î (1856-1923)  Rbwn‹Zlx I RvZxqZvev`x ˆbZv| e†nîi ewikvj ˆRjvi ˆMŒib`x DcGRjvi A¯¦MÆZ evUvGRvGii ‰KwU ˆQvU MÉvGg mœQj KvqÕ© f„gÅwaKvix cwievGi Awk¼bxKzgvi `î R¯ÃMÉnY KGib| Zuvi wcZv eËRGgvnb `î ‰KRb mve-RR wQGjb| eÅvGPji Ae AvUÆm ‰es gvÕ¡vmÆ Ae AvUÆm wek¼we`ÅvjGqi ‰ `ywU wWwMÉavix Awk¼bxKzgvi `î Zuvi RxeGbi ˆckv wnGmGe wkÞKZvGK ˆeGQ ˆbb| AekÅ ewikvj ˆRjv Av`vjGZ ռ͸Kvj wZwb AvBb eÅemvGq wbGqvwRZ wQGjb|

Zuvi gvbeGcÉg ‰es RvZxqZvev`x ivRbxwZGZ Zuvi f„wgKvi RbÅ wZwb mycwiwPwZ jvf KGib| mgvGRi KjÅvY ‰es D®²qGbi cÉwZ MfxifvGe wbGew`Z nGq wZwb ewikvj knGii gGaÅ wbGRi `vb Kiv ‰K weivU ‰jvKvq eËRGgvnb we`Åvjq (1884) I eËRGgvnb KGjR (1889) cÉwZÓ¤v KGib| Zuvi QvòG`i kvixwiK ‰es ŠbwZK w`Kmgƒn weKvGki RbÅ wZwb AZů¦ wbÓ¤vi mGã `xNÆ Kzwo eQi webv ˆeZGb KGjGR wkÞv`vb KGib| wZwb ewikvj knGi ‰KwU evwjKv we`ÅvjqI (1887) cÉwZÓ¤v KGiwQGjb| Zuvi mvivRxeGbi mwnúz mgvRGmev ZuvGK Õ©vbxq RbMGYi KvGQ LyeB wcÉq KGi ˆZvGj| RbMGYi mw`œQv I Zuvi cwievGii mÁ·` I cÉfvGei KviGY wZwb ‰gb Rbmg^Æb jvf KGib hv ZuvGK 1905-1911 mvGji eã-fã weGivax AvG±`vjGbi mgq msKxYÆ ˆRjv chÆvq ˆ^GK e†nîi cÉvG`wkK ivR‹bwZK AãGb wbGq hvq| ‰ cÉwò×qvq wZbwU Õ©vbxq msMVb RbmwgwZ (1886), evLiMé wn‹ZwlYx mfv (1887) ‰es ˆbòx msN Zuvi mnvqK nGqwQj| ‰ msMVbàwji wZwbB wQGjb c^cÉ`kÆK ‰es ‰àwji KgÆKvGí wZwb gyLÅ f„wgKv cvjb KGib| wZwb ewikvj ˆcŒimfvi Kwgkbvi (1885) nGq ‰i fvBm ˆPqvigÅvb (1888) I ˆPqvigÅvb (1897)-‰i `vwqZ½ cvjb  KGib|

‰KRb KsGMÉm m`mÅ wnGmGe ewikvGj ‰K Avjv`v mg^ÆK ˆMvÓ¤x wbGq wZwb knGii «¼±«¼-Kjn ‰es bigc¯©x I Pigc¯©x `¦±«¼ nGZ wbGRGK mZKÆZvi mGã `ƒGi ivGLb| Awk¼bx `î ‰ DGóGkÅ Zuvi ˆbZ‡Z½vaxb Õ¼G`k ev±ae mwgwZi bvGg MGo ˆZvjv Õ¼G`kx ˆÕ¼œQvGmeKG`i mvnvGhÅ ewikvjGK Õ¼G`kx AvG±`vjGbi ‰KwU kwî×kvjx ˆKG±`Ê cwiYZ KGiwQGjb| ˆRjvi meÆò ‰i 160wUiI ˆewk kvLv MGo DGVwQj| ewikvGj `î ˆMɵ¦vi nb| 1908 mvGj Zuvi mwgwZi Dci miKvwi wbGlavæv Rvwi nq ‰es 1910 mvj chƯ¦ wZwb jGߌ ˆRGj ew±` ^vGKb| wZwb Õ¼G`kx eÅvsK, wn±`yÕ©vb ˆKvcvGiwUf B´ÖyÅGi´Ö ‰es ˆKvcvGiwUf ˆbwfGMkb wjwgGUW cÉf‡wZ Õ¼G`kx A^Æ‹bwZK msÕ©vmgƒGni mGã mwò×qfvGe RwoZ wQGjb| Õ¼G`k ev®¬e mwgwZi gyLcò wnGmGe ewikvj wn‹Zlx cÉKvGki wcQGb wZwb mnvqK wQGjb|

AmvaviY avwgÆK Awk¼bxKzgvi `î 1882 mvGj eËvþagÆ MÉnY KGib| wZwb ˆek KGqKwU Mɯ© iPbv KGib, ˆhgb, fwî×GhvM, KgÆGhvM, ˆcÉg, fviZMxwZ BZÅvw`|  [we.Avi Lvb]